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Notes
table of contents
Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Dedication
- About BCcampus Open Education
- Chapter 1. What is Chemistry
- Some Basic Definitions
- Chemistry as a Science
- Chapter 2. Measurements
- Expressing Numbers
- Significant Figures
- Converting Units
- Other Units: Temperature and Density
- Expressing Units
- End-of-Chapter Material
- Chapter 3. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
- Acids
- Ions and Ionic Compounds
- Masses of Atoms and Molecules
- Molecules and Chemical Nomenclature
- Atomic Theory
- End-of-Chapter Material
- Chapter 4. Chemical Reactions and Equations
- The Chemical Equation
- Types of Chemical Reactions: Single- and Double-Displacement Reactions
- Ionic Equations: A Closer Look
- Composition, Decomposition, and Combustion Reactions
- Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- Neutralization Reactions
- End-of-Chapter Material
- Chapter 5. Stoichiometry and the Mole
- Stoichiometry
- The Mole
- Mole-Mass and Mass-Mass Calculations
- Limiting Reagents
- The Mole in Chemical Reactions
- Yields
- End-of-Chapter Material
- Chapter 6. Gases
- Pressure
- Gas Laws
- Other Gas Laws
- The Ideal Gas Law and Some Applications
- Gas Mixtures
- Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
- Molecular Effusion and Diffusion
- Real Gases
- End-of-Chapter Material
- Chapter 7. Energy and Chemistry
- Formation Reactions
- Energy
- Stoichiometry Calculations Using Enthalpy
- Enthalpy and Chemical Reactions
- Work and Heat
- Hess’s Law
- End-of-Chapter Material
- Chapter 8. Electronic Structure
- Light
- Quantum Numbers for Electrons
- Organization of Electrons in Atoms
- Electronic Structure and the Periodic Table
- Periodic Trends
- End-of-Chapter Material
- Chapter 9. Chemical Bonds
- Lewis Electron Dot Diagrams
- Electron Transfer: Ionic Bonds
- Covalent Bonds
- Other Aspects of Covalent Bonds
- Violations of the Octet Rule
- Molecular Shapes and Polarity
- Valence Bond Theory and Hybrid Orbitals
- Molecular Orbitals
- End-of-Chapter Material
- Chapter 10. Solids and Liquids
- Properties of Liquids
- Solids
- Phase Transitions: Melting, Boiling, and Subliming
- Intermolecular Forces
- End-of-Chapter Material
- Chapter 11. Solutions
- Colligative Properties of Solutions
- Concentrations as Conversion Factors
- Quantitative Units of Concentration
- Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutes
- Some Definitions
- Dilutions and Concentrations
- End-of-Chapter Material
- Chapter 12. Acids and Bases
- Acid-Base Titrations
- Strong and Weak Acids and Bases and Their Salts
- Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
- Arrhenius Acids and Bases
- Autoionization of Water
- Buffers
- The pH Scale
- End-of-Chapter Material
- Chapter 13. Chemical Equilibrium
- Chemical Equilibrium
- The Equilibrium Constant
- Shifting Equilibria: Le Chatelier’s Principle
- Calculating Equilibrium Constant Values
- Some Special Types of Equilibria
- End-of-Chapter Material
- Chapter 14. Oxidation and Reduction
- Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- Balancing Redox Reactions
- Applications of Redox Reactions: Voltaic Cells
- Electrolysis
- End-of-Chapter Material
- Chapter 15. Nuclear Chemistry
- Units of Radioactivity
- Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
- Half-Life
- Radioactivity
- Nuclear Energy
- End-of-Chapter Material
- Chapter 16. Organic Chemistry
- Hydrocarbons
- Branched Hydrocarbons
- Alkyl Halides and Alcohols
- Other Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups
- Other Functional Groups
- Polymers
- End-of-Chapter Material
- Chapter 17. Kinetics
- Factors that Affect the Rate of Reactions
- Reaction Rates
- Rate Laws
- Concentration–Time Relationships: Integrated Rate Laws
- Activation Energy and the Arrhenius Equation
- Reaction Mechanisms
- Catalysis
- End-of-Chapter Material
- Chapter 18. Chemical Thermodynamics
- Spontaneous Change
- Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Measuring Entropy and Entropy Changes
- Gibbs Free Energy
- Spontaneity: Free Energy and Temperature
- Free Energy under Nonstandard Conditions
- End-of-Chapter Material
- Appendix A: Periodic Table of the Elements
- Appendix B: Selected Acid Dissociation Constants at 25°C
- Appendix C: Solubility Constants for Compounds at 25°C
- Appendix D: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Chemical Substances at 25°C
- Appendix E: Standard Reduction Potentials by Value
- Glossary
- About the Authors
- Versioning History
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