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Introductory Chemistry - 1st Canadian Edition: Branched Hydrocarbons

Introductory Chemistry - 1st Canadian Edition
Branched Hydrocarbons
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table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright
  4. Table Of Contents
  5. Acknowledgments
  6. Dedication
  7. About BCcampus Open Education
  8. Chapter 1. What is Chemistry
    1. Some Basic Definitions
    2. Chemistry as a Science
  9. Chapter 2. Measurements
    1. Expressing Numbers
    2. Significant Figures
    3. Converting Units
    4. Other Units: Temperature and Density
    5. Expressing Units
    6. End-of-Chapter Material
  10. Chapter 3. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
    1. Acids
    2. Ions and Ionic Compounds
    3. Masses of Atoms and Molecules
    4. Molecules and Chemical Nomenclature
    5. Atomic Theory
    6. End-of-Chapter Material
  11. Chapter 4. Chemical Reactions and Equations
    1. The Chemical Equation
    2. Types of Chemical Reactions: Single- and Double-Displacement Reactions
    3. Ionic Equations: A Closer Look
    4. Composition, Decomposition, and Combustion Reactions
    5. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
    6. Neutralization Reactions
    7. End-of-Chapter Material
  12. Chapter 5. Stoichiometry and the Mole
    1. Stoichiometry
    2. The Mole
    3. Mole-Mass and Mass-Mass Calculations
    4. Limiting Reagents
    5. The Mole in Chemical Reactions
    6. Yields
    7. End-of-Chapter Material
  13. Chapter 6. Gases
    1. Pressure
    2. Gas Laws
    3. Other Gas Laws
    4. The Ideal Gas Law and Some Applications
    5. Gas Mixtures
    6. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
    7. Molecular Effusion and Diffusion
    8. Real Gases
    9. End-of-Chapter Material
  14. Chapter 7. Energy and Chemistry
    1. Formation Reactions
    2. Energy
    3. Stoichiometry Calculations Using Enthalpy
    4. Enthalpy and Chemical Reactions
    5. Work and Heat
    6. Hess’s Law
    7. End-of-Chapter Material
  15. Chapter 8. Electronic Structure
    1. Light
    2. Quantum Numbers for Electrons
    3. Organization of Electrons in Atoms
    4. Electronic Structure and the Periodic Table
    5. Periodic Trends
    6. End-of-Chapter Material
  16. Chapter 9. Chemical Bonds
    1. Lewis Electron Dot Diagrams
    2. Electron Transfer: Ionic Bonds
    3. Covalent Bonds
    4. Other Aspects of Covalent Bonds
    5. Violations of the Octet Rule
    6. Molecular Shapes and Polarity
    7. Valence Bond Theory and Hybrid Orbitals
    8. Molecular Orbitals
    9. End-of-Chapter Material
  17. Chapter 10. Solids and Liquids
    1. Properties of Liquids
    2. Solids
    3. Phase Transitions: Melting, Boiling, and Subliming
    4. Intermolecular Forces
    5. End-of-Chapter Material
  18. Chapter 11. Solutions
    1. Colligative Properties of Solutions
    2. Concentrations as Conversion Factors
    3. Quantitative Units of Concentration
    4. Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutes
    5. Some Definitions
    6. Dilutions and Concentrations
    7. End-of-Chapter Material
  19. Chapter 12. Acids and Bases
    1. Acid-Base Titrations
    2. Strong and Weak Acids and Bases and Their Salts
    3. Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
    4. Arrhenius Acids and Bases
    5. Autoionization of Water
    6. Buffers
    7. The pH Scale
    8. End-of-Chapter Material
  20. Chapter 13. Chemical Equilibrium
    1. Chemical Equilibrium
    2. The Equilibrium Constant
    3. Shifting Equilibria: Le Chatelier’s Principle
    4. Calculating Equilibrium Constant Values
    5. Some Special Types of Equilibria
    6. End-of-Chapter Material
  21. Chapter 14. Oxidation and Reduction
    1. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
    2. Balancing Redox Reactions
    3. Applications of Redox Reactions: Voltaic Cells
    4. Electrolysis
    5. End-of-Chapter Material
  22. Chapter 15. Nuclear Chemistry
    1. Units of Radioactivity
    2. Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
    3. Half-Life
    4. Radioactivity
    5. Nuclear Energy
    6. End-of-Chapter Material
  23. Chapter 16. Organic Chemistry
    1. Hydrocarbons
    2. Branched Hydrocarbons
    3. Alkyl Halides and Alcohols
    4. Other Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups
    5. Other Functional Groups
    6. Polymers
    7. End-of-Chapter Material
  24. Chapter 17. Kinetics
    1. Factors that Affect the Rate of Reactions
    2. Reaction Rates
    3. Rate Laws
    4. Concentration–Time Relationships: Integrated Rate Laws
    5. Activation Energy and the Arrhenius Equation
    6. Reaction Mechanisms
    7. Catalysis
    8. End-of-Chapter Material
  25. Chapter 18. Chemical Thermodynamics
    1. Spontaneous Change
    2. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
    3. Measuring Entropy and Entropy Changes
    4. Gibbs Free Energy
    5. Spontaneity: Free Energy and Temperature
    6. Free Energy under Nonstandard Conditions
    7. End-of-Chapter Material
  26. Appendix A: Periodic Table of the Elements
  27. Appendix B: Selected Acid Dissociation Constants at 25°C
  28. Appendix C: Solubility Constants for Compounds at 25°C
  29. Appendix D: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Chemical Substances at 25°C
  30. Appendix E: Standard Reduction Potentials by Value
  31. Glossary
  32. About the Authors
  33. Versioning History

Branched Hydrocarbons

Learning Objectives

  1. Name a branched hydrocarbon from its structure.
  2. Draw the structural formula of a branched hydrocarbon from its name.

Not all hydrocarbons are straight chains. Many hydrocarbons have branches of C atoms attached to a chain; they are called branched hydrocarbons. These branched alkanes are isomers of straight-chain alkanes having the same number of C atoms. However, they are different compounds with different physical and chemical properties. As such, they need different names. How do we name branched hydrocarbons?

There are a series of rules for naming branched alkanes (and, ultimately, for all organic compounds). These rules make up the system of nomenclature for naming organic molecules. Worldwide, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has developed the system of nomenclature for organic compounds, so these rules are sometimes called the IUPAC rules of nomenclature. By learning and applying these rules, you can name any organic compound when given its structure or determine the unique structure of a molecule from its name. You have already learned the basics of nomenclature — the names of the first 10 normal hydrocarbons. Here, we will add some steps to the procedure so you can name branched hydrocarbons.

First, given the structure of an alkane, identify the longest continuous chain of C atoms; this is known as the parent chain. Note that the longest chain may not be drawn in a straight line. The longest chain determines the parent name of the hydrocarbon. For example, in the molecule shown below, the longest chain of carbons has six C atoms. Therefore, it will be named as a hexane:

\chemfig{H-C(-[:90]H)(-[:-90]H)-C(-[:90,1.7]C(-[:-180]H)(-[:90]H)-H)(-[:-90]H)-C(-[:90]H)(-[:-90]H)-C(-[:90]H)(-[:-90]H)-C(-[:90]H)(-[:-90]H)-C(-[:90]H)(-[:-90]H)-H}

However, in this molecule, the longest chain of C atoms is not six, but seven, as shown. So this molecule will be named as a heptane:

\chemfig{H-C(-[:90]H)(-[:-90]H)-C(-[:90,1.7]C(-[:-180]H)(-[:90]C(-[:90]H)(-[:-180]H)-H)-H)(-[:-90]H)-C(-[:90]H)(-[:-90]H)-C(-[:90]H)(-[:-90]H)-C(-[:90]H)(-[:-90]H)-C(-[:90]H)(-[:-90]H)-H}

The next step is to identify the branches, or substituents, on the main chain. The names of the substituents, or alkyl groups, are derived from the names of the parent hydrocarbons; however, rather than having the ending –ane, the substituent name has the ending –yl (Table 16.2 “Substituent Names for the Five Smallest Substituents.”).

Table 16.2 Substituent Names for the Five Smallest Substituents
Substituent FormulaNumber of C AtomsName of Substituent
CH31methyl–
CH3CH22ethyl–
CH3CH2CH23propyl–
CH3CH2CH2CH24butyl–
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH25pentyl–

To name a branched hydrocarbon, the name of the substituent is combined with the parent name of the hydrocarbon without spaces. However, there is likely one more step. The longest chain of the hydrocarbon must be numbered, and the locant (numerical position of the substituent) must be included to account for possible isomers. As with double and triple bonds, the main chain is numbered to give the substituent the lowest possible number. For example, in the alkane shown here, the longest chain is five C atoms long, so it is a pentane:

\chemfig{H-C(-[:90]H)(-[:-90]H)-C(-[:90]H)(-[:-90]H)-C(-[:90, 1.7]C(-[:90]H)(-[:-180]H)-H)(-[:-90]H)-C(-[:90]H)(-[:-90]H)-C(-[:90]H)(-[:-90]H)-H}

There is a one-carbon substituent on the third C atom, so there is a methyl group at position 3. We indicate the position using the number, which is followed by a hyphen, the substituent name, and the parent hydrocarbon name—in this case, 3-methylpentane. That name is specific to that particular hydrocarbon and no other molecule. Organic chemistry nomenclature is very specific following the general format shown in Figure 16.3 “IUPAC Nomenclature Guide.”

Figure 16.3 “IUPAC Nomenclature Guide.” Organic chemistry names are composed of a molecule’s substituents (what is attached to the parent chain, and where?), parent chain (how many carbons are in the longest chain?), and suffix (what is the highest priority functional group present?).

It is common to represent organic molecules using bond-line structures, where hydrogens are omitted for clarity, and carbons are represented by a corner or “kink” in the line. For example, 3-methylpentane can be written as:

\chemfig{-[:-30]-[:30](-[:90])-[:-30]-[:30]}

It is understood that any unwritten covalent bonds are bonds with H atoms. With this understanding, we recognize that the structural formula for 3-methylpentane refers to a molecule with the formula C6H14.

Example 16.2

Name this molecule.

\chemfig{-[:30]-[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30](-[:-90]-[:-150])-[:30]-[:-30]}

Solution
The longest continuous carbon chain has seven C atoms, so this molecule is named as a heptane. There is a two-carbon substituent on the main chain, which is an ethyl group. To give the substituent the lowest numbering, we number the chain from the right side and see that the substituent is on the third C atom. So this hydrocarbon is 3-ethylheptane.

Test Yourself
Name this molecule.

\chemfig{-[:30]-[:-30]-[:30](-[:90])-[:-30]}

Answer
2-methylpentane

Branched hydrocarbons may have more than one substituent. If the substituents are different, give each substituent a number (using the smallest possible numbers) and list the substituents in alphabetical order, with the numbers separated by hyphens and no spaces in the name. So the molecule shown here is 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane:

\chemfig{-[:30](-[:90])-[:-30](-[:-90]-[:-150])-[:30]-[:-30]}

If the substituents are the same, use the name of the substituent only once, but use more than one number, separated by a comma. Also, put a numerical prefix before the substituent name that indicates the number of substituents of that type. The numerical prefixes are listed in Table 16.3 “Numerical Prefixes to Use for Multiple Substituents.” The number of the position values must agree with the numerical prefix before the substituent.

Table 16.3 Numerical Prefixes to Use for Multiple Substituents
Number of Same SubstituentNumerical Prefix
2di–
3tri-
4tetra–
5penta–
and so forthand so forth

Consider this molecule:

\chemfig{-[:-60](-[:-120])-(-[:-60])-[:60]}

The longest chain has four C atoms, so it is a butane. There are two substituents, each of which consists of a single C atom; they are methyl groups. The methyl groups are on the second and third C atoms in the chain (no matter which end the numbering starts from), so we would name this molecule 2,3-dimethylbutane. Note the comma between the numbers, the hyphen between the numbers and the substituent name, and the presence of the prefix di– before the methyl. Other molecules — even with larger numbers of substituents — can be named similarly.

Example 16.3

Name this molecule.

\chemfig{-[:30](-[:150])(-[:-90])-[:30](-[:90]-[:30])-[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30]-[:30]}

Solution
The longest chain has seven C atoms, so we name this molecule as a heptane. We find two one-carbon substituents on the second C atom and a two-carbon substituent on the third C atom. So this molecule is named 3-ethyl-2,2-dimethylheptane.

Test Yourself
Name this molecule.

\chemfig{-[:-90]-[:-30]-[:-90](-[:-180]-[:120]-[:-180])(--[:60]-)-[:-90](-[:-150]-[:150]-[:-150])-[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30]}

Answer
4,4,5-tripropyloctane

Alkenes and alkynes are named in a similar fashion. The biggest difference is that when identifying the longest carbon chain, it must contain the C–C double or triple bond. Furthermore, when numbering the main chain, the double or triple bond gets the lowest possible number. This means that there may be longer or higher-numbered substituents than would be allowed if the molecule were an alkane. For example, this molecule is 2,4-dimethyl-3-heptene (note the number and the hyphens that indicate the position of the double bond).

\chemfig{-[:30](-[:90])-[:-30]=[:30](-[:90])-[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30]}

Example 16.4

Name this molecule.

\chemfig{-(-[:120])(-[:-120])-~--[:60]}

Solution
The longest chain that contains the C–C triple bond has six C atoms, so this is a hexyne molecule. The triple bond starts at the third C atom, so this is a 3-hexyne. Finally, there are two methyl groups on the chain; to give them the lowest possible number, we number the chain from the left side, giving the methyl groups the second position. So the name of this molecule is 2,2-dimethyl-3-hexyne.

Test Yourself
Name this molecule.

\chemfig{[:-60]*6(-(-)=(-)-(-)-)}

Answer
2,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentene

Once you master naming hydrocarbons from their given structures, it is rather easy to draw a structure from a given name. Just draw the parent chain with the correct number of C atoms (putting the double or triple bond in the right position, as necessary) and add the substituents in the proper positions. If you start by drawing the C atom backbone, you can go back and complete the structure by adding H atoms to give each C atom four covalent bonds. From the name 2,3-dimethyl-4-propyl-2-heptene, we start by drawing the seven-carbon parent chain with a double bond starting at the third carbon:

\chemfig{-[:30]=[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30]}

We add to this structure two one-carbon substituents on the second and third C atoms:

\chemfig{-[:30](-[:90])=[:-30](-[:-90])-[:30]-[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30]}

We finish the carbon backbone by adding a three-carbon propyl group to the fourth C atom in the parent chain:

\chemfig{-[:30](-[:90])=[:-30](-[:-90])-[:30](-[:90]-[:30]-[:90])-[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30]}

If we so choose, we can add H atoms to each C atom to give each carbon four covalent bonds, being careful to note that the C atoms in the double bond already have an additional covalent bond. (How many H atoms do you think are required?[1])

Example 16.5

Draw the carbon backbone for 2,3,4-trimethylpentane.

Solution
First, we draw the five-carbon backbone that represents the pentane chain:

\chemfig{-[:30]-[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30]}

According to the name, there are three one-carbon methyl groups attached to the second, third, and fourth C atoms in the chain. We finish the carbon backbone by putting the three methyl groups on the pentane main chain:

\chemfig{-[:30](-[:90])-[:-30](-[:-90])-[:30](-[:90])-[:-30]}

Test Yourself
Draw the carbon backbone for 3-ethyl-6,7-dimethyl-2-octene.

Answer
\chemfig{-[:30]=[:-30](-[:-90]-[:-150])-[:30]-[:-30]-[:30](-[:90])-[:-30](-[:-90])-[:30]}

Naming substituted benzene molecules is straightforward. If there is only one substituent, the substituent is named as a side chain on a benzene molecule, like this:

\begin{array}{cc} \chemfig{*6(-=-=(-[:90]Cl)-=)}&\hspace{5em}\chemfig{*6(-=-=(-[:90]-[:150])-=)} \\ \\ \text{chlorobenzene}&\hspace{5em}\text{ethylbenzene} \end{array}

If there are two or more substituents on a benzene molecule, the relative positions must be numbered, just as an aliphatic chain of C atoms is numbered. The substituent that is first alphabetically is assigned position 1, and the ring is numbered in a circle to give the other substituents the lowest possible number(s).

\begin{array}{cc} \chemfig{*6(=-=(-Cl)-=(-Cl)-)}&\hspace{5em}\chemfig{*6(-=(--[:-90])-(-Br)=-=)} \\ \\ \text{1,3-dichlorobenzene}&\hspace{5em}\text{1-bromo-2-ethylbenzene} \end{array}

If an aliphatic chain attached to a benzene ring has more carbons, the benzene ring is treated as a substituent and is given the name phenyl-. This molecule is 4-phenylheptane:

\chemfig{-[:30]-[:-30]-[:30](-[:90]*6(=-=-=-))-[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30]}

Key Takeaways

  • A unique name can be given to branched hydrocarbons using IUPAC nomenclature rules.
  • A unique structure can be drawn for the name of a given hydrocarbon.
  • Bond-line diagrams are commonly used to represent organic molecules and simplify the structure by not showing C–H bonds or carbon atoms.

Exercises

Questions

  1. How does a branched hydrocarbon differ from a normal hydrocarbon?
  2. How does a substituent get its unique name?
  3. Name this molecule:

    \chemfig{-[:60]=(-[:60])-[:-60]--[:-60]}

  4. Name this molecule:

    \chemfig{-[:30](-[:150])(-[:-90])-[:30](-[:90])-[:-30]-[:30]}

  5. Name this molecule:

    \chemfig{-[:-30](-[:90])(-[:-150])-[:-30]-[:30]=[:-30]}

  6. Name this molecule:

    \chemfig{-[:-90]-[:-30]-[:-90](-[:-180])(-[:-120])-[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30]}

  7. Name this molecule:

    \chemfig{-[:30](-[:90])=[:-30]-[:30](-[:90])-[:-30]}

  8. Name this molecule:

    \chemfig{-[:30]-[:-30]~[:-30]-[:-30]-[:30]}

  9. Name this molecule:

    \chemfig{-[:30]-[:-30](-[:-90]-[:-30])-[:30](-[:90]-[:150])-[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30]-[:30]}

  10. Name this molecule:

    \chemfig{-[:30]-[:-30](-[:-90])-[:30](-[:90])=[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30]}

  11. Name this molecule:

    \chemfig{C*6((-H)-C(-Br)=C(-H)-C(-H)=C(-Cl)-C(-H)=)}

  12. Name this molecule:

    \chemfig{C*6((-H)-C(-H)=C(-CH_3)-C(-CH_3)=C(-C(-[:180]H)(-[:0]H)(-[:90]C(-[:180]H)(-[:90]H)(-[:0]H)))-C(-H)=)}

  13. Draw the carbon backbone for each molecule.
    1. 3,4-diethyloctane
    2. 2,2-dimethyl-4-propylnonane
  14. Draw the carbon backbone for each molecule.
    1. 3-ethyl-4-methyl-3-heptene
    2. 3,3-diethyl-1-pentyne
  15. Draw the carbon backbone for each molecule.
    1. 4-ethyl-4-propyl-2-octyne
    2. 5-butyl-2,2-dimethyldecane
  16. Draw the carbon backbone for each molecule.
    1. 3,4-diethylhexyne
    2. 4-propyl-3-ethyl-2-methyloctane
  17. The name 2-ethylhexane is incorrect. Draw the carbon backbone and write the correct name for this molecule.
  18. The name 3-butyl-7-methyloctane is incorrect. Draw the carbon backbone and write the correct name for this molecule.

 Answers

  1. A branched hydrocarbon does not have all of its C atoms in a single row.
  1. 3-methyl-2-hexene
  1. 4,4-dimethyl-1-pentene
  1. 2,4-dimethyl-2-pentene
  1. 3,4-diethyloctane
  1. 1-bromo-4-chlorobenzene
    1. \chemfig{-[:30]-[:-30](-[:-90]-[:-30])-[:30](-[:90]-[:150])-[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30]-[:30]}
    2. \chemfig{-[:30](-[:150])(-[:-90])-[:30]-[:-30](-[:-90]-[:-150]-[:-90])-[:30]-[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30]-[:30]}
    1. \chemfig{-~-(-[:60]-[:120])(-[:-100]-[:-150]-[:-100])-[:-15]-[:45]-[:-15]-[:45]-[:-15]}
    2. \chemfig{-[:-30](-[:-150])(-[:90])-[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30](-[:-90]-[:-150]-[:-90]-[:-150])-[:30]-[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30]}
  1. \begin{array}{c} \chemfig{-[:-30]-[:30](-[:90])-[:-30]-[:30]-[:-30]-[:30]} \\ \\ \text{3-methylheptane} \end{array}

  1. There will need to be 24 H atoms to complete the molecule. ↵

Annotate

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Alkyl Halides and Alcohols
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Copyright © 2014

                                by Jessie A. Key

            Introductory Chemistry - 1st Canadian Edition by Jessie A. Key is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
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