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table of contents
Contents
- Chapter 1. An Introduction to the Human Body
- 1. 1.0 Introduction
- 1. 1.1 How Structure Determines Function
- 1. 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body
- 1. 1.3 Homeostasis
- 1. 1.4 Anatomical Terminology
- 1. 1.5 Medical Imaging
- Chapter 2. The Chemical Level of Organization
- 1. 2.0 Introduction
- 1. 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
- 1. 2.2 Chemical Bonds
- 1. 2.3 Chemical Reactions
- 1. 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
- 1. 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
- Chapter 3. The Cellular Level of Organization
- 1. 3.0 Introduction
- 1. 3.1 The Cell Membrane
- 1. 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
- 1. 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication
- 1. 3.4 Protein Synthesis
- 1. 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
- 1. 3.6 Cellular Differentiation
- Chapter 4. The Tissue Level of Organization
- 1. 4.0 Introduction
- 1. 4.1 Types of Tissues
- 1. 4.2 Epithelial Tissue
- 1. 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
- 1. 4.4 Muscle Tissue
- 1. 4.5 Nervous Tissue
- 1. 4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging
- Chapter 5. The Integumentary System
- 1. 5.0 Introduction
- 1. 5.1 Layers of the Skin
- 1. 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
- 1. 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System
- 1. 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
- Chapter 6. Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System
- 1. 6.0 Introduction
- 1. 6.1 The Functions of the Skeletal System
- 1. 6.2 Bone Classification
- 1. 6.3 Bone Structure
- 1. 6.4 Bone Formation and Development
- 1. 6.5 Fractures: Bone Repair
- 1. 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue
- 1. 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems
- Chapter 7. Axial Skeleton
- 1. 7.0 Introduction
- 1. 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System
- 1. 7.2 Bone Markings
- 1. 7.3 The Skull
- 1. 7.4 The Vertebral Column
- 1. 7.5 The Thoracic Cage
- 1. 7.6 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton
- Chapter 8. The Appendicular Skeleton
- 1. 8.0 Introduction
- 1. 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
- 1. 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
- 1. 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
- 1. 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
- 1. 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton
- Chapter 9. Joints
- 1. 9.0 Introduction
- 1. 9.1 Classification of Joints
- 1. 9.2 Fibrous Joints
- 1. 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
- 1. 9.4 Synovial Joints
- 1. 9.5 Types of Body Movements
- 1. 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
- 1. 9.7 Development of Joints
- Chapter 10. Muscle Tissue
- 1. 10.0 Introduction
- 1. 10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues
- 1. 10.2 Skeletal Muscle
- 1. 10.3 Muscle Fiber Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation
- 1. 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
- 1. 10.5 Types of Muscle Fibers
- 1. 10.6 Exercise and Muscle Performance
- 1. 10.7 Smooth Muscle Tissue
- 1. 10.8 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
- Chapter 11. The Muscular System
- 1. 11.0 Introduction
- 1. 11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists
- 1. 11.2 Explain the organization of muscle fascicles and their role in generating force
- 1. 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles
- 1. 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back
- 1. 11.5 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax
- 1. 11.6 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
- 1. 11.7 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
- Chapter 12. The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
- 1. 12.0 Introduction
- 1. 12.1 Structure and Function of the Nervous System
- 1. 12.2 Nervous Tissue
- 1. 12.3 The Function of Nervous Tissue
- 1. 12.4 Communication Between Neurons
- 1. 12.5 The Action Potential
- Chapter 13. The Peripheral Nervous System
- 1. 13.0 Introduction
- 1. 13.1 Sensory Receptors
- 1. 13.2 Ganglia and Nerves
- 1. 13.3 Spinal and Cranial Nerves
- 1. 13.4 Relationship of the PNS to the Spinal Cord of the CNS
- 1. 13.5 Ventral Horn Output and Reflexes
- 1. 13.6 Testing the Spinal Nerves (Sensory and Motor Exams)
- 1. 13.7 The Cranial Nerve Exam
- Chapter 14. The Central Nervous System
- 1. 14.0 Introduction
- 1. 14.1 Embryonic Development
- 1. 14.2 Blood Flow the meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Circulation
- 1. 14.3 The Brain and Spinal Cord
- 1. 14.4 The Spinal Cord
- 1. 14.5 Sensory and Motor Pathways
- Chapter 15. The Special Senses
- 1. 15.0 Introduction
- 1. 15.1 Taste
- 1. 15.2 Smell
- 1. 15.3 Hearing
- 1. 15.4 Equilibrium
- 1. 15.5 Vision
- Chapter 16. The Autonomic Nervous System
- 1. 16.0 Introduction
- 1. 16.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
- 1. 16.2 Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis
- 1. 16.3 Central Control
- 1. 16.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System
- Chapter 17. The Endocrine System
- 1. 17.0 Introduction
- 1. 17.1 An Overview of the Endocrine System
- 1. 17.2 Hormones
- 1. 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
- 1. 17.4 The Thyroid Gland
- 1. 17.5 The Parathyroid Glands
- 1. 17.6 The Adrenal Glands
- 1. 17.7 The Pineal Gland
- 1. 17.8 Gonadal and Placental Hormones
- 1. 17.9 The Pancreas
- 1. 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
- 1. 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System
- Chapter 18. The Cardiovascular System: Blood
- 1. 18.0 Introduction
- 1. 18.1 Functions of Blood
- 1. 18.2 Production of the Formed Elements
- 1. 18.3 Erythrocytes
- 1. 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
- 1. 18.5 Hemostasis
- 1. 18.6 Blood Typing
- Chapter 19. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
- 1. 19.0 Introduction
- 1. 19.1 Heart Anatomy
- 1. 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
- 1. 19.3 Cardiac Cycle
- 1. 19.4 Cardiac Physiology
- 1. 19.5 Development of the Heart
- Chapter 20. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
- 1. 20.0 Introduction
- 1. 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
- 1. 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
- 1. 20.3 Capillary Exchange
- 1. 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
- 1. 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
- 1. 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
- Chapter 21. The Lymphatic and Immune System
- 1. 21.0 Introduction
- 1. 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
- 1. 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
- 1. 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
- 1. 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
- 1. 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens
- 1. 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses
- 1. 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
- Chapter 22. The Respiratory System
- 1. 22.0 Introduction
- 1. 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
- 1. 22.2 The Lungs
- 1. 22.3 The Process of Breathing
- 1. 22.4 Gas Exchange
- 1. 22.5 Transport of Gases
- 1. 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions
- 1. 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System
- Chapter 23. The Digestive System
- 1. 23.0 Introduction
- 1. 23.1 Overview of the Digestive System
- 1. 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation
- 1. 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
- 1. 23.4 The Stomach
- 1. 23.5 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
- 1. 23.6 The Small and Large Intestines
- 1. 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look
- Chapter 24. Metabolism and Nutrition
- 1. 24.0 Introduction
- 1. 24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions
- 1. 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
- 1. 24.3 Lipid Metabolism
- 1. 24.4 Protein Metabolism
- 1. 24.5 Metabolic States of the Body
- 1. 24.6 Energy and Heat Balance
- 1. 24.7 Nutrition and Diet
- Chapter 25. The Urinary System
- 1. 25.0 Introduction
- 1. 25.1 Internal and External Anatomy of the Kidney
- 1. 25.2 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney: Anatomy of the Nephron
- 1. 25.3 Physiology of Urine Formation: Overview
- 1. 25.4 Physiology of Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration
- 1. 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
- 1. 25.6 Physiology of Urine Formation: Medullary Concentration Gradient
- 1. 25.7 Physiology of Urine Formation: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition
- 1. 25.8 Urine Transport and Elimination
- 1. 25.9 The Urinary System and Homeostasis
- Chapter 26. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
- 1. 26.0 Introduction
- 1. 26.1 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
- 1. 26.2 Water Balance
- 1. 26.3 Electrolyte Balance
- 1. 26.4 Acid-Base Balance
- 1. 26.5 Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
- Chapter 27. The Sexual Systems
- 1. 27.0 Introduction
- 1. 27.1 Anatomy of Sexual Systems
- 1. 27.2 Development of Sexual Anatomy
- 1. 27.3 Physiology of the Female Sexual System
- 1. 27.4 Physiology of the Male Sexual System
- 1. 27.5 Physiology of Arousal and Orgasm
- Chapter 28. Development and Inheritance
- 1. 28.0 Introduction
- 1. 28.1 Fertilization
- 1. 28.2 Embryonic Development
- 1. 28.3 Fetal Development
- 1. 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
- 1. 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages
- 1. 28.6 Lactation
- 1. 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
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