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Allied Health Microbiology: Summary

Allied Health Microbiology
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table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright
  4. Table Of Contents
  5. Preface
  6. Forward
  7. Chapter 1: An Invisible World
    1. 1.1 What Our Ancestors Knew
    2. 1.2 A Systematic Approach
    3. 1.3 Types of Microorganisms
    4. Summary
  8. Chapter 2: The Cell
    1. 2.1 Spontaneous Generation
    2. 2.2 Foundations of Modern Cell Theory
    3. 2.3 Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells
    4. Summary
  9. Chapter 3: Prokaryotic Diversity
    1. 3.1 Prokaryote Habitats, Relationships, and Microbiomes
    2. Summary
  10. Chapter 4: The Eukaryotes of Microbiology
    1. 4.1 Unicellular Eukaryotic Parasites
    2. 4.2 Parasitic Helminths
    3. 4.3 Fungi
    4. Summary
  11. Chapter 5: Acellular Pathogens
    1. 5.1 Viruses
    2. 5.2 The Viral Life Cycle
    3. 5.3 Prions
    4. Summary
  12. Chapter 6: Microbial Biochemistry
    1. 6.1 Microbial Biochemistry
    2. Summary
  13. Chapter 7: Microbial Growth
    1. 7.1 How Microbes Grow
    2. 7.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbial Growth
    3. 7.3 The Effects of pH on Microbial Growth
    4. 7.4 Temperature and Microbial Growth
    5. Summary
  14. Chapter 8: Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics
    1. 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering
    2. 8.2 Gene Therapy
    3. Summary
  15. Chapter 9: Control of Microbial Growth
    1. 9.1 Controlling Microbial Growth
    2. 9.2 Testing the Effectiveness of Antiseptics and Disinfectants
    3. Summary
  16. Chapter 10: Antimicrobial Drugs
    1. 10.1 Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
    2. 10.2 Mechanisms of Antibacterial Drugs
    3. 10.3 Mechanisms of Other Antimicrobial Drugs
    4. 10.4 Drug Resistance
    5. 10.5 Testing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials
    6. 10.6 Current Strategies for Antimicrobial Discovery
    7. Summary
  17. Chapter 11: Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
    1. 11.1 Characteristics of Infectious Disease
    2. 11.2 How Pathogens Cause Disease
    3. 11.3 Virulence Factors of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens
    4. Summary
  18. Chapter 12: Disease and Epidemiology
    1. 12.1 The Language of Epidemiologists
    2. 12.2 Tracking Infectious Diseases
    3. 12.3 Modes of Disease Transmission
    4. 12.4 Global Public Health
    5. Summary
  19. Chapter 13: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses
    1. 13.1 Physical Defenses
    2. 13.2 Chemical Defenses
    3. 13.3 Cellular Defenses
    4. 13.4 Pathogen Recognition and Phagocytosis
    5. 13.5 Inflammation and Fever
    6. Summary
  20. Chapter 14: Adaptive Specific Host Defenses
    1. 14.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive Immunity
    2. 14.2 Major Histocompatibility Complexes and Antigen-Presenting Cells
    3. 14.3 T Lymphocytes and Cellular Immunity
    4. 14.4 B Lymphocytes and Humoral Immunity
    5. 14.5 Vaccines
    6. Summary
  21. Chapter 15: Diseases of the Immune System
    1. 15.1 Hypersensitivities
    2. 15.2 Autoimmune Disorders
    3. 15.3 Organ Transplantation and Rejection
    4. Summary
  22. Chapter 16: Skin and Eye Infections
    1. 16.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Skin and Eyes
    2. 16.2 Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Eyes
    3. 16.3 Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes
    4. 16.4 Mycoses of the Skin
    5. 16.5 Helminthic Infections of the Skin and Eyes
    6. Summary
  23. Chapter 17: Respiratory System Infections
    1. 17.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract
    2. 17.2 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract
    3. 17.3 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract
    4. Summary
  24. Chapter 18: Urogenital System Infections
    1. 18.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract
    2. 18.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System
    3. 18.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System
    4. 18.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System
    5. 18.5 Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System
    6. 18.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System
    7. Summary
  25. Chapter 19: Digestive System Infections
    1. 19.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System
    2. 19.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity
    3. 19.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
    4. 19.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
    5. 19.5 Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
    6. 19.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
    7. Summary
  26. Chapter 20: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections
    1. 20.1 Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
    2. 20.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
    3. 20.3 Viral Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
    4. 20.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
    5. Summary
  27. Chapter 21: Nervous System Infections
    1. 21.1 Anatomy of the Nervous System
    2. 21.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System
    3. 21.3 Acellular Diseases of the Nervous System
    4. Summary
  28. Creative Commons License
  29. Recommended Citations
  30. Versioning

Summary

16.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Skin and Eyes

  • Human skin consists of two main layers, the epidermis and dermis, which are situated on top of the hypodermis, a layer of connective tissue.
  • The skin is an effective physical barrier against microbial invasion.
  • The skin’s relatively dry environment and normal microbiota discourage colonization by transient microbes.
  • The skin’s normal microbiota varies from one region of the body to another.
  • The conjunctiva of the eye is a frequent site for microbial infection, but deeper eye infections are lesscommon; multiple types of conjunctivitis exist.

16.2 Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Eyes

  • Staphylococcus and Streptococcus cause many different types of skin infections, many of which occur when bacteria breach the skin barrier through a cut or wound.
  • S. aureus are frequently associated with purulent skin infections that manifest as folliculitis, furuncles, orcarbuncles. S. aureus is also a leading cause of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS).
  • S. aureus is generally drug resistant and current MRSA strains are resistant to a wide range of antibiotics.
  • Community-acquired and hospital-acquired staphyloccocal infections are an ongoing problem because many people are asymptomatic carriers.
  • Group A streptococci (GAS), S. pyogenes, is often responsible for cases of cellulitis, erysipelas, and erythema nosodum. GAS are also one of many possible causes of necrotizing fasciitis.
  • Acne is a common skin condition that can become more inflammatory when Propionibacterium acnes infects hair follicles and pores clogged with dead skin cells and sebum.
  • Cutaneous anthrax occurs when Bacillus anthracis breaches the skin barrier. The infection results in a localized black eschar on skin. Anthrax can be fatal if B. anthracis spreads to the bloodstream.
  • Common bacterial conjunctivitis is often caused by Haemophilus influenzae and usually resolves on its own in a few days. More serious forms of conjunctivitis include gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, inclusion conjunctivitis (chlamydial), and trachoma, all of which can lead to blindness if untreated.

16.3 Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes

  • Papillomas (warts) are caused by human papillomaviruses.
  • Herpes simplex virus (especially HSV-1) mainly causes oral herpes, but lesions can appear on other areas of the skin and mucous membranes.

16.4 Mycoses of the Skin

  • Mycoses can be cutaneous, subcutaneous, or systemic.
  • Common cutaneous mycoses include tineas caused by dermatophytes of the genera Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum. Tinea corporis is called ringworm. Tineas on other parts of the body have names associated with the affected body part.

16.5 Helminthic Infections of the Skin and Eyes

  • The helminth Loa loa is a parasite that can breach the skin barrier, causing infections of the skin and eyes.
  • Loiasis, or eye worm, is a disease endemic to Africa that is caused by parasitic worms that infect the subcutaneous tissue of the skin and eyes. It is transmitted by deerfly vectors.

Annotate

Next Chapter
Chapter 17: Respiratory System Infections
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Copyright © 2019 by Open Stax and Linda Bruslind Allied Health Microbiology by Open Stax and Linda Bruslind is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
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