The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte

by Karl Marx
Contributors: Saul K. PadoverFriedrich EngelsBrian BogginsAlek Blain

On December 2 1851, followers of President Louis Bonaparte (Napoleon's nephew) broke up the Legislative Assembly and established a dictatorship. A year later, Louis Bonaparte proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III.


Marx wrote The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon between December 1851 and March 1852. The "Eighteenth Brumaire" refers to November 9, 1799 in the French Revolutionary Calendar β€” the day the first Napoleon Bonaparte had made himself dictator by a coup d'etat.


In this work Marx traces how the conflict of different social interests manifest themselves in the complex web of political struggles, and in particular the contradictory relationships between the outer form of a struggle and its real social content. The proletariat of Paris was at this time too inexperienced to win power, but the experiences of 1848-51 would prove invaluable for the successful workers' revolution of 1871.

A colorized photograph portrait of Karl Marx. He is sitting rigidly upright with his hand inside his suit jacket in an upholstered wooden chair. He has a large gray beard and somewhat long hair to match. He looks very serious. / photo by: John Jabez Edwin Mayall. Colored by: Olga Shirnina. Year: 1875. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Marx,_1875.jpg#/media/File:Karl_Marx,_1875.jpg