Table of Contents

Preface to the First German Edition (Marx, 1867) 6

Preface to the French Edition (Marx, 1872) 9

Afterword to the Second German Edition (1873) 10

Afterword to the French Edition (1875) 16

Preface to the Third German Edition (1883) 17

Preface to the English Edition (Engels, 1886) 19

Preface to the Fourth German Edition (Engels, 1890) 22

Part 1: Commodities and Money. 26

Chapter 1: Commodities. 26

Section 1: The Two Factors of a Commodity: Use-Value and Value (The Substance of Value and the Magnitude of Value) 26

Section 2: The Two-fold Character of the Labour Embodied in Commodities. 29

Section 3: The Form of Value or Exchange-Value. 32

Section 4: The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof. 46

Chapter 2: Exchange. 59

Chapter 3: Money, Or the Circulation of Commodities. 66

Section 1: The Measure of Values. 66

Section 2: The Medium of Circulation. 70

Section 3: Money. 83

Part 2: Transformation of Money into Capital 102

Chapter 4: The General Formula for Capital 102

Chapter 5: Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital 109

Chapter 6: The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power 117

Part 3: The Production of Absolute Surplus-Value. 124

Chapter 7: The Labour-Process and the Process of Producing Surplus-Value. 124

Section 1: The Labour-Process or the Production of Use-Values. 124

Section 2: The Production of Surplus-Value. 128

Chapter 8: Constant Capital and Variable Capital 139

Chapter 9: The Rate of Surplus-Value. 147

Section 1: The Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power 147

Section 2: The Representation of the Components of the Value of the Product by Corresponding Proportional Parts of the Product Itself. 151

Section 3: Senior’s “Last Hour”. 153

Section 4: Surplus-Produce. 156

Chapter 10: The Working day. 159

Section 1: The Limits of the Working day. 159

Section 2: The Greed for Surplus-Labor, Manufacturer and Boyard. 161

Section 3: Branches of English Industry Without Legal Limits to Exploitation. 165

Section 4: Day and Night Work. The Relay System.. 172

Section 5: The Struggle for a Normal Working Day. Compulsory Laws for the Extension of the Working Day from the Middle  of the 14th to the End of the 17th Century. 176

Section 6: The Struggle for a Normal Working Day.  Compulsory Limitation by Law of the Working-Time.  English Factory Acts, 1833. 181

Section 7: The Struggle for a Normal Working Day.  Reaction of the English Factory Acts on Other Countries  191

Chapter 11: Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value. 210

Part 4: Production of Relative Surplus-Value. 216

Chapter 12: The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value. 216

Chapter 13: Co-operation. 223

Chapter 14: Division of Labour and Manufacture. 233

Section 1: Two-Fold Origin of Manufacture. 233

Section 2: The Detail Labourer and his Implements. 234

Section 3: The Two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture: Heterogeneous Manufacture, Serial Manufacture  236

Section 4: Division of Labour in Manufacture, and Division of Labour in Society. 240

Section 5: The Capitalistic Character of Manufacture. 244

Chapter 15: Machinery and Modern Industry. 257

Section 1 : The Development of Machinery. 257

Section 2:  The Value Transferred by Machinery to the Product 264

Section 3:  The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman. 267

Section 4: The Factory. 280

Section 5: The Strife Between Workman and Machine. 283

Section 6: The Theory of Compensation as Regards the Workpeople Displaced by Machinery  289

Section 7: Repulsion and Attraction of Workpeople by the Factory System. Crises in the Cotton Trade  294

Section 8: Revolution Effected in Manufacture, Handicrafts, and Domestic Industry by Modern Industry  300

Section 9: The Factory Acts. Sanitary and Educational Clauses of the same. Their General Extension in England  311

Section 10: Modern Industry and Agriculture. 325

Part 5: Production of Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value. 354

Chapter 16: Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value. 354

Chapter 17: Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value. 362

Section 1: Length of the Working day and Intensity of Labour Constant. Productiveness of Labour Variable  362

Section 2: Working day Constant. Productiveness of Labour Constant. Intensity of Labour Variable  365

Section 3:  Productiveness and Intensity of Labour Constant. Length of the Working day Variable  365

Section 4: Simultaneous Variations in the Duration, Productiveness, and Intensity of Labour 367

Chapter 18: Various Formula for the rate of Surplus-Value. 370

Part 6: Wages. 373

Chapter 19: The Transformation of the Value (and Respective Price) of Labour-Power into Wages  373

Chapter 20: Time-Wages. 378

Chapter 21: Piece Wages. 384

Chapter 22: National Differences of Wages. 390

Part 7: The Accumulation of Capital 394

Chapter 23: Simple Reproduction. 394

Chapter 24: Conversion of Surplus-Value into Capital 404

Section 1:  Capitalist Production on a Progressively Increasing Scale. Transition of the Laws of Property that Characterise Production of Commodities into Laws of Capitalist Appropriation. 404

Section 2: Erroneous Conception, by Political Economy, of Reproduction on a Progressively Increasing Scale  409

Section 3:  Separation of Surplus-value into Capital and Revenue. The Abstinence Theory  411

Section 4: Circumstances that, Independently of the Proportional Division of Surplus-value into Capital and Revenue, Determine the Amount of Accumulation. Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power. Productivity of Labour. Growing Difference in Amount Between Capital Employed and Capital Consumed. Magnitude of Capital Advanced. 415

Section 5: The So-Called Labour Fund. 420

Chapter 25: The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation. 428

Section 1: The Increased Demand for labour power that Accompanies Accumulation, the Composition of Capital Remaining the same. 428

Section 2: Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital Simultaneously with the Progress of Accumulation and of the Concentration that Accompanies it 432

Section 3: Progressive Production of a Relative surplus population or Industrial Reserve Army  436

Section 4: Different Forms of the Relative surplus population. The General Law of Capitalistic Accumulation  443

Section 5: Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation. 447

Part 8: Primitive Accumulation. 500

Chapter 26: The Secret of Primitive Accumulation. 500

Chapter 27: Expropriation of the Agricultural Population From the Land. 503

Chapter 28: Bloody Legislation Against the Expropriated, from the End of the 15th Century. Forcing Down of Wages by Acts of Parliament 515

Chapter 29: Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer 521

Chapter 30: Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry. Creation of the Home-Market for Industrial Capital 523

Chapter 31: The Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist 527

Chapter 32: Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation. 535

Chapter 33: The Modern Theory of Colonisation¹ 537