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Subject Index

abolition of slavery (abolitionism, -ists), 169, 175, 180-189, 200, 225, 226, 230, 231, 243, 245, 274, 382; anti-slavery societies, 184, 186-189; effects of (in Antigua, Bermuda, and Haiti), 188; English, 188, 213, 225, 231; expatriation, 187; nonviolent (pacific), 186, 187; The Liberator, 175, 186; Underground Railway, 245. See also emancipation (manumission); slave(s); slavery
action(s) (activism), 115, 300; against lynching, 260-262, 268-273, 278-281; agreement of word and, 242; biblical and historical examples of women’s, 181-183, 185; boycotts, 269-270; collective, 388; conscious systematic mass, 316; consequences (risks) of, 181, 182; decisive, 234; deeds, not words, 47; “direct action,” 311, 313, 314; disobedience to unjust laws, 182; effectiveness of women’s, 176, 184; by needlework, pictures, and prints, 181, 184, 188; from principle, 156; deeds of anarchism, 313; house-to-house canvassing, 314; indifference as, 349; mass, 314-316; methodical agitation, 314; militant resistance, 242; active and contemplative life, 105; under the control of mind, 385; nonviolent direct, 311; not armed revolt, 208; of Outsiders, 350-352; petitions, 184, 185, 187, 188, 205; political, 314, 317, 378; prayer as, 176, 180-183, 187; preaching, 187; proletarian, 314, 316; public speaking and writing, 151, 175, 176, 180-188; reading as, 180-181; reciprocal, of economic and political struggle, 316-317; reform (reformism), 186, 378; relationship to theory (ideas, thought), 234, 386, 388; resistance, 150, 182, 247, 301, 391; revolutionary, 314, 378; “spontaneity,” 311; to consolidate the working class, 208; to educate and emancipate slaves, 181, 188; to form societies, 185; without certainty, 385; women to fight for equality, 131, 151-153. See also disobedience; rebellion (revolt, insurrection); revolution(s) (revolutionarylies]); strike(s); struggle; women’s legal/political status and activism
Adam, 43, 49, 68, 177, 179; and Eve, 189-190, 200-201, 373. See also Eve
Addams, Jane, xvi, xvii, xviii, 260, 285-286; Nobel Peace Prize (1933), 285
Africa and Africans, 123-126, 128, 130, 177-179, 184, 213-214, 225-232, 274, 323, 325, 391-409; Ethiop(ian), 125; Pan-African Congress, 396, 407. See also South Africa
African [Afro-]Americans, 123, 124, 175, 260-281, 285; action against lynching, 269-271; allegedly incapable of self-government, 268; crimes against, 261; disenfranchised in southern U.S., 266; freedmen, 260; law-abiding, 269; lynched and murdered by whites in the South (statistics), 266, 271; women, 261, 265; writers, 9. See also black(s); slave(s); slavery
age, 24; and male-female relations, 71; older women, in non-cloistered lay order, 35; of councillors, 60; of women teachers, 96; rights and care of the elderly, 208, 212; youth, 285, 360, 363, 371, 408
allegorical figures: Aurora, 128; Chaos, 127, 130; Columbia, 129, 130; Eolus, 129; Hibernia, 130; Reason, Rectitude, and Justice, 55
America(s), 123-125, 128, 135, 158, 165, 274, 276, 278; “first feminist of the,” 84; Latin American independence, 205-206; North, 324; South, 205. See Page 420 →also countries by name; Native American(s)
American Indian. See Native American(s)
anarchism, 311, 313, 314; anarchist communism, 313; anarcho-syndicalists, 369; critique of, 312-314; deeds of, 313; historical birthplace, in Russia, 313; organizations, 371; role of, in Russian Revolution, 313; thefts by, 313; theory of general strike, 312
Anglican Church, 213, 407; Anglicanism, 99-100; Department of Justice and Reconciliation, Province of Southern Africa, 391. See also Church of England
animal(s) (brutes), 17, 79, 80, 85, 87-88, 90, 94, 97, 103, 111, 133, 136, 139, 150, 164, 166, 169, 171, 177, 194; against abuse of, 72; allowed souls, 105; better off than workers, 208; brute creation, 158, 166; experimentation, 87; human dominion over, 177, 189; man most stupid, 150; peaceable reign of, 135; species, 87-88; sympathy, 157
antiquity, reverence for, 157, 160, 168
aristocratic: circles, 20, 54, 71, 99; conspiracies, 9
Aristotle (“the Philosopher”), xix, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 67, 382
arms (armies, weapons), 10-11, 62, 79, 129, 140, 145, 146, 161, 216, 374; armor of righteousness, 185; Christian weapons, 185; making of, hostile to freedom, 351; privilege warriors over workers, 379; standing army, 121, 222; the sword, 6, 60, 73, 115, 139, 147 (of the spirit, 185). See also military (the)
art(s), 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 62, 67, 74, 82, 90, 93, 94, 99, 152, 170, 171, 371; artlessness, 137; of arms, 62; of civilization, 171; social artifice, 136
aspiration(s), 102, 115; “the highest apple,” 9, 12; to medical profession, 240
association(s): of mutual aid, 205, 208-209; principle of, 206; private aid, 208-209. See also cooperation
Astell, Mary, xvii, xx, 71, 99-101
autocracy (absolutism), 235, 238, 242; necessity of overthrowing, 235, 242

Babel, tower of, 87, 177
Bangladesh, 303-304; Bangla (language), 303; Bangla Academy, 304; Dhaka, 304; Rangpur, 303
beauty, 9-12, 14, 84, 88, 90, 101, 103, 104, 108, 109, 114, 127, 138, 167, 168, 171, 351; absolute, contemplation of, 19; of order, 130; dependent on the good, 9, 12, 16; eternal, 19; gothic notions of, 157; in the soul, higher than in the body, 18; littleness and weakness the essence of, 167; mankind, most beautiful masterpiece of nature, 133; necessary for generation, 17; of creations of the mind, 13; of felicity, 57; of light-skinned color, 392; of nature, 21; of rank, 167; of women, 79, 81; simplicity the only criterion of, 156; superficial, 99; the sex superior in, 150; used by young women to seduce and betray revolutionists, 238
Bible (Holy Writ), xiii, 97, 181, 182, 186, 189, 191; King James version criticized as Holy Writ, 189, 202-203; Old Testament, 3, 39. See also law(s); scripture(s); slavery; women, by country or group
black(s), 9, 133; as Cain, 125; boycotts against Jim Crow laws, 269-270; consciousness, 392; cultural influences, 84; free, 123, 124; scholars, 123; seen as the enemy, 407; stereotypes of black women, 260; West Indians, 143. See also Africa and Africans; African [Afro-]Americans; Negroes; race(s); racism
body[ies], 75, 101, 102, 106, 109, 159, 169; and feeling, 88; and mind, 54, 78, 106, 344; and soul, 16, 84, 86; bodily way of knowing, 88; corruptible, 101; depraved sensual taste, 167; effects of marriage on, 76, 82; eros, 16; ever being formed anew, 17; no embodiment in matter, 88; of peasant men and women, 79-80; of the nation, 117; of the people, 117, 118, 170; senses of, 85, 87-89, 108, 109; sins of, 40-53 passim; source of mystery, 385; strength (not needed by councillors, 60; women lack, 78); society one body, 106; subordinated to mind and soul, 13; “think through (write) the body,” 13
body politic, 56, 61-62, 63-64, 68; head of, 56, 62; healthy, 57; preeminent place of love in, 13
book(s), 91-93, 95, 105, 109, 156; plays, novels, and romances, 103, 105
Boston, 123, 124, 181, 184, 189; first anti-slavery society (1831), 187
bourgeois (bourgeoisie), 65, 210, 333; “bourgeois feminism,” 310; “bourgeois pacifism,” 311; society, 321, 373; state, 319; burghers and merchants, 65-67; domination of proletarians, 210; governs as it pleases, 210; Marxist analysis of, 372; vices of, 373
Britain (British), 123, 129, 130, 225, 226-227, 230, 295; Admiralty, 216; Anti-Lynching Society (first), 278; Chartist movement, 206, 312, 319 (and police, 221-222); Christians, 213; colonial rule in India opposed, 303; commonwealth, 75, 81; constitutionalism, 155 (Bible of, 215); cotton (crisis, 324; industry, 323); Empire, 213, 232, 247, 330, 338; England, 54, 71, 117-122, 163, 164, 165, 171, 181, 183, 188, 205-206, 213, 221, 276, 281, 312, 333, 349-350, 352, 354; English Civil War(s) (1640-1660), 72, 99, 118, 119, 121, 122; English law, 222, 230, 298; English liberty, 159; freeborn Englishmen (free people of England), 118, 119 (rights of, 119); House of Commons, 161, 166, 167, 221, 342; House of Lords, 215; Ida B. Wells’s lecture tour, 260; impressment of poor, 159; King Charles 1, 71, 100, 117, 120, 122; King Charles 11, 216, 222; King Edward III, 216; King George III, 123, 125; King Henry 111, 215-216; King John, 215; Liberals, 220; Oxford, 213; Parliament, 81, 121, 123, 158, 161, 169, 171, 213, 215, 220; people, 163, 164, 223; Queen Page 421 →Victoria, 227; Scotland (Scotia), 130; slavery abolished and illegal under British rule, 225; trade union history in, 319; treatment of colored races, 231; War Office, 216; West India Colonies, 184, 188; working men and women, 215, 312, 323. See also laws, by country and name (Britain); liberty (liberties); London (England)
bureaucracy, 220; bureaucratic centralism, 370
Burke, Edmund, 154, 155, 156-172
Butler, Josephine Elizabeth Grey, 213-214, 348, 354

Canada, 245-247; Brantford (Ontario), 245; Canadian unity, 247; Capilano Squamish Indians, 246; clash of cultures, 252-259; Columbia Games Act protested as infringing on Indian rights, 246; English settlers as hypocrites, murderers, and robbers, 248-249; Indian birthright to the land, 249; Indian rebellion, 249; legends of Pacific Coast Indians, 246; Northwest Mounted Police, 247; Six Nations Reservation (Ontario), 245. See also Indian(s); laws, by country and name (Canada); Native American(s); war (warfare)
capital, 324; accumulation of, 311, 321-328; Capital (K. Marx), 323, 325, 372; constant (means of production) and variable (wage labor), 322, 324; consumer goods, 322; destruction of natural economy, 325—327; European, 325; expanded reproduction of, 311, 322, 323 (effect of war on, 325); ingredients of, 321-322; motive to expand, 322; must “liberate” labor to coerce it into wage service, 325-326; rate of surplus value, 324; reproduction of, 321-324; requires unlimited freedom of movement, 324; surplus value (profit) (an end in itself, 322-325; defined, 322; formula, 322); three phases of capital accumulation, 325; fund for Workers’ Union, 209
capital punishment. See death penalty
capitalist(s) (capitalism), 210, 321—329, 374, 375, 380-381; bourgeoisie, 311; cannot manage with white labor alone, needs other races for exploitation, 325; exercises class hegemony, 329; competitive struggle on the international stage, 325; consumption, 323 (effective demand, 322); dependence on non-capitalist strata and countries, 311, 323-325; destruction of, 375; development, conditions of, 319, 323; distribution, determined by profit, 322; domination, 376; dynamics of, 311; European, 325, 327; global, 325; history of, 323, 325; lies of, 372; oppression, 372; pre-capitalist strata, 311; process, contradictions of, 323; production, 324-325 (process of, 322); ransacks the whole world, 324; requires the entire globe for its store of productive forces, 323-325; societies, 321; state, 376; struggle against natural economy, 325-327; study of, 378; surplus value, incentive of, 322 (extortion of, 372); system, 206, 342, 373; vale of tears, 314; wage system, 325; workers’ struggle with, 317. See also bourgeois (bourgeoisie)
Catherine (Benincasa) of Siena, St., xvi, xviii, 35-38
Cavendish, Margaret (Duchess of Newcastle), xx, 71-73
challenges: to authority, xx, 84; to dualist oppositions, 13; to male oligopoly of learning and power, 55; to military and imperial values, 9
charitable: effort, 286; hand of nature, 135; principles of nature, 134; relation, 287
charity, 39-52 passim, 105, 106, 118— 120, 157, 287-295; balancing mercy and justice, 294; behavioral standards for recipients, 293; contrasted with neighborly relation, 287-289; distrust of by the poor, 289-290; divine, 36, 40-42, 50; organized, 288; united by, 36; visitor, 287—294
Chicago (Illinois), 260, 263, 293, 300; African Americans excluded from 1893 Columbian Exposition, 260; Chicago Conservator (first black weekly), 260; Cook County Poorhouse, 291; Hull House, 285; Lincoln Park, 292; University of, Sociology Department, 285; women’s school of sociology, xvii
childbirth (procreation), 6, 17-18, 54, 344; death in, 77
children, 24, 161, 163, 169, 171, 292; born outside of marriage, 142, 151, 154, 205; consequences of reward or punishment of, 82; custody of, 205; disobedience and ingratitude of, 82; early marriage, 306; effects of unfair and brutal treatment of, 211; exploitation of, 211; Free the Children Alliance, 408; in detention, 408; legitimacy of, 151-153, 205; needs of, 285; no need of, for women, 81-82; of the working class, 208, 210-212; paternity of, 151; to be raised in Workers’ Union palaces, 208; toys for, 82; women’s influence on, 194
Children’s Bureau (U.S. Department of Labor), 285
China: Beijing, 357; Changsha, 357; Cultural Revolution, 357; emperors, 32-33; League of Left-Wing Writers, 357; May Fourth movement, 357; People’s Republic of, 357; rectification campaign, 357; Shanghai, 357; Xia Village, 357-366; Yan’an, 357, 366-368
chivalry, 61-62, 63, 273-274; attack on, 99
Christ, Jesus, 35-39, 43-44, 46-47, 49, 51-53, 57, 91, 125, 158, 177-178, 180-183, 187, 188, 190-192, 194, 200-203; ignored, 72; Mary, mother of, 36, 38, 183; Prince of Peace, 302; Sermon on the Mount, 201; the Word, 36
Christian, 115, 118; countries (states), 35, 217; dispensation, 179; duty, 200; loyalties, lack of, 71-72; religion, 57, 175, 351; socialist, 207; virtues, 129; women, 99, 176-177, 184-185, 200
Christian(s), 37, 39, 43, 99, 125, 165; go together against unbelievers, not against each other, 37; high Church men, 120; men selling their mixed race daughters and sisters, 195; Presbyterians, 120; Page 422 →Protestants, 100, 123, 124, 183, 168; Puritans, 100; Southern Christians, 195-196
Christianity, 41, 47, 49, 99, 104, 112, 169, 200, 203, 370; and abolitionism, 175; and governance, 57; called superior, 214; Christendom, 57, 66, 196; Episcopacy, 121; Holy Spirit, 39, 53, 58, 91, 96, 183; Reformation, 158; Trinity (Holy), 43, 369; true idea of, 105; worldly priests, 161. See also religion
Christine de Pizan, xviii, 54-56, 59, 68, 71, 84, 304
church, 160, 161, 163-165, 168, 169; and civil authority, 49; and state, 164; Dutch Reformed, 228; fathers, 178; Gallic, 168; mystic body, 37, 42, 46, 48-50; reform of, 35, 39-53 passim (not through war or violence, 46); speaks on behalf of the people, 408; womens silence in, 96. See also Christianity; Church of England; persecution; Pope(s); religion
Church of England, 99, 100, 105, 118, 120, 121, 334. See also Anglican Church
cities, 65-66; anti-crime committees, 300; centers of radicalism, 296; city-states, 3-4, 5, 6, 8, 35; corruption in, 300; maladministration of, 298; the modern city, triumph of the strongest, 296; vices of, 171. See also cities and countries by name
citizen(s) (citizenship), 65, 66, 142, 146, 151, 159, 171; female, 150-151; republican, 185; women not, 81
civil: and martial affairs, women excluded, 74; duty, 112; government, 49, 75, 76; law, 75; liberties, 235; rights, 260; society, 74
civilization, 157, 160, 161, 163, 165, 166, 389, 392; civilized men, 148; dying, 212; non-European, 324, 325
class(es), 20, 72, 107, 114, 161, 219, 391; agricultural (tenant, 325; workers, 67); antagonisms, 206, 314, 322; aristocracy, 205, 206; artisans, 67, 325; bourgeois(ie), 210, 233, 311; burghers and merchants, 65-67, 99, 123; cast(e), 169; civil servants, 323; clergy (clerks), 61, 65, 153, 165, 168, 170, 323; clothes and social standing, 290-291; common people, (the), 20, 56, 61, 63, 65, 68; consciousness, 311 (feeling, 321); differences in marriage relations, 200-201; divisions, 55, 155, 315; educated, 235, 332; educated men (their daughters, 332-356 passim; their sisters, 333, 350; their sons, 342, 343, 348); farmers, 147; hereditary nobility, 160, 167, 171, 210; international working, 314; knights and nobles, 61-63; laborers, 56, 67-68; liberal professions, 323; lower, 165; medieval craftsmen, 388; middle, 154, 205, 213, 233, 371; petty-bourgeois townspeople, 323; planters, 136, 144, 149; privileged classes, 233; relations, 20, 63, 314, 317; rich and high officials, 59; ruling, 312; serfs, 235; society, 317; struggle, 313— 317 (in the countryside, 357; requires support of the widest masses, 317); “the scum of the people,” 114; three estates, 56-57, 63, 65, 68; titles (of nobility), abolition of, 167; uneducated women’s daughters, 345; working, 206-212, 314, 390; working men’s daughters, 349. See also bourgeois (bourgeoisie); poor, the; proletariat (proletarian); rich(es), the (money); slave(s); women’s class and economic status; working class
colonialism, colonies, colonists, 230, 303; British, 230; de Gouges’s “the Colony,” 140, 143, 146-147; expansion, 326; flogging of blacks, 133; French West Indies, 134, 135, 136, 139, 141, 144; policy, 326-328; looting by European capital, 325; military occupation, 326. See also emperor(s) (empress); imperialism
color, 125, 133, 134, 136, 138, 175, 184, 229, 231, 260, 285; mulattos, 133; “passing,” 247; people of, 135, 137, 179, 180, 187, 261; light-skinned preference, 392
communism, 384; all things in common by nature, 76; anticommunists, 311; Bolsheviks, 373; Communist Manifesto, 207; Communist Party, 357, 368, 369; communist peasant community, 322, 324-326; communists, 311; higher stage of, as utopia, 376; in China, 357-368 passim; primitive, 325, 326
community, 13, 166, 176; free, 388; of interests, 387; peasant, 326
compassion, 40, 46-48, 58-59, 137, 138, 142, 156; altruism, 240, 296; human sympathies, 164; instinct to pity, impulse to aid, 288; kindness, 138, 140, 142-144, 149, 295 (of the poor to each other, 287); separation from politics, 13; subordination to state policy, 13
competition, 372; competitive attitudes, 387
conflict: gender, 246; moral, 185; of ideas, 244; of interests, 313; race, 246; trade union, 321
conquest, 97, 102, 326, 378; seizure of land and properties, 136, 324. See also colonialism, colonies, colonists; imperialism
conscience(s), 81, 121, 134, 157, 160, 163, 234; decision by, 314; freedom of, 72, 75; of men, 224; of slaveholders, 184
consciousness (identity), 131, 314; black, 123, 124, 392, 399; class, 311 ; concept of identity, 5 5 ; conscious mass action, 316; creole, 84; gay, xx; growth of political, 316; lesbian, xx; mental unity of trade union and social democratic movements in the mass, 321; sexual identity, 213
constitution(s), 155, 158, 159, 168, 214-220; invalid if majority have not cooperated in writing, 151. See also Britain (British); France; government (governance); law(s)
Contagious Diseases Acts, 213-220, 225-226
convent(s), 54, 83, 92, 161; communal religious life, 93
cooperation: brotherly, 390; cooperative organization, 207; of organized and unorganized workers, 319; sovereign law of, 390. See also association(s)
Page 423 →courage, 56, 57, 62, 89, 90, 115, 118, 119, 122, 147, 148, 151, 314, 384; moral, 182; of maternal suffering, 150
court life and palaces, 20, 21-23, 26-27, 28-31, 54; courtiers, 122, 138; courtly insincerity, 156; courtly parasites, 161; games, 22, 23, 27, 32-33; rules of behavior, 24-25
creation(s) (creativity), xx, 54, 123, 126, 127; intellectual, 54; procreation, 13, 17-18
crime(s), 168, 169, 292-293; anticrime committees, 300; against colored people, 261; by women, 152; killing of a king or queen (regicide), only common homicide, 163; lawless element, 262; lynching, 260-281; masculine, 113; of manstealing, 182; of slavery, against God and man, 181; spread by broadcasting, 89; system of outlawry, 271, 272
crucifixion, 125, 158, 178, 183; as the Bridge (St. Catherine), 43-44, 46; Christ crucified, 36, 38, 46
cruelty, 76, 111, 133-135, 137, 140, 145-147, 179-181, 184-186, 188; "barbaric,” 143, 146, 147, 161; cruel destiny, 138
custom(s), 72, 102-106, 112, 115, 157, 158, 159; ancient, 64; good and honest, 67; laws and, 81; right manners, 58; tyranny of, 106. See also fashion(s)

dance, 23, 30, 80; Gosechi dances, 23
dark (darkness), 187; abodes of (Africa), 125, 129; Ages, 134; light from, 169; mental, 185; night, 126, 129, 158; traditions, 160
death, 98; in childbirth, 77; of a child, 290; preferable to marriage for women, 76
death penalty (capital punishment), 62, 132, 140, 141, 144, 146, 148, 151, 158, 408; executions (public, arouse mob bloodthirst, 238; South Africa, 408; Tsarist Russia, 235, 237, 238); for slaves, without trial, 141; for speaking against government, 75; for theft, 159; murder authorized by law, 158; of Negroes for trifling offenses, 180; petition for abolition of the death penalty, 206; rarely applied for white murder of black, 272; statistics (South Africa), 408
deities. See God; goddesses; gods
democracy (democratic), 233, 286-295, 371; conspiracies against, 9; defeat for, 329; democratists, 161; evolutionary, 300; political reform, 234; real, 373; representative government, 233, 235; republic or constitutional monarchy, 242; spread of ideas in Russia, 234; to allow the individual to develop abilities to the fullest extent, 242
desire(s), 15-16, 72, 73, 74, 111, 114-116, 118; for marriage, 81; for revolutionary deeds, 314; holy, 106; lesbian, 8-9; of the soul, 35, 38, 39, 42, 46, 47; to rule the world, 44
despotism, 150, 177; cornerstone of, 167; doctrine of, 182; group, 236; of the press, 135; parental, 291; personal, 236. See also autocracy (absolutism); tyranny (tyrants)
difference(s): among peoples, 64, 66, 87, 136; between the sexes, 348
Ding Ling (Jiang Bingzhi), 357-358
Diotima, 13-19; dualistic vs. non-dualistic interpretation, 13; historical existence of, 13; teacher of Socrates, 13, 16, 17
discipline(s), 37, 83, 88, 104; in political mass struggles, 315, 318, 320; moral, 170; of chivalry, 62; of study, 65; order and, 143; punishment of workers, 316, 317
disobedience, 139; biblical examples of resistance to oppression, 182; civil (accept fine or prison for), 182; of children, 146; to civil magistrates, 118; to wicked laws, 182. See also obedience
divine: attributes, 3; judgment, 76, 181; law, 57; light, 130; Providence, 138, 374; right, 383
divorce, 111, 205, 233, 310, 367-368; biblical views, 201
dominance (domination), 171; arts of (ruling, killing, acquiring land and capital), 336-337; by men and whites, 396; dubious pleasures of, 349; human dominion over other species, 177, 189; instruments of, 381; lust of dominion, 190; of man over woman, 199; mystique of, xix-xx; of colonial countries, 325; protection of women by men as, 192, 201; search for alternatives, xx; struggle between Adam and Eve, 190
duty, 112, 114, 115, 146, 168, 171, 176, 177, 181, 182, 184, 188, 194, 200; cruel, 148; of every citizen, 242; reason away, 181; religious, 184, 185; to comrades, 239; to join the revolution, 234; to sacrifice for one’s native land, 242

economy (economic issues), 169-171; Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 286; business leaders and lynching, 262; commerce, 171; commodity, 322, 325-326; construction of railroads, 323; crafts, 73, 324; domestic, 194; economic regression, 377; enclosure of commons, 171; English school of economists, 206; equal pay for equal work, 343; farms, 171; fields lack farmers, 134; free trade, 213; herdsmen, 325; hunters and gatherers, 325; husbandry, 75, 79; industrial (production, 372; revolution, 206; virtues, 287); industrial and commercial interests, masters of contemporary life, 300; industry, 170, 171, 323-325 (enlightened industrialism, 302); large-scale enterprise, 322; managerial vs. executive functions, 373; means of subsistence, 291; medieval craftsmen, 388; minimum wage, 394; National Consumers’ League, 285; natural, 325-327; non-capitalist, 311, 322, 325; northern (U.S.) merchants and manufacturers, fortunes made from slave labor, 187; organization of exchange, monopolized by the wealthy, 379-380; pension funds and rights, 316, 407; plantations, 136, 140-142, 145, 179, 324, 325 (rubber, 324); planters, 169, 170; precapitalist, 311, 322-325; relation to political struggle, 316-317; serf-owning, 323-324; slave, 179, 185, 187, 322, 326; struggle, Page 424 →315-317; trade(s), 64, 75, 171, 187; unemployment, 171, 316; wage struggles, 316, 317; welfare system, reform, 286; women’s economic independence, 154, 155. See also capital; capitalist(s) (capitalism); class(es); imperialism; Marx, Karl; production; socialism (socialises]); trade unions
education, 136, 139, 169; adult literacy, 357; against war, 335; aims of, 336; Arthur’s Education Fund, 332-333; co-education, 303; compulsory, 303; cost of, 332; denied to colored people, 187; denied to slaves, 137, 139, 175; denied to working class girls, 210-211; educated men’s daughters, 333, 341, 344; English, 181; first organized kindergarten, 285; for peace, 336-351; in Russia, 233, 313; institutions for men (Cambridge, 124, 336; Oxford, 336; Eton, 337; Harrow, 337; Harvard, 124, 297); institutions of, 104; of blacks in South Africa, 391; national, 152; no distinction between rich and poor children, 212; not by threats and blows, 82; of children, 112, 114, 208, 209, 294; of daughters and sons, 103, 107; of fashionable women, deficiencies of, 193-194; the poor college, 336-337; pro-war impact of, 336; self-, 141; Shelter for Colored Orphans (Philadelphia), 175; state-supported, 303; systematic, 99; traditional, critique of, 337; value of, 9; vocational, for all boys and girls, 212; warped by, 157; well informed and discerning mind, 103; women’s, 71, 74, 154, 193-194, 211; women’s role, 96. See also women’s education
educational: competition, abolition of, 337; effect on workers, of capitalist development and social democratic influences, 320; theory, 154, 104-106, 108-111, 154, 336-338
egalitarianism: ancient, 4; radical, 207
Egypt, 8, 86, 91, 95, 125, 178, 181, 182, 185, 191; Cairo, 86; pyramids, 86, 87; slavery, 130
emancipation (manumission): 123, 175, 181, 182, 184, 187, 188, 271, 274; in British Empire, 213; obstructed by laws, 180; of serfs, in Russia, 235; of slaves in Guadalupe and Haiti, 188; of the working class, 313; of women, 354
emotion(s), 161; anger, 131, 160, 181, 331; anti-war, 334; envy, 94, 183; feelings, 157, 164, 165, 167-170; gratitude, 127, 140, 142, 144, 147; humane, 135, 150; indignation, 156, 157, 171, 172; joy, 127, 128; just sentiments, 156; metaphysical passion, 156; natural feelings, 156; passions, 127, 136, 156, 157, 159, 163, 166, 167; self-esteem, 103; sensibility, 156, 163, 167, 170, 172; separation from and subordination to reason, 13; shame, 12, 37, 39, 46, 52; vengeance, 139, 168. See also compassion; pleasure(s)
emperor(s) (empress): decadence (of empires), 135; of China, 32-33; of Japan, 21-23, 30; of Rome, 57; seek to rule and govern world, 57
energy: natural sources of, 375; solar heat, 306
Engels, Friedrich, xx, 206-207, 377
England. See Britain (British)
Enheduanna, xvi, xx, 3-7
enlightened (Enlightenment), 150, 170, 171; Age, 134; by sound philosophy, 138; government, 150; men, 137; part of the proletariat, 318; thinkers, 131; true philosophy of, 135
enquiry (inquiry), 160, 164, 169; investigation, 176; of sense, 164; spirit of, 181
equal rights: a case for, 131; for men and women, 212
equality, 72, 135, 168, 176, 177, 185, 207, 298-299, 348-349, 351, 354, 356, 373, 374, 381; all men are brothers, 135; among all men, 212; and law, 135; and virtue, 171; based on Bible, 178; by nature, 136; destruction of, 379; equal pay for equal work, 343; fear of, 187; human, biblical doctrine of, 178; idea of, 240; in nature, 84; inherent, of all human beings, 132; intellectual, 20; natural, 168; not respect for rank and fortune, 162; obstacles in West to women’s, 303; of the sexes (between men and women), 175, 189-193, 196, 211-212, 407; original, of woman, 189; racial, 175; true happiness, 157; women’s, in revolutionary action, 310
equity, 60, 61, 62, 66, 110, 115. See also justice
Eros (eros), 13-19; definitions of, 16, 17; desire for possession of the good forever, 16; desiring wisdom, 15-16; engendering in beauty, both body and soul, 17; every man should honor Eros, 19; father of, wise and gifted, mother lacking wisdom and ability, 16; intermediate character of, 15; manliness of, 13, 19; poor and homeless, 15; son of Plenty and Poverty, 15; special form of love, 16
Europe and Europeans, 20, 130, 133, 135, 136, 137, 142, 143, 157, 164, 167, 196, 206, 220, 226, 230, 233, 295, 310, 323-324, 369-370; central powers, 285; class antagonisms, 314; governments, 298; Nazi and fascist domination in, 369; socialist politics, 310; thirsting for blood and gold, 133; Western, 325. See also countries by name
Eve, 104, 189-190, 200, 373. See also Adam
evil (evildoers), 13, 15, 45, 57, 60, 62, 65-67, 87, 123, 125, 138, 151, 158, 163, 165, 169-171, 181, 206; act against, 40; caused by imperfection and love of self, 37, 39, 41-42, 46, 48, 51; command to cease from, 295; influence of an absolute monarchy, 221; least evil society defined, 389; ministers, 120; of lynching, 260; principle of lesser, 378; reality, 314; trees of death, 45; under a bureaucracy, 221; unlimited, 381; wicked are dead, 44
exile(s) (banishment), 3, 5-7, 8-9, 35-38, 71, 123, 125, 161, 175, 183, 205, 206, 233-235, 237-238, 241, 243-244, 262, 273, 308, 310, 357
exploitation: capitalist, abolition of, 321; of immigrants, 299-300; of Page 425 →the weak, 296; of workers, 372. See also capitalist(s) (capitalism); oppression

faction(s), 117, 118, 120, 122, 128, 164
faith, 57, 99; evidence not seen, 108— 109; work of, 187
fame (glory), 73, 74, 86, 89, 97, 101, 102, 114-117, 124, 128; acclaim and envy, 94; ambition, 134; honest, 164; immortal, through engendering offspring of the soul, 18; martial, 127, 129; men’s ambition to win a name, 17; praise immortal, 128; want of, 77
fantasy (fanciful, fancy), 73, 74, 86, 127, 128, 156, 157, 159, 170, 172, 314
fascism (fascist), 339, 341, 369; state, 348, 351
fashion(s), 99, 102, 104, 105, 113, 151, 171; fashionable world, 156, 193-194. See also custom(s)
Female (Ladies’) Anti-Slavery Society: of Boston, 184, 189; of Philadelphia, 186. See also abolition of slavery (abolitionism, -ists); slavery
female sex (female[s]), 192—193; inferiors but not less worthy, 77; made for misery, 77; politics outside of sphere of, 74; stereotypes of, 56; vanity natural to, 73. See also women, nature and abilities of
feminism (feminist[s]), 54, 55, 71, 72, 84, 99-100, 154, 207; anti-, xviii; conservative, 99-100; demands, 132; emancipation of women, 354; label called obsolete, 347, 348; movement, 240; origins, 99; radical, 100; scholars (scholarship), xvi, 154, 155; separatism, 55; socialist, 206; theory and theorists, ix, xx, 99, 154; thought, xvi; utopia, 55; writings, ix, 176
fields of study: classics, 194; history, 99; humanities, 91; liberal arts, 61; mathematics, 108, 194; moral subjects, 123; rhetoric, 95; sacred subjects, 91-93; secular subjects, 92, 105; sociology, xvii, 206, 285; union organizing, 397. See also art(s), medicine (medical and health care)
fighting, 159, 349; at the barricades, 314, 315; fields of fight, 129; not with force but industry, 79
Figner, Vera Nikolaevna, xvi, 233— 242, 310
flattery, 74, 101, 111, 117, 122
folly, 102, 104, 111, 112, 117, 381
force: all forms are material, 387; as a permanent weapon of accumulation of capital, 324, 326; forced prostitution, 260; government reliance on, 298; originates in nature, 379; “spiritual force,” 387
France, 54, 57, 58, 64-67, 105, 119, 132, 135, 160, 183, 188, 205, 207, 208, 233, 321; Avignon, 35, 38; Bordeaux, 205, 207; Chamber of Deputies, 205; citizens of, 142; colonists, 139, 141, 144; Comédie-Française, 132-134; constitution(s), 131, 151, 166, 167; French Alliance, 120; French woman, 144, 145, 148; Frenchmen, 136-140, 145, 147; Gallia, 129, 130; government, 64, 66, 152; horror of slavery, 138; King Louis XVI, 130, 143; National Assembly, 150, 166, 167, 170; nocturnal administration of women, 152; Old Regime, 152; Paris Commune, 369; Revolution of 1789, 131, 132, 150-152, 154, 155, 156-172, 205, 377; Revolution of 1830, 206; riots in Lyons and Paris, 208; the people trampled underfoot, 138; Third Estate, 65; unjust and inhumane laws, 142; Vichy France, 369; West Indian colonies, 132, 135; women of, 132
Free Speech and Highlight (Afro-American newspaper, Memphis, Tenn.), 260; dispute over antilynching editorial, 262; lynching threats by Memphis business leaders, 262
freedmen, disenfranchisement during Reconstruction, 260
freedom, 84, 123, 128-130, 133, 134, 178, 181, 287, 350, 351, 355, 370, 404-405; absolute, 384; free society, theory of, 384-390; from unreal loyalties, 344; in theory, 209; intellectual, 84; land of, 129; liberation, 409; of assembly, 244; of conscience, 72, 75; of electoral programs, 244; of serfs, inadequate without land, 235; of speech and meeting, 231, 244; of the press, 244; of thought, 209; personal, for conflict of ideas, 236; political, absence of in Russia, 241; public and private, 353; to study, 92. See also liberty (liberties)
French Revolution. See France
Freud, Sigmund, xix, 330
friendship (friends), 74, 81, 106-107, 112, 164, 165, 176, 388; between equals, 157; between whites and blacks (South Africa), 397; more precious than liberty, 388
future, 9, 12, 104, 115, 314; bereft of a, 371

gay identity. See consciousness (identity)
gender, 391; conflict, 246; equality, 310; femininity, 13, 23; in left politics, 310; male-female relations, 20, 21-34 passim, 72, 100, 154, 189-204, 367; masculinity, 13, 170; relations, 4, 20; social intercourse of the sexes, 192-193; stereotypes of femininity-masculinity, 3
general strike, 312-315, 317; anarchist theory of, 313; categories of, 315; Engels on, 312; in Warsaw, 316; relationship to mass strike and revolution, 312-316
Germany, 310, 314-315, 319, 321, 405; Berlin, 310; chemical industry, 323; Germania, 130; proletariat, 314; Social Democratic Party, 310, 313; Weimar Republic, 310
ghettos: Irish, 206; Jewish, 206
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, xvii, xviii, 304
God, 8, 35-53, 54, 56-59, 61-62, 64-68, 78, 81, 91-93, 96, 98-102, 105-106, 108-111, 115, 117, 118, 120-122, 125-128, 130, 176-179, 181-194, 198-204, 219, 231, 261, 294, 308, 369-370, 385, 389; Creator, 150, 161. See also Jehovah
goddesses, 127-129; Aphrodite, “fellow-fighter,” 9, and Eros, 15; Artemis (independence, 9; virgin hunter, 12); great, 3; Ilithyia, 17; Inanna, powers and supremacy Page 426 →of, 3—7; Irene, goddess of peace, 9; Ishtar, 3; Metis, 15; Minerva, goddess of wisdom, 67, 95; Ningal (consort of Nanna), 3, 6, 7; of lordship, 60; righteous, 5; women, for men, 77, 79
gods, 3-7, 14, 28, 30, 32, 33, 57, 72, 75, 76, 78-80; An (God of Heaven), 3-7; Annuna, the, 5-6; Ashimbabbar (Nanna), 4, 6; Enki, 4; Enlil, 4, 6; Hades, 12; Jupiter, 85, 93; justice dwells below with the, 365; Nanna (moon god), 3-7; Shiki, 30; Suen (Nanna), 4-6; Supreme Being, 145, 151; Tadasu, 30; varying guises of, 3-4; Zeus, 8, 11, 14, 15, 310
good(s) (goodness), 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 38, 43, 44, 47-48, 57, 87, 99, 104, 105, 107, 108, 111-113, 115, 117, 122, 123, 126, 141, 145, 148, 156, 158, 163-165, 169; good order, foundation of all good things, 170; of community, 170; of mankind, 122; prince, 58, 60; public good, 57, 59, 112, 164; the highest, life itself, 319; works, 145
Gouges, Olympe de (Marie Gouze), 131-133
government (governance), 20, 115, 117, 118, 121, 122, 131, 152, 153, 157-161, 163, 165, 208, 220-224, 239, 266, 297-301; anti-democratic elements, 297-298; assembly of merchants, 66; autocratic, 235, 238, 242; bourgeois parliamentary period, 320; by common people, in Bologna, 64; by police, 220-224; by usurping men, 76; city, 296; civil, 49, 75, 76, 297-301; conspiracy against Russian, 236; corruption, 131, 150, 161, 238, 243; democratic, 233, 235, 296; election of representatives, 165; elections bill debate, 277; enlightened, 150; grew away from the people, 298; foundations of, 59; legislation, 166; local (city) self-, 235, 298; misdeeds by orders of the polity, 59; moral basis of self-, 301; municipal, 296-298, 300-301; new devices of, 299; of France, 208; outward forms, 231; popular, 61, 65, 114; principles of, 163, 242-244; reform, 296; representative(s) (representation), 151, 166, 212, 219, 233, 235; repression, 234, 243, 300, 396; republican(s), 134, 177, 182, 185, 188; right to study purposes of, xv-xvi; self-, 220, 221, 301; sovereign authority of, 131 ; sovereign states, 134; tripartite legislative power, 121; types of, 64; women excluded from, 81; vs. revolutionary party, 238. See also under countries by name
greed (avarice, rapacity), 40, 45, 51-52, 130, 131, 134, 168, 171; of ministers of justice (judges), 61; of the female sex, 152; power of gold to buy spies and betrayals, 238; usury, 52. See also wealth
Greece, 18, 60, 159; geometry, 390; mythology, 381
Grimké: Angelina Emily, xviii, xix, 175; Sarah Moore, xv, xviii, 175, 189-204; Society of Friends and, 175

happiness (felicity), 12, 13, 16, 23, 36, 57, 80, 107, 108, 112, 114, 115, 146, 149, 150, 166, 167, 169-171, 212; not by children, 81-82; of the whole, 169; in struggle and advance, 358; universal, 240
Hegel, Georg W. F., xix, 374, 389; dialectic, 374
historical: bases for capitalism, 323, 325; cause and effect continually change places, 317; conditions for revolution, 311; dialectics, 313; inevitability, 314; materialism, 311
homophobia, 9; “cursed unnatural sin” (unspecified reference to homosexuality?), 52
honesty (integrity), 66, 73, 74, 156, 158; of labor, 68
honor, 57, 61, 62, 73, 81, 103, 114, 169, 234; dishonor, 63; Gods, 98; honors to be refused, 351; Native American law and, 254— 256; of women, 217
Hossain, Rokeya Sakhawat, 303-304
Hull House, 285, 291-292; Maps And Papers, 285
humanity (humankind), 36, 144, 157, 159, 160, 166-167, 169-171, 208, 240, 314, 368; being humane, 137; human life sacrificed to things, 381; human species, 177; humane laws, 150; humanitarianism, 297; repulsive, 141; voice of, 139, 143
humility, 35, 37, 41, 42, 46, 50, 53, 56, 68, 92, 97, 98, 102-103, 115

idea(s), 105, 108, 109, 110, 127, 157, 159, 164, 167, 233, 235, 314; democratic and socialist, spread of in Russia, 234; effects of, 238; of class, capital, and proletariat, 233; of progress, 388; of social parasitism of the privileged classes, 233; of socialism (equality, fraternity, universal happiness), 240; of the mass strike, 313, 315; power and durability of, 207
identity. See consciousness (identity)
ideological movements (categories): atheism, 113; authoritarian, 371; conservatism, 99-100, 220; European left, 310; liberal democrat, 233; liberals, 220; Nazism, 369-370; nihilism, 234, 238; political left, 99; progressive, 235, 285; reactionary, 236, 237, 239, 314, 329; religious left, 99; rightwing, 315, 407; utopian, 329. See also anarchism; radical(s); socialism (socialist[s])
idleness, 171; cause of mankind’s ills, 212; criminal, 184; “indolence of Eastern grandeur,” 171
ignorance, 13, 14, 74, 78, 103-106, 109, 131, 150, 157, 158, 168, 169, 209, 212; as a basic ill of the working class, 211; blessed, 94; foundation of vice, 104; learning may be more harmful than, 96; of women’s rights, cause of public misfortune and corruption, 150; purpose of study, to be less ignorant, 92, 96; slaves kept in, 180, 181; the simple and ignorant to keep quiet, 66
imagination (images), 86, 88, 95, 127, 128, 156, 158-160, 164, 166-168, 170, 314
immigrants: contempt for, 300; exploitation of, 299-300; need to develop cosmopolitan bond, 300
immortality: and the good, 17; by fame, 128; by fecundity of the body, begetting children, 18; by fecundity of the soul, generating progeny of the mind (wisdom, Page 427 →poetry, arts, laws, sciences), 18; eternal life (in Christ), 36, 38; hope of, 164; immortal spirit, 194; of the soul, 159; search for, 9; value of education for, 9
imperialism, 311, 328-329; antiimperialism, 310, 329;cause and theory of, 311; decadence of empires, 135; imperial primacy, 3; relationship to capitalism and militarism, 311, 321-328. See also emperor(s) (empress)
India, 169, 232, 274, 305, 323, 325; Bra(h)mins, 169; British colonial rule opposed, 303; Calcutta, 303-305; mardana, 307; national independence of, 303; partition of 1905, 303; purdah (seclusion of women), 303-304, 306-307; Western domination of, 303; women, 303-306; zenana, 305-308
Indian(s), 184; gentle laws of, 145; loss of lands, 136; oppression of, 205; rites, 255; royal, 205; South African, 394, 396; South American, 205; West Indians, 133, 136, 137, 139. See also Canada; colonialism, colonies, colonists; India; Native American(s); slave(s)
individual(s): individuality, 72, 239; isolation, 208; liberal individualism, 207; respect for all, 132; weakness of, 208
inequality: abolition, 380; critique, 206; natural, 212; of rank and property, 166, 167; of sexes, mistaken notion of, 204; of wealth, 287; unrighteous, 220
injustice (unjust), 38, 40, 43, 45-46, 50-51, 106, 111, 151, 157, 168, 178, 180, 197, 199, 225, 229, 246, 264, 274, 399; immorality of, 218; nature, 77; and powerful interests of whites, 133; claims, 168; father, 37; laws, 142, 199; wrongs and grievances unredressed, 128. See also justice; oppression
Inquisition(s): Catholic, 83, 183; Spanish, 188
instinct, 163, 164, 167, 170, 288, 321, 349, 350
intellectual(s): elite, control by, 311; powers, 194; thirst for revolutionary deeds, 314; world, 109
intermediate(s): between good and evil, mortal and immortal, 15; midway between beauty and ugliness, good and bad, ignorance and knowledge, 14; mean, between opinions, 75; moderation, 147-148, 384
international (internationalism), 206; Institute of International Law, 295; Interparliamentary Union for International Arbitration, 295; labor movement, 313; law, 54; lawyers, 295; “my country is the whole world,” 350; peace conference, 302; significance of the Russian Revolution, 314; social democracy, 312; working class, 314
International Association of Working Men and Women, 207
International Women’s Day (March 8), 357, 366-368
International(s), 240, 313; Fourth, 369; International Workingmen’s Association, 207; Marx and Engels and, 313; Second, 310, 329
Ireland, 206, 220; Irish Catholics, 213; wrongs and struggles, 220; oppression by the English, 213
Islam, 303. See also Muslim(s)
Israel: ancient, 3, 178; Hebrew prophet(s), 294-295; Zion, 125, 127
Italy, 35-37, 54, 64, 66, 205, 230, 300, 321. See also Rome (Romans)

Japan (Japanese), 20; in China in World War 11, 358, 360-363, 366; Kamo Festival, shrine and procession of the High Priestess, 23, 30, 31; literacy of women, 20, 362; literature, 20; mid-Heian period, 20. See also court life and palaces
Jefferson, Thomas, 123, 297
Jehovah, 126, 189-193, 199, 201, 203-204, 294
Jews (Jewish), 37, 46, 82, 158, 176, 178-179, 182, 183, 185, 229, 310, 369-370; Dispensation (no involuntary or perpetual servitude), 178-180; “Jewish racism,” 370; Judaism, 370; women, 201-203
Johnson, Emily Pauline. See Tekahionwake
Jubilee: trumpet, 179; year of, 178-179
judgment(s), 6, 88, 103, 110, 114, 116, 120
judge(s) (jurists), 61, 118, 143, 146-148; and duty, 146; jurisprudence, 162
justice, 3, 18, 35, 39, 41, 43, 50, 55, 57, 59-61, 62, 66, 75, 112-117, 119, 120, 135, 141, 149, 150, 156, 157, 164, 166-168, 170, 175, 180, 188, 208, 225, 268, 273, 286, 296, 341, 348-349, 354, 356, 409; and humanity, 135, 141; and reconciliation, 407-409; courts of, 195 (first juvenile court system, 285); Crusade for Justice (Wells-Barnett), 260; divine, 76, 135, 149; dwells with the gods below, 365; jury trial, 218; just (authority, 122; case, 37; judges, 76; representation of all, 220; representative government, 219; treatment of native races, 226); man capable of being just?, 150; ministers of, 61; mockery of, 268; natural principles of, 168; no just case of son against father, 37; of nature, 76; police offenders, 222; political, 154; public, 161; spirit of, 268; whites working for, for blacks, 403. See also injustice (unjust)

knowledge, 68, 74, 79, 84, 88, 89, 104, 105, 107, 108-110, 112, 156, 186, 205; a punishing fire if not used well, 53; boundaries of, 160, 164; branches of, 65, 66; councillors should have, 60-61; ever being formed anew, 17; experts, 61-62; forms of, 88; hierarchy of, 93; male monopoly of, 106, 116; “masculist” or “phallocratie,” xv; new, 13; of housewifery, 194; of self, 98; of truth (Christ), 53; of women’s intellectual contributions, xvii-xviii; pursuit of, 84; theory of, 84; universal, 84; ways of knowing (faith, science, opinion), 108-110; women’s, 84

labor, 54, 160, 170-172, 322; as a human value, 389-390; as productive effort, 302; child, 290-291 (abolition of, 285); corvée, 322; dignity of, 390; division of, 377-378; honesty of, 66, 68; industrial, 321;-management issues, xx; laborers (despised and oppressed, 67; Page 428 →sustain all other classes, 56, 67-68); living, 324; love of, 85; manual, 210, 212, 386, 389; meaningful work, 368; minimum wage, 394; mobilize world, 325; of love, 187; organization of, 210, 212; organizing, law on, 208; power, 321, 325; problem, 325; productivity, 324; rationalization of, 375; “set free,” 325; slave, 322; unrestricted disposition of supply of, 324; unpaid part of, as surplus value, 322-325; variable capital, 322; wage, 322, 325. See also capital; workers
labor movement: development of, 313; international, 313; unity of, 321. See also trade unions
land: aim to transfer all to the peasants, 241; blacks prohibited freehold in South Africa, 393; confiscation of, 168; just partition of, 168; large estates to be divided into small farms, 171; serfs emancipated without, 235; Indian birthright to, 249; Indian loss of lands, 136; Land and Freedom Party, 235, 241-242; land reform, 357; seizure of, 136, 324
landlord (landlady[ies]) 160, 288-289, 293
language(s) (terminology), 13, 87, 96, 105, 114, 165, 166, 176; adulatory language of the laws, 160-161; beginning of letters, 91; class and gender differences in speech, 20, 21; native, kept, 133; servant or slave, 179; “slavish paradoxes,” 157; swearing, 57. See also terms of contempt
law(s), 56, 57, 59-61, 66, 74, 76, 95, 96, 146, 147, 151-153, 168, 169, 222, 230, 236, 298, 333, 345, 349, 354, 379; Blackstone, 160, 196-197, 222
law(s), civil and societal: acts of parliament, 171; against strikes (South Africa), 394, 396; against women, 153; ancient and inhuman, 152; and custom(s), 75, 81, 153, 158, 212; and limits governing the race for power, 382; anti-miscegenation, 263; anti-socialist, 320; Canon, 75; civil, 75; common, 75; could be tempered, 148; demand women be allowed to help make, 131; designed to oppress women, 199; depriving women of control of their property, 199; discriminatory, 393, 408; facts of, 349; game, 160; governing women, compared to slaves, 198-199; lynch law, 261-271, 275-276, 278-284; married women’s property acts, 155; Native American, 254-256; of England, 217, 298, 335; of equality, 135; of Indians, 145; of London, 165; of Moses, 180; of restraint, 75; of servitude (biblical), 178-180; of the land, 121, 122, 226; of the prince, 56, 66; of violence, 201; penal, 159; practitioners in, 166; protection of, 180; respecting religious establishments, 165; rob women of rights, 196; safeguards of English, 217; security, 408; servants protected by, 180; slave laws, 179-180, 195, 198, 263; slaves unprotected by, 180, 195; strong arm of, 269; supreme law, safety of the people, 119; to secure property, 159; to protect women, 152-153; tyrant’s, 130; unconstitutional acts of legislation, 214, 217; unequal, 199; unjust, 142, 157, 199; violations of, by Executive, 222; wicked, 181, 185; wise (wisdom of), 135, 150, 151, 153; women kept ignorant of, 198; yoke of, 116. See also government (governance); international (internationalism); justice; lawful; lawless; laws, by country and name; punishment; right(s); slavery; women’s legal/political status and activism
law(s), natural and universal: divine (God’s), 57, 111-112, 117, 151, 169, 264; eternal, 164; first law of nature, self-preservation, 159; moral, 164, 201; natural, 98, 133, 138, 151, 159; nature as lawless, 76; necessities imposed by nature, 376; of God (and Man), 111, 112, 117, 169; of humanity, 135, 141; of motion of revolution, 315; of justice, 141; of morality and social order, 229; reason, 151 (rules of, 61); of the conservation of energy, 376; phenomena governed by, 385; sovereign law of cooperation, 390
law(s), theory and principles: and manners of a country, no right to change, 147; and order, 281; and public necessity, 151; as expressing general will of female and male citizens, 151; as rules of society, 376; august, 135; authority of, 170; coerciveness of, 160; devised by usurping men, 76, 408; disobedience to unjust, 182; full rigor of the, 143, 148; gentle, human, 179 (humane, 135, 150; inhuman, 142); immortality of, 18; inequality of, 180; jurisdiction of, 161; made by men, 115; mockery of, 268; needless multiplication of, 224; no ex post facto, 151; not made by women, 180; of activities governing social life, 381; omnipotence of, doubted, 172; principles of, 280-281; respect for, 134; right of equality before, 223; right to know, xv-xvi; rigorous, must be obeyed, 151; rule of, 280; to be the same for all, 151; unjust until women are represented, 219; women subject to rigorous enforcement of, 151 ; world as subject to, 383
lawful: authority, 117, 120; marriage rites, 254-256; right, 116; rights, 116, 119, 120, 121; self-defense, 119; sovereign, 119
lawless: element, 262; hand of tyranny, 128; law-breaking, 396-398; nature, 76; power of an ambitious individual, 158
laws, by country and name:
Britain: Abolition of Slavery (1834), 225; Act of 10th George IV Cap. 44(1829), 221-222; Act of Uniformity, 121; Bill of Rights, 215; Constitution, 121, 159, 164, 166, 213-220; Contagious Diseases Acts, 213-220; Corn Laws, 213; Coventry Act, 222; Emancipation Bill, 184; Habeas Corpus Act, 121, 216; Magna Charta, 158, 213-217; Petition of Rights, 215; Reform Bill of 1832, 213; Stamp Act, repealed, 123, 125; Statute Book, 222; Vagrancy Acts, 223
Canada: Columbia Games Act, 246
France: Constitution of 1791, 131, Page 429 →150; constitutional Charter of 1830, 208-210; Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 131
South Africa: Annexation Proclamation (Transvaal, 1877), 226-227; Bloemfontein Convention, 226; Conventions of 1881 and 1884, 226-227; Dutch Roman Code, 229; Freedom Charter, 406; Grondwet (Constitution, Transvaal), 228-230; Group Areas Act, 397; Native Marriage Law(s) abrogation (Transvaal), 229; Pass Laws, 227, 230, 395, 407; Sand River Convention (1852), 226
U.S.A.: Aid to Families With Dependent Children, 286; Civil Rights Bill, 266; Code Noir, 180; Constitution, 179, 299; Declaration of Independence, 181; Fifteenth Amendment (black male suffrage), 175, 272; Social Security Act (1935), 286
learning, 53-55, 65, 74, 79, 82; folly by God, 91; for the sake of knowing, 97; may be worse than ignorance, 105; universal chain of, 93; women as capable as men, 106. See also women, nature and abilities of
Lenin, Vladimir (V L), 310-311
lesbian: desire, 8-9; homoerotic relationships, 84; identity, xx; literary criticism, 84; politics, 9; writings, 72
liberty (liberties), 113, 117-121, 123, 124, 129-130, 132, 135, 137, 141, 149, 150, 151, 157-161, 163, 166, 167, 169, 178, 181, 207, 299, 345-349, 354, 356, 369-390; absolute, 75; chartered, 66; civil, absent in Russia, 235; civil and religious, 130, 157; conception of, 384; definition of, 157, 159; dream of, 384; inalienable right, 177, 185; natural and irrevocable right of Woman and Man, 150; natural liberties, 76; obstacles to true, 385-386; of conscience, 72, 75; of reason, 156; over and above, 388; perfect, 384; police rule, menace to, 221; respect for, 336; Sappho and, 9; security of property, as English liberty, 159-162; security not worth price of, 221; violators of, 223. See also freedom
London (England), 99, 123, 124, 221, 223, 245, 369-370; London and National Society for Women’s Service, 339; London Working Men’s Association, 206; poverty in, 224; prostitution in, 226; Steinway Hall, 245
Louisiana: slave laws, 198; married women’s property rights, 199
love, 83, 103, 106-107, 109, 111-114, 127, 136, 137, 139, 141, 157, 168; aim of, 17; and fear of God, 37, 57, 59, 62; as social principle, 291; between individuals, 8; between women, 8-9; bodyless, 14; common to mankind, 16; divine eternal, 43; ferocious, 145; follows upon knowledge, 39; founded in reciprocity, 9; freedom and primacy of, in human society, 9; goddess of, 127; God’s, for humanity, 43; immortal, 127; labor of, 187; loved one preferred to military displays, 10-11; marriage without, 211; mutuality, 13; never approaches Artemis, 12; of beauty and goodness, 13; of Christ, 39, 42, 44-47; of fellow creatures, 171; of freedom, 130; of learning, 93; of public good, 150; of rulers for subjects, justice, and public good, 59-60, 62, 63; of truth, 43, 48; one another, 36; our enemies, 98; philosophy of, 13; physical eroticism, 9; poems, woman-centered, 9-12; preeminence in the soul and in the body politic, 13; religion based on, 308; social, 129; universal, 164; your neighbors as yourself, 38, 40, 41. See also Eros; self-love
loyalty, 58, 60, 64-66; freedom from unreal loyalties, 344, 351
Luxemburg, Rosa, xvi, xix, 310-312, 369, 370-371, 381
lynching, 260-281; action against, 260-262, 268-273, 278-281; and Memphis business leaders, 262; condemned by white individuals and institutions, 268-269; distorted reporting in Memphis white papers, 266-268; editorial against, 262; evils of, 260; excuses for (prevent race riots, prevent Negro domination, punish sexual assaults on white women), 272; failure of white citizens to punish lynchers, 269; historical record, 272-281; Ida B. Wells’s campaign against, 260, 276-280; lynch law, 261-271, 275, 278-280; means to combat (by armed self-defense, boycott, emigration, and the press), 269-271; need for healthy public sentiment against, 269-271; ways recommended to prevent, 280-281; statistics on, 275

male, 83, 348; authority, 113; creatures, made for pleasure, 77; intellectual establishment (oligopoly), xvi-xvii, 54-55; love, “feminine” dimension of, 13; “malestream,” xvi-xvii; monopoly of knowledge, 106, 116; moral authority, 8; predominance, in European left, 310; theorists, xix; “wisdom,” xvi. See also gender; man (mankind); men
man (mankind), 76, 89, 107, 109, 116, 127, 150, 168, 169, 171, 205, 208; a man of understanding, 364-365; a microcosm, 161; as generic term for men and women, 189; authority to oppress woman questioned, 150; birthright of, 157; claims rights to equality, 150; divine composition of, 76; Enlightenment, 135; ideal, 300; made for pleasure, 77; most beautiful masterpiece of nature, 133; most stupid animal, 150; “natural,” 297-300; no dominion over fellow, 177; rich, 301-302; superiority of, doubted, 190; supreme power to rule over nature, 76; without national distinctions, 206. See also humanity (humankind); male; men; right(s)
marriage, 81-82, 96, 123, 142, 149, 152, 153, 194, 199-203, 205, 310, 392-394, 396; as divine ordination, 199; as legal prostitution, 161; biblical basis of equality in, 200; child born outside of, 142, 151, 154, 205; Christian institution, 100, 112; conditions for, 367; conjugal contracts, 152, 153; critique of, 100, 111-117; death better than, Page 430 →76; desired for honor, 81; disinclination to, 83, 92; early (child), 290, 306; few happy, 112; husband synonymous with tyrant, 200; legitimacy of, 205; no obligations, 116; most husbands bad, 82; no reason to be fond of, 116; of priests, 153; obedience of wives to husbands not required by Bible, 201-203; oppression of women in, 100; over-emphasized in girls’ education, 194; premarital pregnancy, 154; rejected, 304; relations of husbands and wives, 199-203, 211; sacred, 112; the tomb of confidence and love, 152; violence and brutality of lower-class husbands, 201; without love, 211; wives governed by husbands, 114, 115, 201-203; women’s legal existence nullified by, 197; working class, 211; worse than death, 76-77. See also wives
Marx, Karl, xix, 155, 207, 311, 313, 322-325, 327, 369, 372-374, 376-378, 380-382, 384, 388, 390; and F. Engels, 313; critique of economic doctrines, 310, 322-325; disciples of, 310
Marxism, 310, 313, 402; as religion, 374; critiques of, 323, 325, 372-384; Hegelian origins of, 374; historical dialectics, 313; materialist method untried, 374
Mashinini: Emma, 391-409; Tom, 396, 398-399, 403-404
mass strike(s): and spontaneity, 315, 318; cannot be called at will, 314, 318; critique of theoretical scheme of, 315-318; historical phenomenon, 311, 314; history and theory of, 312-321; rallying idea of a whole period of class struggle, 315, 318; reciprocal action of economic and political struggles, 316-317; relationship to the revolution, 315, 317-318. See also strike(s)
masters, 135, 382, 383, 386; slaveoverseer, 387
matriarchy, 9; matrilineal culture, 9
“me’s” (divine attributes), 3-5, 7
medicine (medical and health care), 35, 87, 401, 404; family planning methods, 397; for sick or disabled workers, 208, 212; for the people, 233-234, 240, 241; problems of, for blacks in South Africa, 391, 392, 397, 406; sexually transmitted disease, 360-366 passim; use of blacks as guinea pigs in South African hospitals, 392, 406
men, 100, 102, 103, 105, 107, 111-114, 116, 117; and war, 77, 115; as “protectors,” 201; as tutors of daughters, 96; benefits of sex equality to, 196; black, 175; bodies surfeited in marriage, 82; civilized, 148; consciences of, 224; crafty (good patriots), 119; destroy life, 77; disdain women’s counsel, 102; disproportionate value placed on time and labor of, 195; educated, 332; equally guilty with women, 204; evil, 138; fecundity of the body and of the soul, 18; found and overturn empires, 115; gentlemen (of property and standing), 184, 188; gentlemen-in-waiting, 21 ; govern the world, 116; governed by women, 81; keep women in hell of subjection, 77; lower morals, 308; monopolize knowledge, 106; more stinking, foul, and wicked than beasts, 80; overweening conceit of, 74; pretensions of superiority, 151; rational creatures, raised above brute creation by improvable faculties, 158; ridicule the “philosophical lady,” 116; rights of, 156-172; rule by the sword, 73; scorn, neglect, and despise women’s work, 74; study to be ignorant, 96; support and protect women, 77-78; turn to women to beget children for immortality, 18; usurpers and robbers, 76-77; white southern, 175, 263, 271, 273; Witty Men, 113; women, role reversal, 304
mercy, 39, 42-43, 46-48, 127, 139, 140, 144, 179, 186, 188; clemency, 122, 147; of rulers, 61; pardon, 146, 148-150
method(s), 88, 108-109; constitutes the soul of work, 385; dialectical explanation, 320, 375; experiment with private means in private, 351; mathematical calculation (factors in revolution too complex for), 318; means and ends, 103, 159, 238, 381; of motion of the proletarian mass, 315; of observation, 314; of production, 323-325; of trade union and proletarian struggle, 314, 320; peaceful, forbidden, 242; violent, of government and revolutionary party, 242
militarism, 311, 326-329; and capitalist accumulation, 326-328; and the state, 327, 328; anti-militarism, 310, 311; as substitute for moral basis of self-government, 301; fulfills a definite function in the history of capital, 327; government reliance on compulsion, military codes, and force of arms, 298; growing, 327; increasing militarization of capitalist countries, 311; militarist elements of government in U.S., 297-298; militarist production, 327-328; military values rejected, 9-11; survivals in civil government, 297-301; the bill footed mainly by working class and peasants, 327; theory of, 311; World War strengthens, 329
military (the): called to be liberators of the people, 234; codes, 54, 298; conspiracy against absolutism, 235 (backed by factory workers, 235); defense, 58, 59 (non-military, 60); experience and training, 58; guards, 58; guarding the public, 62; images, 10, 89, 90, 97, 127, 129, 130, 163, 166, 185, 310, 312, 316, 319; leaders, 58, 61, 62, 71, 129, 146, 147, 149; need for spies, 58, 238; occupation of colonies, 326; personnel, 58; practice, codification of, 54, 58, 61-63; revolt, 315; science, 62-63, 82; sphere, 95; spread of democratic and socialist ideas in, 234; valour, 129. See also soldiers; war (warfare)
mind(s), 87, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109-110, 115, 159, 160, 163, 167-170, 385, 387; attributes of, 194; beauty and goodness of, 13, 104; cannot take into account all the complexity of real life, 385; capacity and powers of, 108; common sense, 163, 165; creations of, 13, 54-55; discernment, 42, 45, 51, 96, 103, 121, 161, 166; dreams, 127; Page 431 →eminence of mind subject to envy, 94; genius, 109, 110, 118; immortal, 101, 116; intellect, 86, 108, 181 (of working class children, to be developed, 212); intuition, 108; involuntary reflection of, 94; of the child, 107; of the people, 117; rational, 87, 99, 105; restricted power of, 88; sphere of the, 387; superior, 212; superiority of, 94; understanding, 14, 105, 108-110, 160, 163, 164, 166, 170; variety of minds, 109-110; warped by education, 157; workings of, 95. See also reason (reasoning); sleep; thought(s)
ministers, 61, 159; ambitious, 122; arbitrary and evil, 120; despotism of, 138
misery, 157-160, 162, 167, 169, 171, 172, 208, 209, 224
missionaries, 225, 228, 254
mob(s): of gentlemen, 184; non-resistance of peace men to violence of, 187; public executions arouse bloodthirst of, 238; spirit (fomented by southern white press, 268; growth of, 266)
modern: labor movement, 313; thought, 54, 390
money. See rich(es), the (money)
moral(s) (ethics, morality), 108, 134, 137, 151-153, 156, 157, 160, 163-170, 177, 185, 298; conflict, 185; corruption by methods of struggle, 238-239; critique of professional ethics, 341-343; discipline, 170; health, 224; immoral superstition, 158; individual, 285; justification of revolutionary acts, 239; laws of, 229; modern, 297; not refined by violence, 238; of the South, 195-196; power, 184-186; sexual, 218; social, 285; standards contrasted, 287; subjects, 123; truth the foundation of, 158
mother(s), 149, 150, 151, 159, 168, 169, 357, 408; and daughters and sisters, representatives of the nation, 150; attitudes of, 362, 364; compassion of, 142; courage of maternal suffering, 150; earth, 129, 130; father, a tender mother, 149; may be brutal and unfair, 210-211; motherhood, 367; nature, 136; power of, 107; solidarity of, 408; standards of gentleness of, 290; uneducated, 210; wages for, 350
music, 16, 22, 30, 80, 83, 93, 96, 106, 152
Muslim(s): Anjuman-i-Khawatin Islam (All-India Muslim Women’s Association), 303; girls’ education, 303; Mahometism, 160; religion and culture, 303; Saracens, 37; women, 303
mutual aid. See association(s), compassion

name (naming), xv, xviii-xx, 1-3, 114, 115, 122, 131, 161, 171, 172; men’s ambition to win a name, 17; “Miss” and “Mrs.,” 340; of children, 151-153; patriot’s, 128; servant and slave, 179; women’s loss of, 81
Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will), 233-244 passim, 310; centralization, 235; constitution and bylaws, 236; founding of, 241-242; Executive Committee of, 233-244 passim; renunciation of material and personal desires, 238; revolutionary socialist party, 235; smashed, 239. See also revolution(s) (revolutionary[ies]); Russia; terrorism (terrorist)
nation(s) (national, nationalism), 95, 117, 118, 120, 122, 129, 133, 134, 210; antagonisms, 329; antinationalism, 310; as a woman, have no country, 350; body of the, 117; Christian, 120; concept of nationality, 206; defense, 329; interests, 329; jingoism, 231; nationalities, 313; nationalist movements, 371; oppressed, 329; small, pawns of big states, 329; sovereignty resides in, 150; union of Woman and Man, 150; unity, 328
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 260, 285
Native American(s), 84, 246; Cree, 248; First Nations women, 247; Grand Council of the Six Nations, 245; Indian kindness to whites repaid by death, 251-252; Indian wife’s war-cry, 249; Iroquois Confederacy, 246; marriage rites, 254-256; power and status of women, 246; Six Nations Reservation (Ontario), 245. See also Indian(s)
natural; and inalienable rights of women, 150; economy, 311, 325-327; equality, 168; feelings, 156, 168, 169; law, 98, 138; liberties, 76; logic, 109, 110; order, 184; principles of justice, 168; reason, 109; resources, 324, 325; right, 144, 147, 150; subordination, 170; superiority, 94
nature, 54, 73, 74, 76-78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85-90, 92-95, 102, 103, 106, 108, 109, 112, 126, 127, 131-137, 142, 145, 151, 153, 157, 161, 164, 166-169, 171, 208, 390; all force originates in, 379; charitable principles of, 134; deification of, 379; Empress of mankind, 76; enabling the child to discern good from evil, 158; God of, 78; human, 117, 120, 122, 134, 147, 156, 165, 167, 288, 296, 377; just judge, 76; law(s) of, 76, 159; lawless, 76; man’s relation to, from servitude to dominion over, 379; mother, 136; must generate in beauty, 17; necessities imposed by, 376; ordering of, 194; rebels against, 76; rights of, 153; self-preservation, first law of, 159; standing for liberty, 132; systems of, 115; the sexes in, 150; unjust to females, 77. See also law(s)
Negroes, 125, 130, 133, 134, 140, 184, 185, 186, 187, 273; captive, 167; Christian, 185; emancipation, 271; mulattoes, 133; free, 140; negro-drivers, 169; “niggers” as contemptuous term, 232; Southerners’ fear of “Negro domination,” 272-273; tragic history of, 134; victims of whites’ ambitions, 134; vindication of their natural rights, 130. See also Africa and Africans; African [Afro-] Americans; black(s); race(s); slavery
neighborly relations, 40-42, 46-48, 287; neighborhood of poor people, ethical standards, 287; neighborhood visits, 99; responsibility for neighbors, 285; soldiers to guard, not harm, 58; stokvel, 394
Netherlands, The, 183, 321; First Hague Conference (1899), 295; The Hague, 285
Page 432 →nonviolence: abolitionists, 186, 187; aggressive non-resistance, 301; non-military defense, 60; theory of nonviolent direct action, 311. See also action(s); pacifism (activism); peace

obedience, 36-38, 43, 91, 113, 115, 140, 170, 179, 181, 380; against doctrine of blind obedience, 182; habits of, 291; not required of wives by Bible, 201-203; to God not man, 182; to parents, 161; to rulers, 63-66; to the prince by right and reason, 60
opinion(s), 14, 74, 75, 81, 108, 114, 134, 151, 156-158, 160, 163, 164, 169, 170, 177, 182. See also public (the)
oppression, 40, 59, 61, 67, 100, 111, 114, 116, 119, 121, 122, 130, 131, 159, 160, 168-171, 178, 179, 181, 182, 188, 190, 206, 213, 231, 299, 372; abolition of, 377, 382; abstained from the gains of, 302; analysis of, 376-384; and conditions of existence, 377-378; and privilege, 377, 380; bases of, 379-380; bureaucratic, 369, 373; cannot abolish, 377; capitalist, 372; causes of, 376-377, 379; exercised by force, 379; few really free from, 378; immorality of, 218; legal, of women, 197; links to the system of production, 327-328, 376; manifold among mankind, 219; military, 373; North America as refuge from, 183; objective conditions free from, 378; of black women under apartheid, 391; of a subject people, 227; of the people, 58, 61; of the poor, 59, 179; of woman by man, 192, 211; laws, 169 (and unjust to women, 197, 199; to free people of color, 180); oppressor and exploiter by class position, 233; philosophers not needed to understand, 130; police, 373; proceeds exclusively from objective conditions, 379; right (principle) of resistance to, 150, 182; role of specialization, 373; social, 369-390 (abolition of, 376; mechanism of, 377; vs. societal rules and limits, 376); sources of, 382; state, 373; systems of, 380; under autocracy, 235, 238; women’s resistance to, biblical and historical examples, 181-183, 185. See also capitalist(s) (capitalism); exploitation
originality, xviii, 18, 20, 55, 72, 95
Outsiders’ Society, 349-352; duties, 349-352; methods of their own, 349; secrecy, 350, 352

pacifism, xx, 35, 285, 334, 369, 371. See also nonviolence
pagan(s), 97, 98, 125; idolatry, 87; idols, 57, 183. See also gods
Paris (France), 65, 67, 131, 132, 134, 205, 223, 369, 405. See also France
patriarchal: dispensation, 180; pastors, 191-192; peasant economy, 326; servitude, 178; society, 8, 331; state, 348; system, 342-343
patriarchy, xvii; critique of, 331; infantile fixation of the fathers, 353-355; Noah, 68; patriarchs, 178; tyranny of, 330, 348, 355. See also dominance (domination)
patriot(s) (patriotism), 119, 128, 165, 333-334; critique of, 349-350; to join the revolution, 234
Paul, Saint, 39, 64, 91, 96, 97, 183, 191
peace, 35, 39, 43, 46, 50, 54, 74, 75, 79, 86, 97, 104, 119, 121, 123, 126, 129-130, 134, 135, 187, 223, 231, 295-302, 311, 332, 347, 349-351, 355, 409; advocates of, 295; among women while men are at war, 81; and justice, 57, 62, 225; and love, 205; and plenty, 80; and unity, 36-37, 63; armed, 295; as absence of war, 302; as nurture of human life, 302; based on elimination of hunger, 302; brings commerce and plenty, 130; “coat of peace” (Scipio Nasica), 60; dreams of, leave to poets, 355; dynamic vs. dogmatic, 296; education for, 336-338; effects of, compared to war, 79; fields of, 79; First Hague Conference (1899), 295; four great teachers of, 344-355; gospel of, 185; humanitarianism and, 296; inner, 86; International Peace Conference (Boston, 1904), 302; Irene, goddess of, 9; issues, 285; movement among immigrants in American cities, 302; negative vs. positive, 286; newer aggressive ideals, 295-302; not plastering over an unhealed wound, 231; of God, 231; older dovelike ideals, 295; olive branch and sword, 60; on Earth, 231; professional ethics to promote, 344-345; reconciliation among Christian states, 35, 36-38, 43; silence (“hold thy peace”), 97, 185; societies, 185; standing army in peacetime, 121; theory, 54; under British rule, 226; universal, 295; war against war, 311; war and peace depend on men, 115; what peace we desire, 231; women to bring, 205; world peace cannot be assured, 329; world peace movement, 302. See also war prevention
peaceable (peaceful): conflict of ideas, 244; methods forbidden, 242; mingling of the races, 395; people (West Indians), 136; phenomena in revolution, 315, 317; reign of animals, 135; social reorganization, 240; wage struggles, 315
peasant(s), 79-80, 233, 235, 323-325; agriculture, 324; Bandereff, 302; communes, 241; economy, 310; Peasant’s Salvation Association, 359; transfer all land to, 241; village government (Zemstvo), 241, 242
people (the), 117, 120-122, 143, 166, 233; already socialists by poverty and position, 240; body of, 117, 118, 168, 170; character of, 206; common (universal) people, 56, 58, 61, 63, 65, 68, 240; conspiracies and plots of, 65; degradation of, 206; differences among, 64, 66; “dregs of’ or “rabble,” 161, 296-297; elect representatives, 165; factious, 122; failed to recognize leadership capabilities of women, 206; free English people, 118, 119; free political action of (the masses), 311; gentle and peaceable (West Indians), 136; good of, 120; majority of, 117, 160; masses, 233 (role and tasks of, 314); Page 433 →movement of, 318, 320; Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will), 233-244 passim, 310; not to meddle in governance, 65; period, 318; plain country, 157; rightsofthe, 119, 138, 187; supposed supreme authority of, 121; “the scum of the people” most tyrannical when in power, 114; the will of, 235; too long oppressed, 138; trampled underfoot, 138; union of, 138. See also class(es); mass strike(s)
persecution, 84, 94, 121, 136, 137, 182, 183, 235, 241, 242; of the church, 37, 38, 39, 46, 49; police hunting of women, 223
Peru, 205-207; slavery in, 207
Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), 175; Female Anti-Slavery Society of, 186; Shelter for Colored Orphans, 175
philosophers, 57, 61, 65, 91, 158, 164, 167, 171, 172; midway between wise and ignorant, 15-16; moral philosophers, grand thieves, and robbers, 76; Neo-Pythagorean, xvii; Pythagorean, 13; tyrants and commonwealth makers, 76; women, 95
philosophy, 61, 95, 99, 135, 151, 153, 169, 170; and the people, 138; dialectics, historical, 313; dualistic divisions, 13, 53; kitchen, 95; of Enlightenment man, 135; of love, peace, justice, and charity, 35; metaphysics, 88, 123, 134, 156, 158-159; moral, 72; Platonic dualism, 84; Plenty, 15; speculative realm, 93; study of, 105; to despise wealth, 152; women teachers of, 95; works of, 74
pleasure(s), 77, 104-105, 111, 114, 127, 157, 159, 169-171, 194; joy, 127, 128; intellectual creations as objects of delight, 54; of dominion, dubious, 349
poetry (poiesis, creation), 16, 54, 55, 72, 83, 84, 87, 97, 101, 123-124, 125-130; arts, music, poetry, K; epic, xix, 3; in mid-Heian Japan, 20-23; poets, 91; Kokin Shü, poems, 22; sacred books in metre, 97; writing in verse, 94, 95, 97
police, 233; as disturbers of the peace, 223; brutality, 222; centralized system, 220; decentralization, 224; espionage, 241; files, 233; government by, 220-224; proposed reforms, 224; in South Africa, 391, 398-404; see revolution only as “disorder,” 317; secret, 238; security forces, 406; spies, 238; state, danger of, 213; women-hunters, 223
political: action, 315; conflicting interests, 313; consciousness, 234 (became “politicized,” 396); culture, 310; direct mass action, 320; principles, 311; reform, 233, 235; rights, 313; struggles, 205, 313, 315-317, 320
political concepts: authority, 3, 131, 169; class and gender relations, 20; coercion and resistance, 301; fealty, 62; Golden Age, 388; great chain of being, 88, 93, 94; identity, 55; legitimacy, 3; nationality, 206; policy, 168, 169; popular will, 298; retribution, 3, 168; retributive justice, 185; right order in society, 3, 20, 170; sovereign and subject, 298; sovereignty, 56, 57, 119, 128, 131, 150; sphere, 95; struggle, 313, 31⁷. See also justice; government (governance); law(s); nation(s) (national, nationalism); power(s); right(s); state(s)
political party[ies], 117, 119, 238, 310, 311, 313, 314, 357, 368, 369, 407; Central Committee of, 316, 318; Executive Committee, 234; leadership, 311, 318, 319; relationship to trade unions, 321; role of conscious direction, 314, 315, 318, 319; role of, in proletarian movement and revolution, 311, 314-319; Social Democratic, 310; Spartakus Party (Spartacists), 310, 311
political theory (thought), ix, xvii; ancient, xix; and religious beliefs, xix, 3; canon of, 55; differing theoretical approaches to Marxism, 234; eighteenth century beliefs in universal franchise and constitutional rights, 299; feminist critique of, xix; no separation from action, 234; not divorced from practice, 368; of free society, 384-390; of nonviolent action and resistance, 176-177, 180-189; of peace, 54; of subordinated races, cultures, and classes, xx; of the state, 54; recovery of feminist theory, xix; relation to practice, 311; royal political theology, 3; secular, xix; secularization of, 54; seventeenth century, 99; spiritualized political doctrine, 35; theological disputations, 75; theory-formation, xvi; traditional canon, xix-xx; what constitutes, 20; women’s, xix. See also women’s political writings
politics, 8, 20, 118, 168; and morality, 151; “Big Politics,” 310; diversity of political affairs, xx; electoral, 320; of state, 74, 133, 134; parliamentary, 313, 320, 321; progressive, 285; realm of, 151; revolutionary, 310; the political world, 169
poor, the, 40, 45, 51-53, 58, 59, 61, 66, 106, 161, 167, 169-171, 179, 188, 206, 208, 212; and theft, 75-76; beggary forbidden, 208; charity for the “worthy poor,” 293; distrust (of charity, 289-290; of service by revolutionaries, 234); estate of, 66; have no asylum from oppression, 159; ill treatment of women among, 201; kindness to each other, 287; not cause of own suffering, 206; oppression of, 40, 59, 61; property of, 159, 160; service to, 35, 233; to secure peace, respond to the cause of, 302; urban, 285; women, 163
Pope(s): Avignon, 35, 38; “Babylonian Exile,” 35; Christ on earth, 49, 53; Great Schism and Urban VI, 35; Gregory VII, 8; Gregory XI, 35, 36, 38, 49, 50; Popery, 117, 118, 120; Sylvester, 49, 50; vicar of Christ, 37, 53
poverty, 15, 123, 124, 152, 157, 161, 166, 170, 209, 220, 287, 336, 344; and theft, 75-76, 159; getting drunk, 211; homelessness, 220; in Ireland, 206; of the common people of Russia, 240; of the working class, 208, 211; prevention of, 209; socialists by, 240; starvation, 208; universal determination to abolish, 297; voluntary, 68, 344
power(s), 57, 60, 61, 64, 66, 79, 94, 100, 114, 116, 118, 120, 126, 127, 128, 151, 158, 168, 370, 383; always meeting limits, 383; Page 434 →analysis of, xx; arbitrary, 119, 120, 159, 216, 222, 223; backed by capital, 209; bloated, 45; concentration of, 382; defined, 381; divine, 37, 43; essence of, 381; feminist concepts of, xx; giddy race for, 382; God’s, 49; human, 37, 182; illegal, 119; instability of, 381; legislative, 121; limits of, 382-383; material bases of, 383; men have all, 77; moral, 184-186; no blind submission to human, 182; of bourgeois-owner class, 210; of Governor’s wife, 146; of growth of mass strikes, 315; of laws, 180; of masters, 138, 178; of men, 115-116; of mind (mental), 88, 108, 127; of mothers, 107; of princes, 121; of sacraments, 49; of souls, 46; of the bourgeoisie, 372; of the heart, 44; of the people, 119, 160; of the proletariat, 319; of trade unions, 320; of truth, 185; of tyrants, 138, 167; of women over men, 81; of words, 234; origin of, 119; power-seeking as means-ends reversal, 381; race for, enslaves everybody, 381; reason’s, 127; relations of master and slave, 178; relationships dictated by, 100; religion of, 383; setting up stable, 380; state, 242; struggle for, 372, 380-384; theory of, 380-384; thirst of boundless, 129; to change our fate, 137; to pardon, 149; unconstitutional, 223; women shut out of, 77
prejudice, 110, 139, 151, 153, 158, 169, 206, 247; against women, 201, 202; color, 187, 229; deep-rooted, 204; despised minorities, 206; intolerance, 133; racial, 213, 232; southern, 271
press, the, 181; Colored Press Association, 260; despotism of, 135; journalists, 405; malice and lies of white, 266-268, 275; no free press in Russia, 242; radical, 233; socialist, 205
pride, 40, 45, 51, 88, 103, 107, 114, 161, 162
prisons (prisoners, imprisonment), 205, 206, 233, 235, 237-239, 241, 243, 391, 400-404, 408; abuse, humiliation, and violent treatment in, 238; Bridewell, 213; corrupt, lead to betrayals, 239; detention of youth, 408; Ding Ling, 357; effects on health, 391, 404-406, 408; Figner, 233; grow dumb in, 238; illegal and cruel treatment, 222-223; Luxemburg, 310-311; Mashinini, 391ff., 400-404, 408; political prisoners, 408
production: capitalist, non-capitalist, and pre-capitalist modes of, 322-325; capitalist system of, 322; coordination, monopoly of, 380; demand for quantity over quality, 394; dignity of producer as core of the social problem, 390; emancipation from nature, 379; industrial, 372; limits of productivity, 375, 376; low level of, 378; managerial vs. executive functions, 373; method of, 374; modern system of, 372; modes of, and relation between thought and action, 388; religion of, 389; “revolt of the productive forces,” 382; search for perpetual motion machine, 376; transformation of, 379
productive forces: as divinity of Marxist religion, 374; emancipation of, 373; Marxist conception of, 373; theory of development of, 373
progress (improvement), 157, 158, 163, 206, 220, 387; better social future, 314; decline of progressive values, 285; idea of, 388; scientific and technical, 371, 375-376, 385
proletariat (proletarian), 313-321, 324, 329; bourgeois domination of, 210; class struggle of, 316, 320; condition of education of, 316, 321; English, 325; “free,” 325; intellectual horizon of, 314; mass strike the method of motion of, 315; masses, 314, 321; movements, 315, 316, 318; no political rights in Russia, 313; organization and financial resources of, 313, 318, 319; political activity of, 313-314; power of, 319; privations and suffering in revolution, 319; Russian, 321; struggle, 315, 329; training of, 316, 320; uneducated mass underestimated, 320; vanguard, 316; wage proletariat, 324
propaganda, 236, 242, 243, 311, 314, 358; use of pictures (photographs), 334-336, 343, 345, 355
property (propriety), 75, 100, 155, 157-162, 166, 167-169, 171-172; as English liberty, 159; community, 152; enslaving nature of, 76; legal right to, 179; married women’s lack of property rights, 155, 197-199; natural and irrevocable right of Woman and Man, 150; of the church, 165; private, 372 (abolition of, 375); protected by Magna Charta, 217; renunciation of personal property, 236, 238; rights of, 224, 298; secured by law, 159; security of, 159, 165, 172; seized in colonization, 136; slaves of, 76. See also capital; land; slave(s); slavery; women’s rights
prostitution (prostitutes), 74, 78, 153, 206, 210, 213, 216-217, 226; as moral and social slavery, 226; forced, 285; in war, 360; rights violated by registration as “public woman,” 217
providence, 126, 138, 169, 374
prudence, 57, 59, 80, 88, 102, 104-107, 112, 114, 116, 117, 119
public (the), 118, 134; administration, 151, 152; and private, 156, 164, 166; executions, 238; forces and expenses, 151 ; freedom, dependent on private freedom, 353; gaze (eye), 184, 188; good, 57, 59, 112; interest, 208, 390; misfortune and corruption, caused by disregard of women’s rights, 150; necessity, 151 ; offices, to be open to all female and male citizens, 151; opinion, 134, 177, 182, 184, 187, 189, 242; order, 151; polity, 57; right to speak in, 151; sentiment, 234; services, 151; speech at trial, 239; taxes, 151; voice, 9; woman, 210, 217
Puebla, Bishop of (Sor Philothea, pseud.), 83
punishment, 37, 39, 40, 43, 49, 60, 63, 65, 82, 86, 89, 94, 117, 122, 136-140, 142, 151, 161, 168; as example, 139, 142, 143, 148; corporal, of abolitionists, 187; inequitable, 180; no civil authority to punish Church ministers, 49; of slaves, 179-181; of workers and unemployed, Page 435 →316, 317; penal servitude, 238, 241; punitive expeditions by colonial regimes, 326; the lash counterproductive, 387

Queen(s): Anne, of England (1700-1714), 121-122; Christina Alexandra, of Sweden, 95; Elizabeth, of England, 122; of Sheba, 95; Victoria, of England, 227; Zenobia, 95

race(s), 125, 128, 131, 391, 206; alien savage race (the Irish), 206; called “inferior,” 228; conflict, 246; cooperation of, 391-406 passim; “cursed race” (Indian), 139; discrimination by, 247; disparities by force and prejudice, not nature, 133; equality of, 175; friendship between blacks and whites, 397-398, 403; harmony of, 396; heaven-defended (American), 129; human, 126; inferiority disputed, 132; interests of whites, 133; peaceful mingling, 395; prejudice, 232; riots, 272-273; voluntary miscegenation, 262-265
racism, 131-133; alleged inherent inferiority of blacks, 123; antimiscegenation laws, 263; apartheid, 391, 406, 407; black men falsely accused of rape, 263-265; capitalism cannot manage with white labor alone, needs other races for exploitation, 325; crimes against colored people, 261; Indian kindness to whites repaid by death, 251-252; Ku Klux Klan, 266, 272; “Nigger teachers,” 274; northern fear of amalgamation (racial), 187; racial contempt, 232; racist values, 123, 124; separate car laws, 266, 269, 270; southern hate, 271. See also lynching; race(s); slavery
radical(s): critic, 132; debates, 155; dissenting circles, 154; egalitarianism, 207; ideas, 72, 205; intellectuals, 154; late-eighteenth-century, 205; resistance, 247; sects, 72; thought, 233
rape, 357; African American men falsely accused, 263-265, 275; consequences of rape and sexual abuse, 358-366 passim; in wartime, 358-366 passim; of black females, white men not punished, 265; pride of nonvictims, 363
rational: affections, 166; creatures, above brute creation, 158, 166; education, 209; minds, 99; natures, of women, 154; philosophy, 153; satisfactions, 167; souls, 74
reason (reasoning), 17, 44, 55, 60, 61, 66, 87-89, 99, 104, 106, 108-117, 121, 122, 127, 131, 135, 151, 156-170; and discourse, 110; conforming to the law of God by discovery of mind and body, 169; deduction, 108; disputations, 73; fanciful mode of, 314; laws contrary to, 158; liberty of, 156; logic, 110; objective investigations, vs. subjective criticism, 314; reason’s powers, 127; the passions, auxiliaries of, 159. See also natural, logic; thought(s)
rebellion (revolt, insurrection), 3, 58, 64, 65, 118-120, 122, 133, 310, 311; against God, 36, 37, 39, 43, 47, 49; against slavery, 184; and responses to, 141-148; by military, 315; causes of, 117-122; just, 3; more grievous than tyranny, 122; insurrection discussed, 241-242; native risings in colonies, 326; not induced by immediate emancipation, 188; Spartacist, 310; theory of virtuous revolt against oppressive government, 299; treason, 119
religion, 75, 81, 83, 84, 89, 91, 98, 118, 122, 123, 124, 157, 159, 160, 164, 167, 168, 172, 184, 185, 191, 193, 206; abstinence, 22; Act of Uniformity, 121; and women, 102, 104, 105; asceticism, 35; Buddha(s), 30, 33; Judaism, 370; lack of, 71, 72; Marxist, 374; Muslim religion and culture, 303; mysticism, 83; of productive forces, 374; Pasch, 36, 37; religious duties hinder learning, 93; religious left, 99; Religious Retreat, 104-106; rites monopolized by priests, 379; salvation, 91, 92; separation from morality, 165; temple hymns, 3; traditional rites, 3; way of perfection, 42, 46. See also Christianity; God; goddesses; gods; Islam; pagan(s); soul(s)
resistance to oppression, 182; natural irrevocable right of Woman and Man, 150; not allowed to slave, 180
revolution(s) (revolutionary[ies]), 118-119, 310-321, 371, 372, 383; and bloodshed, 317, 376; anti-, 100; armed, 311; authority, 234; cannot be made with psychology of a trade unionist, 319; class struggle, 329; concord and brotherhood among, 238 (comrades, 235); conscious direction and initiative of, 318; counter-, 315; direct mass action, 321; essential task of, 373; fight at the barricades, 314; forces of, 315; gains of women questioned, 151 ; generations, 235; happy, 169; ideal, 376; in Paris, 240; in property, 168; in Spain, 240; in the consciences of men, 224; inseparable from mass strike, 317; Land and Freedom party, 234, 241-242; Marxist conception of, 373; martyrs, 237, 243; movement, 235, 371 (growth despite repression, 243); not street fighting and bloodshed, 317; party, 235; peaceful and violent phenomena in, 315; politics, 205; produces the mass strike, not the reverse, 318; reciprocal action of political and economic struggles, 316-317; releases mass idealism, 319; reversal of social class relations, 317; Russian, 317, 319; self-sacrifice and heroism, 237, 243; speculations, 314; spies in, 238; spirit and struggle, 234-244 passim, 313-314, 316, 320; sympathizers in the military, 234; syndicalists, 390; theory of, 311, 315-321, 376; women in, 233, 234, 310. See also France; rebellion (revolt, insurrection); Russia; terrorism (terrorist)
rich(es), the (money), 57, 101, 103, 106, 112, 113, 114, 152, 153, 157-159, 161, 162, 169, 172, 208; and poor alike to work, 212; and poor, one common nature, 165; commonly favored over the poor, 61; estate(s), 161, 169, Page 436 →171; evil of rich and high officials, 59, 120; inheritance of, 152, 153, 205; liberty of, 166; men covet riches and power, 122; routes to fortune for women, 152; taxation of, 59, 151
right(s), 66, 120, 135, 163, 179-180, 300, 354; and privileges, 299, 344; as men and women, 180; biblical charter of, 177, 180; Bill of, 215; birthright of mankind, 157, 169; civil, 260; constitutional, 213, 299; contrary to reason, 158; declarations of, 131; divine, 383; equal, 131, 212; foundation of all, 196; fundamental, 119; human, 156, 177-180, 200, 269; husband’s, 117; inalienable, 177, 185; Indian, 246; irrevocable, 150; just, 75; lack of, 344; lawful (legal), 116, 119, 120, 121; married women’s property, 155, 199; men’s, 156-172, 211; natural, 130, 150, 158; none to exterminate another race, 228; of black slaves, vindication, 130; of English freemen, 119; of humanity, 156; of man, 137; of men, vindication of, 154-172; of native tribes, 229, 231; of nature, 153; of pity, 140; of rulers, 59-60; of self-defense, 147; of servants, 180; of the people, 100, 119, 121, 138, 160, 187; of woman and man, goal of political association, 150; of women to address issues, 56; pension, 407; Petition of, 215; political, 313-314; property, 224, 298; struggle for, 314; to be demanded, 209; to care, 208; to earn a living, 347; to eat, 224; to education, 212; to follow honest trades and callings, 187; to govern, 117, 121-122; to know the laws, xv-xvi; to liberty, 177, 185; to live, 210; to organize, 210, 316; to rule, 55; to study, xv-xvi; to vote, 272; to work, 210, 212; to write, 73; under natural law, 138; unequal between white men and black, 229. See also man (mankind); women’s legal/political status and activism; women’s rights
Rome (Romans), 35, 36, 57, 60, 62, 97, 130, 159, 166, 183; conquest of nations, 97; slaveholding people, 183; warlike people, 183. See also Italy
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, xix, 135, 205, 390
rulers (kings, princes, queens, knights, nobles, governors), 56-63, 64, 68, 79, 81, 85, 117-122, 125, 127, 130, 136, 138-140, 142-144, 146-150, 158, 160, 210; arts of domination, 336-337; councillors to, 59-61; defiance of, by women, biblical and historical examples, 181-183, 185; love for justice, 59-60; love for public good, 59; love for subjects, 59, 63; need be benign, gentle, good, kind, 59-61; need be feared, 60-61; regicide, 162-163 (assassination of the Tsar, 233-236); revenue of, 59; rights of, 59; royal lordship, 57; sovereign(s), 119, 143, 160; succession by choice of the people, 160; the queen, God’s chosen minister, 121; uneasy lies the head that wears a crown, 85
rural life: flight from, in France, 133-134; happiness of, 80; husbandry, 79; preferable to military life, 79; unhappiness of, 79-80
Russia, 233-244, 295, 310-311, 313-321, 376; anarchism, 313; assassination of Governor-General Trepov, 234; Byalystok, 313; conspiracies against government, 236; Decembrists, 235; democratic ideas, 234; disregard of Hague Tribunal, 295; Duma, 314; Emancipation of Labor (Marxist group), 234; Empire, 230; failure of literature to influence change in society, 242; Five Year Plan, 389; Granat Encyclopedia biographies, 233; intelligentsia, 236, 241; international significance of Russian Revolution, 314; journalism, 240; Kronstadt, 234; liberation of the serfs, 235; Lodz, 315; mass political trials, 234; middle and upper classes, 233 (hostility to reformers in the countryside, 234, 241); Moscow, 313; Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will), 233-244, 310; Nijni-Novgorod, 233; Odessa, 234; Peter Paul fortress, 233; police repression, 234, 235, 241; populist movement “to the people,” 233, 241; proletariat, 321; Revolution of 1905, 233, 302, 312-319; Revolution of 1917, 233, 371-372, 384; Russo-Japanese War (1905); Schlussel-berg fortress, 233; serf-owning, 323-324; Siberia, 233; Society of Former Political Prisoners and Exiles, 233; spread of democratic and socialist ideas in, 234; St. Petersburg, 233-234; Trial of the Fourteen (1884), 233; Trial of the 50 (1875), 234; Tsar Alexander II, 310 (assassination of, 233, 234, 236); Tsar Alexander III, 233; Tsarism, brutality of, 233; Zemstvo (peasant village government), 241, 242

Sappho (Psappho), xviii, 8-12, 13; sapphics, 97; “the tenth Muse,” 8, 83
science(s), 19, 71, 83, 87, 93, 107-109, 125, 126, 128, 134, 166, 293-294, 306; beauty of, 18; destructive and militaristic uses, 304; experimentation, 94, 164; forming universals, 88; man bloated by, 150; military, 62-63; monopolized by scientists, 379; of domestic economy, 194; of perspective, 90, 94; order and measure in, 62-63; physical and biological, 72; progress, 371; secrets of nature, discovered in cooking, 95; solar system, 126; speculative, 61, 93; used for ecology of beauty and happiness, 304
scientific: culture, modern, 371; explanation of imperialism, 311; socialism, 372
scripture(s), xix, 3, 30, 35, 53, 58, 91, 96, 97, 120, 180; Holy Scripture, forbidden, 96. See also Bible (Holy Writ)
secrecy (secret): accusations, 238; clandestine study circles, 233, 240; concealment, 151 (of anger, 331; of sins of slavery, 188); deceit (deception), 45, 67, 82, 111, 143, 148, 149, 153, 167, 186; by Land and Freedom, 235; missions by women, 362-363; need for, by women, 331; of the Outsiders’ Society, 350, 352; opposition in Russia driven underground, 234; police, 238; Page 437 →police espionage, 241; societies, 236; spies, 238; unions forced underground, 396; Will of the People, 236-237. See also war (warfare)
security, 208, 388; against bodily violence, 221; natural and irrevocable right of Woman and Man, 150; of person, 209; of property, 159, 209; protection against danger, 389; safety of the people, 119
segregation: a cause of corruption, 406; racial, in southern states, 266
Sei Shônagon, 20-34
self-love, 103, 106, 159; cause of evil, 37, 212; enlightened, 164; innocent, 113; self-esteem, 103
selfish: interest, 164; selfishness caused by poverty and ignorance, 212
sensuality: hatred and contempt for, 41, 45, 51; the sensual/erotic merged with the political, 9
servitude: as natural condition, 384; Hebrew, 179; Jewish (not involuntary or perpetual), 180; patriarchal, 178; perpetual, 179; servants’ rights under Mosaic law, 180; unacceptability of, 384
settlement house movement, 285-286
sexual: double standard, 100, 213; identity, 213; importunities, 3, 6; neutralization of sexuality, 84; relations between peasants, 79-80; relations withheld, 5. See also slave(s); slavery
silence, 107, 233; effects of prison, 238, 391; inspired by fear, 352; keeping silent, 92, 97; politic, 89; silenced by the scaffold, 238
sin, 40-53 passim, 104, 125, 178-182, 187, 188
slave(s), 75, 83, 132, 136, 138, 139-141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 152, 380, 383-384, 386; and master, 152, 178, 211; blameless race, 129; “chattel personal,” 178-180, 186; “civilized men” not superior to, 148; closer to Nature than Europeans, 135; comparison to woman, 152; defined (Louisiana civil code), 199; escaped, 179; ex-(southern), 274; freed, 188; Greek, 388; hierodule, 4, 7; humanity denied, 180; labor, 187; “mechanical,” 382; minds of, 181; mistreatment and sexual exploitation of female, 195-196; of antiquity, 385; society, 124; states, 178, 185-186, 195, 323; system, 177, 186; taught to read, 175; to be neither master nor, 141; to be reduced to a thing, 180; to wealth, 45; trade, 159, 169, 188; treatment of, 357; vindication of natural rights of, 130; wife as husband’s property, 211; women, 177, 185
slavery, 49, 51, 63, 77, 80, 118, 123-124, 125, 128-130, 131, 132, 136-139, 141, 142, 158, 163, 171-172, 175-189, 190, 199, 208, 212, 217, 219, 231, 262, 265, 271, 273, 274, 323, 347, 380, 386; a violation of natural order, 184; abolition in Britain (1834), 225; American, 175, 179, 180, 181, 185; biblical sanction, 177; black, 133-150, 205; Code Noir, 180; Christian men selling their mixed-race daughters and sisters, 195; Committees of Vigilance, 180-181; contrary to Bible, 177-181; contrary to Declaration of Independence, 180; crime against God and man, 181; economic, 317; enslavement of women, 219; essence of, 225; evils of, 123, 175, 186-187; fair kings do not want, 133; female, 77; forced prostitution, 260; founded on force and prejudice, not nature, 132-133; French horror of, 138; guilt of the North, 179, 187; Hebrew code, 180; illegally imposed by individuals, 225; impermissible, 227; in Europe, 231; in Peru, 207; in South Africa, 225-232; in South Carolina, 175; Jewish, 178; justifying tyrants by imitation, 135; laws in Louisiana, 198; laws in South and West (U.S.), 179-180, 197; legalized, 225; vs. love of freedom, 130; mixed-race relations, 175; of laws and property, 76; of nature, 76; of the people, 75; poems by and about, 123-130; Roman, 183; sexual, 213; sexual relations in, 175; slaveholders, 179, 183, 184, 187; speaking out against, 181; Underground Railway, 245; white, 231, 260. See also abolition of slavery (abolitionism, -ists); Jew(s) (Jewish); Negroes; servitude; slave(s)
sleep, 106, 126, 127; dreams, 127; leveler, 85; mind still active, 95; reason suspended, 127; temporary death, 86
social: advancement, 290; analysis, 285; attitudes and values, 20; blame, 290; change, theory of, 311; circle, 181; compact, 157, 166; conditions, 314; contract, 131, 135; conventions, 134, 290; customs, 72, 99; disorder, fear of, 100, 142-145, 147, 317; ethics, 286-295; evolution, 301 (causes of, 377); group processes, xx; harmony, 135; hierarchy, 386; justice, 286; lessons, 99; life, role of thought in, 388; love, 129; morality, to replace individual morality, 285; needs, not aim of capitalist production, 322; needs and ideals, 300; opinions, 290; order, 3, 135, 212; organization (non-oppressive, 378; of servitude and liberty, 388); problem, 378; product, 324; rank, 160, 161, 166, 167, 172; reform, 132, 154, 186, 187, 233, 235, 285-286, 378; revolt incited by Europeans, 142; revolution, 154, 155, 295; revolutionary movement, 235; stability, 72; standing, 290; structures, 71, 206; system, 161; ties, 130; utility, 150; work, 285
social change, 286; “amelioration by degrees,” 205; breaking up the old, 13; gradual, superior to radical, 155; proposals for, 206; reform(ism), 155, 296, 378; stability preferred to, 72; theory of, 311
social democracy (social democrats), 310, 311, 316, 318-321, 328-329; German, vanguard of the international labor movement, 313; organized nucleus of the working class, 320; Polish, 310; political leadership in revolutionary period, 319; relationship to trade unions, 321; tasks of, 311, 319, 328-329; unity of the trade union and social democratic movements, 321; vanguard of the masses, 316, 320
Social Democratic Party: centralization Page 438 →of, 311 ; development of, 315; mass strike does not depend on decisions of, 314, 315; political leadership of, 319; of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, 310; role in conscious direction of the revolution, 318
social distinctions: between the races and the sexes, 348; despise empty titles and forms of state, 104; sources of privilege, 379-380; to be based on virtues and talents, 151 (on general utility, 150); to be dispensed with, 351
social science: empirical research methodology, xvii; observations of social conditions, 206
socialism (socialist[s]), 233, 240, 310-311, 328, 329, 374, 375; antisocialist laws, 320; Belgian and French, 312; Christian, 207; Congress of Alliancists (Geneva 1873), 312; defeat for, 329; European, 328; feminist, 206, 207; ideas, spread of in Russia, 234, 240; intellectuals, 207; international, 311, 312, 328-329; Marxian, 313; oppression within, 374; press, 205; problems of international, 328; revisionist, 311; Saint-Simonian, 206; scientific, 317, 372; Sismondi, 323; Socialist Revolutionaries, 235, 313; struggle against and repeal of anti-socialist laws, 320; “syndicalists,” 314; thought, 233; “utopian,” 205; “woman messiah,” 206, 207. See also anarchism; International(s); revolution(s) (revolutionaryties]); terrorism (terrorist)
society(ies): alienation, 206; bonds of, 153; civil institutions, 168; critique of, 206, 348-349; enlarged plan for, 171; imperial, feudal, capitalistic, 299, 325; individual influence over, 388; individual’s material dependence on, 389; inflates the monstrous male, 348; least evil, 389; modern industrial and urban, 285; needs of, 322; non-oppressive, 377; of free and equal men, 376; of Outsiders, 349-352; of women, 55, 153; releases what is most selfish and violent, 348; right order in, 3, 20, 170; theory of free, 384-390; warnings induced by the word, 348
sociology, 285; American, 271; Chicago School, 285; women in, xvii, 285
Socrates, 8, 13-19, 66, 107; male companions, 13, 18, 19; taught by Diotima, 13
soldiers, 58, 59, 61, 63, 97, 145-148; brutal soldiery, 183; characteristics of good, 58; exemption from taxation, 59; general strike in sympathy with, 315; in military revolt, 315; “legalized murderers,” 231; must be paid, 58, 59; not to pillage and destroy the people, 58; savage troops, 13
Sor Juana (Asbaje y Ramirez) Inés de la Cruz, 83-85, 91; “the tenth Muse,” 83
soul(s), 39-53 passim, 86-88, 91, 101, 102, 104-110, 115, 116, 118, 125, 126, 128, 134, 138, 146, 153, 163, 164; damnation of, 46; ever being formed anew, 17; governing, 53; has no sex, 84; immortal, 99, 159; intelligent souls, both men and women, 105; relation to eros, 16; “restless and aflame with tremendous desire,” 35; salvation of, 35, 38-39, 45, 47-48, 91; separation from body, 13; take life from virtues, 37
sources, of selections in text, xiii. See also women’s political writings
South (southern U.S.). See Name and Place Index
South Africa, 213, 225-232, 391-409; Aborigines Protection Society, Report (1900), 229; African National Congress (ANC), 395-396, 407; Afrikaner Weerstand Beweging (AWB), 407; Allied Publishing strike, 401; Anglican Church, Department of Justice and Reconciliation, 407; apartheid, 391, 406, 407; black commemoration days, 406; Black Sash, 407; Boer(s), 226-232, 407; Boer institutions called inferior to Anglican Church, 213; Boer War, 213, 225-232, 295; capital punishment in, 408; Coloureds, 394, 396; compound system, 229-230; criminal courts, 229-230; Dutch Reformed Church, 228; Dutch settlers, 229; Eminent Persons Group, 407; Freedom Charter, 406 (Freedom Charter Square [Kliptown], 395); Indians, 394, 396; Johannesburg, 391, 397, 400, 405, 406 (Jeppe Police Station, 400-402); “Kaffirs,” 228-229, 232; laws segregating unions by race, 398-399; legalized inequality between coloureds and whites, 229; Nationalist Party, 407; native chiefs’ (Jan Sibilo, Silamba, Sinkanhla, Umgobarie, Umyethile) preference for British over Boer rule, 227; native marriage laws abrogated, 229; native races, 226; Orange Free State, 226; Pretoria, 400, 403, 405, 407-408 (Central Prison, 391, 400); republics, 225; Sharpeville (Day, 406; Massacre, 396); slavery, 225-228, 230 (abolished (1834), 225-227); Soweto, 391, 393, 395, 404, 408 (Soweto Massacre, 406); stokvels, 394; trade unions, 391, 394, 396-399, 401, 403-407; Transvaal, 226-230 (injustice of laws, 228-230); union leaders, 391, 394, 397-398, 400-404, 406; Urban Training Project (UTP), 397; violent times, 406-407; workers, 396; Zulus, 228. See also laws, by country and name
Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.), 369; bureaucracy, 388
Spain, 83, 130, 205; Madrid, 83; Spanish Civil War, 369
state(s), 118, 134; land confiscation, 168; liberty of the, 166; loyalty of women questioned, 71, 344; power, 242; serving the interests of capitalism, 311; the bourgeois, 319; the patriarchal, 348. See also capitalist(s) (capitalism); cities; fascism (fascist); government (governance); oppression; patriarchy; police; political theory (thought); politics
strike(s), 292, 312-321; conscious direction of political, 315; interrelations of political and economic, 315-317; May Day Festival, 316, 319; types of, 315-316; Page 439 →under conditions of illegality for blacks in South Africa, 391, 392, 394-396. See also general strike, mass strike(s)
struggle: anti-apartheid, 391; for existence, 291; for power, 372; methods of, 314; organizational process a product of, 320; revolutionary, 234-244 passim, 314-316, 320, 329; trade union, 314. See also action(s) (activism)
students, 61, 65, 93
submission (submissiveness), 114, 115, 133; and patience of slave, 181; no unqualified submission to unjust law, to authority, 158; to fate, 140; to husbands, compelled by necessity, 115; to wise and humane laws, 150
subordination (subjection) of women to men, 77, 115, 175; based on misinterpretation of the Bible, 189-190
Sumer: Akkad, 3; temple hymns, 3; Ur and Uruk, 3-6
superstition, 151, 164, 167
Switzerland, 233; Geneva, 404; University of Zurich, 233, 310

taxation (taxes), 59, 64; of the rich, 59; uniform, 59
Tekahionwake (Emily Pauline Johnson), 245-247
temperance, 18, 57, 76, 80, 88, 186
terms of contempt: “barbarian (barbaric, barbarism)," 143, 146-147, 151, 158, 177, 272, 274; “Jap devils,” 358-366 passim; “Kaffirs,” 228-229 (use of term criticized, 232); “Niggers,” 232 (teachers, 274); “savage,” 138-139, 160, 166, 206, 349; “slavish,” 157; “vilest” women, 163
terrorism (terrorist), 233-243 passim: exaltation of, 238; never for its own sake, 236; opposition to, 234; party, 310; revolutionary, 234; selective, 234; women, 233, 234, 310. See also Narodnaya Volya (Peoples Will); Russia
theft, 75, 313; and poverty, 75-76, 159; “The Cattle Thief,” 248-249
thought(s), xvi, 54, 73, 103, 105, 108, 110, 114, 118-121, 128, 159, 160, 169; abstract, unhistorical methods of observation, 314; abstraction, 13, 159, 311; altruistic, 240; common sense, 163; contemplation, 108, 164; empiricism, xvii; enchained by government, 233; freedom of, 209; hierarchical method of understanding, 88; importance for women, 368; inconsistencies of, 157, 158, 160, 163, 167; modes of thinking, 108-110; political, 315; radical and socialist, 233; reflection, 166, 170; relation to action, 234, 388; right to free communication of, 151; sober manliness of, 161; theoretical complexity, 311; thoughtfulness and recollection, 106; way of thinking of the proletariat, 314. See also method(s); mind(s); political theory (thought); reason (reasoning)
toleration, 112; negative tolerance, 298
Tolstoy, Count Leo, 295, 301-302, 390
torture, 94, 139, 142, 145, 167, 208, 212, 401, 402, 408; severe deprivation, 391; victims’ hospital, Denmark, 404-405
trade unions, 312-321, 371, 391-407; antagonisms within, 321; Congress at Cologne, 314, 316; general strike of, 316; German, 319; history and growth, 319-320; leaders, 233, 314, 319; maintain themselves by struggle, 319; nonracial confederation of South African trade unions, 391; organizing, of black unions in South Africa, 391-406; relationship to social democracy and working class action in different countries, 321; South African trade unions and struggles, 391, 394, 396-399, 401, 403-407; violent conflicts, 321
Tristan, Flora, 205-207
Trotsky, Leon, 369, 373, 382
truth(s), 13, 35, 37, 39-40, 43, 45-50, 52, 60, 62, 65, 66, 73, 74, 80, 82, 92, 95, 99, 105, 108-110, 116, 117, 119, 120, 151, 156-159, 167, 168, 170, 177, 179, 181, 182, 184-186, 188, 189; power of, 185
tyranny (tyrants), 75, 100, 112, 119, 122, 128, 130, 135-141, 145, 151, 167, 168, 183, 221, 348, 355; always cowardly, 90; ancient, 9; defined, 57; democratic governments, 221; dictators, 348, 355, 371; family, 291; in professions, 351; man’s, over women, 211; necessity, the tyrant’s plea, 157; North America as refuge from, 183; of police, 223; parental, 211; petty, 188; provokes the oppressed to overthrow, 116-117, 122; tyrannical empire, 150

ugliness, 13; and bad, 14; cannot generate and procreate, 17-18
United States of America (U.S.A.), 245, 281, 285, 298-300; American Anti-Slavery Society, 175, 181; American Revolution, 123, 124, 198, 245, 298; citizens, 185; Civil War (War of Secession), 175, 260, 324; condition of women in, 193-196; Congress, 187-188; independence from Britain, 123, 124; lynching, 260-281; northern states, 177, 179, 274; Reconstruction, 260, 266; southern barbarism, three distinct eras, 272; southern states, 176-177, 179, 260-281. See also laws, by country and name (U.S.A.)
unity, 118, 130; among estates, 63; among women, to be as free, happy, and famous as men, 77; among workers as source of strength and power, 208, 210; European, 206; human, 212; of economic and political struggle, in the mass strike, 317; of the trade union and social democratic movements, 321; universal, 206; union and amity of friends, 74
universal chain: of being, 94; of learning, 93
Universal Union of Working Men and Women, 208, 212
universals, the art of forming, 88
utopian(ism), xx, 205, 314; fiction (feminist), 304; governments, 296; Hossain’s “Ladyland,” 304-309; More’s Utopia, 55; objective conditions for non-oppressive social organization, 378; of anarchists, 319, 380; Page 440 →science-based, 304; women’s utopias, 55

value(s), 20, 103, 285, 299; manual labor as supreme, 389; scale of, 388
vanity, 91, 102, 103, 112, 114, 156, 160
vice(s), 57-65, 74, 102-104, 107, 111, 117, 129, 152, 156, 157-160, 162, 163, 169, 171, 172; curiosity, a vice, 91; foundation of, ignorance and narrow education, 104
violence (violent), 76, 147, 159, 178, 179, 311, 317; against women, 183, 205; as only means to social change, 242; assassination of President Garfield, 236; bloody spoils of, 136; brutality of, 313; by a slave against a white overseer, 136, 138, 139; by government, 238; by women, 152; collisions between workers and employers, 317; committed for defense of the oppressed, 238; conflicts, 321; corrupting and demoralizing effects of, 238; displacement of native tribes by force and, 231; domestic, 210-211, 393; forcible abuse of women, 152; in marriage, 201; in revolution, 311; method of, 327; never contributed to the refinement of morals, 238; not to be used to gain freedom, 148-149; of system of slavery, 185; open the door to freedom without, 181; physical force vs. moral power, 184; policy of selective, 234; program of, 242; revolutionary, 238, 243; security against, 221; street massacres, 315; the revolution more than bloodshed, 317; toward South African natives, 225; trade union conflicts, 321; use of violence against, 235; violent times, 406-407. See also nonviolence; revolution(s) (revolutionary[ies]); slavery; terrorism (terrorist)
virtue(s), 9, 12, 13, 37, 39-53 passim, 56-57, 59-60, 62, 65, 91, 93, 95, 101, 102, 104-107, 111, 113, 114, 117, 129, 136, 149, 152, 158, 161-164, 166-168, 170-172; and reason, 163; can flourish only among equals, 171; civic, 238; good morals, 56; industrial, 287; of forthright speech, 12; of studiousness, 91; real virtue, not images, 9; virtuous felicity, 57
vision(s), 83; feminine, 13; of future time when sex no bar to employments, 115

war (warfare), 3, 5, 43, 58, 59, 75, 124, 127, 129, 130, 134, 147, 209, 231, 318, 328-329, 332, 381; abolition of, 345; adherents of, 301; against sin, 44; and competition, 209, 335; antithesis between labor and, 302; as political force, 326; as social evil, 355-356; as theme, 8; between city-states and against the papacy, 35; between government and revolutionaries, 243; Boer War, 213, 225-232, 295 (treatment of native races a central cause, 225); by God against wrong, 37; captives, 5; causes of, 301, 333-334; civil, 205, 206 (causes of, 117-122; effects of, 75 [effects of, on reproduction of capital, 321, 326]; not between women, 81); cost of, 295; Crimean War, 344; Crusades, 35; dishonor worse than, 334; disposition toward, 335; effect on reproduction of capital, 325; effects compared to peace, 79-80; experience of the common soldier, 295; favored by majority of men, 333; hatred of, 335-336; “hellish panorama,” 231; heroism of warfare progressively devalued, 297; hired soldiers of the Pope, 38; horrors of, 334; Inanna in battle, 5; Indian wife’s war-cry, 249; industries connected with, 371; influence of, 207, 381; just, 3, 58, 63; misconduct in, 63; moral and spiritual, 231; moral equivalent for, 297; morality or immorality of, 334; of conquest, 378; of 1812, 245; of pillage and extermination, 378; preemptive attack, 63; prevention of, 332-338; protest against, 231; punitive expeditions by colonial regimes, 326; regiments disbanded, 5; right manner of, 58, 63; spirit, 301; spoils of, overestimated value, 299; squalor of, 295; substitutes for war virtues, 301; system, 311; unconscious motives for, 338; unrestricted commercialism as cause of, 301; used by capitalists to annihilate all forms of natural economy, 326; victory through wise counsel, 61; virtues, passing of, 301-302; ^uwar against war,” 311; warriors, 60, 63, 381; waste and cruelty of, 295; women’s experience of, 285; World War I, 233, 285, 310-311, 328-329; World War 11, 233, 357. See also countries by name; military (the); rulers (kings, princes, queens, knights, nobles, governors); soldiers
war prevention: and women’s professional equality, 338-345; by ensuring equal opportunity, 347; by freedom from unreal loyalties, 351; by moral and spiritual war, 231; by opposing dictatorship and tyranny, 347-348; by protecting culture, individual rights, and intellectual liberty, 345-347; role of education, 333-338; theory of, 332-356; women’s influence on, 333-356. See also peace
Washington, George, 123-124, 129
wealth, 76, 94; in sufficiency, 66; link with virtue, 9; of men’s universities, 351; of the country, 60; and prosperity of the Workers’ Union, 212; results from peace, 79; slaves to, 45. See also rich(es), the (money)
Weil, Simone, xvii, 13, 369-371
welfare, 388; of the masses, 374
Wells-Barnett, Ida B., xvi, xvii, xviii, 260-261; Alpha Suffrage Club, 260; and Fisk University, 260; anti-lynching campaign, 260, 275-280; criticizes WCTU for failure to support anti-lynching campaign, 275-280; dispute with Frances E. Willard, 275-280; Ida B. Wells Club, 260; pen name “Iola,” 260
Wheatley, Phillis, 123-124
whites, 133-134, 325; consumption, “the white man’s disease,” 253; Ku Klux Klan, 266, 272; southern, 265
will, 105, 109, 111, 114, 116, 129, 151, 164; might of human, 234; of the masses, 321; the general will (of all female and male Page 441 →citizens), 151; will of the people, 235, 236
Willard, Frances E., 275-280; accused of condoning lynching, 276-277; dispute with Ida B. Wells, 276-280
wisdom (wise), 13, 14, 18, 43, 59, 65-66, 73, 87, 88, 91, 95, 101, 102, 104, 107, 110, 111, 113, 115-117, 126, 133, 150, 153, 164, 167; and peace, 79; as temperance and justice regulating states and households, 18; divine, 91; of councillors, 59-61; of knights and nobles, 62; when given by God, none able to resist, 35; wise burghers, 66; wise scholars, 61
wives: authority, of Governor’s wife, 146; his for life, 114; Indian wife’s war-cry, 249; mental bondage in wealthier classes, physical bondage in poorer classes, 200-201; slaves to husbands, 116; submission for life, more heroic than masculine heroes, 116; unhappy, 169; with estates, purchase lord and master, 114. See also marriage
Wollstonecraft, Mary, x, xvii, xix, 205
woman. See women; women’s
women, burdens and oppression of, 111, 114, 192, 207 (silent, 367); defamation of, 55; executed, 132, 233, 235, 310; forcibly abused, 152; honor of, 217; instruments of men’s pleasure, 194; kept like birds in cages, 74; misogyny, 54, 83; modesty and chastity of, assailed by police, 223; neglect and contempt of, 115; old maids, 81-82; prison experience, 238, 391, 404, 406; silenced by fear of denial, 74; subjection to man, 189-190; subordination of, 175
women, by country or group: amazon(s), 90; biblical, 181-183, 185; Christian, 176-189; Egyptian, 95; evangelical, 123; First Nations, 247; Greek, 95; in China, 366-368; Indian, 304; nun(s), 83, 91-93, 97, 98; of the South, 176-189; Roman, 95, 183; saints, 35; Sumerian, 3-4
women, condition of, 191, 193-196; a tragedy to be one, 363; abortion, 367; among strangers, 205; born free, 150; daughters, like moveable goods and furniture, 81; death better than marriage for, 76; degradation of, 193, 195; die in oblivion, 77; doctrine of dependence on man refuted, 191-192; endanger their lives in childbirth, 81; fanciful, 73, 74; illiteracy, 35; imperial concubines, 22; in purdah (seclusion), 303-304, 306-307; needs of, 285; no longer special weight to the word “woman,” 366; not allowed to choose husbands, 113; older women, 96; outcast, 206; treatment of, in marriage, 113, 115-116; who live alone, serving their husbands, 23; widows, 35, 153; original equality of, 189-190; outcast, 206; “outsider” status, xvi, xx, 9; uneducated, 163. See also black(s); equality; exile(s) (banishment); female sex (female[s]); lesbian; Native American(s); poor, the; prison (prisoners, imprisonment); rape; slavery; wives
women, nature and abilities of, 71; better than men, 78; can overthrow slavery, 185; competence of, 55; creation of, 189-190, 192, 194, 199, 200, 202; greed and ambition of, 152; guide to humanity (“woman messiah”), 206, 207; influence of, 194; increase life, 77; men and, identical interests, 219; rational natures, 154; spiritual healers, 35; status and abilities, 71, 72; subject only to God, 190; weakness, 192; witless, strengthless, and unprofitable, 78
women, social roles of: and war, 81, 249, 333-356; companion, 154; competitive towards men, 20; dignity of, 192; disgraced without marriage, 81-82; dress of, 80; famous, 101, 102; fashionable, 194; gossip, 73, 82, 99, 367; imitation of men (manly), 78-79, 84; infamous, 217; ladies, 80, 188, 290; misconduct of, 153; moral leaders, 182-183; need to bear children questioned, 71; needlework, 73, 96; no war among themselves, 81; peaceable in marriage, 116-117; tongues of, two-edged swords, 73; virtue of, 55; white northern, missionaries to southern exslaves, 274; white southern, 175, 176-177, 180-182, 184-186, 188, 262-263
women as intellectuals, xvi, 54, 83, 84, 154, 286; abilities, 55, 150; ancient sages, 8; and science, 83, 107; aspiration to study theology, 93, 96, 99; dare to write books, 73-74; defense of, 84 (studies, 84, 91, 93, 96-97; intellectual freedom, 84); discernment, 96; diversity of political thought of, xvi-xx; founders of sociology, xvii; goals, 124; higher capacities, 74; knowledge and learning, xvi, 20, 83-84, 91, 93, 95-97, 99, 104-107; lack rule and method, 73; leadership, 310; leading literary figures (mid-Heian Japan), 20; mental/moral weakness refuted, 191; neglected as, ix, 154; not to teach in church, 105; philosophers, xvi, 3, 13, 95; poets, 3; preachers and public reformers, 191-192; priestesses, 3, 13, 14, 31; prophets, 3, 95, 183, 185, 191; Pythagorean, 13; religious leaders, xvi; ridicule of educated, 99; seers, 3; shunning of mentally superior women, 193; teachers, 13, 35, 95-97, 99, 154, 234; theorists, 154, 205; visions of, 35; wise (wisdom of), 14, 55; women of genius, 194; women of letters, 54, 93. See also women writer(s); women’s education; women’s political writings
women writer(s), xvi, 54; allowable by church, 97; assassinated, 310-311 ; biography of, 8; executed, 132, 233, 310; literate audience for, 54; medieval, 55; patronage of, 54; professional, 54, 154; suicide, 8; writing for the multitude, 73; writing under pressure, not of own volition, 92
women’s class and economic status: admission to professions, 155; aristocrats, 99; artisan class, 35; as last remaining slaves in French society, 211; as property, 190; buying and selling of, 152; differences by class, 205-206; economic independence, 154, 155; Empress of Japan, 21-23, Page 442 →26-30, 32-33; fish-vendors, 163; governesses, 99, 154, 367; homeless girls, 218; lack of employment, 74; ladies-inwaiting, 21-22; loss of name and estate in marriage, 81; married women’s property (acts, 155; rights, 199); middle class, xvi, 154, 155, 213, 233, 285; needlework, 73, 96, 181; peasant, 80; privileged class, xvi; proletarians, 211; queens, 95; right to protection of property, 131, 151-153; ruling class, xx; taxation without representation, 131, 151, 198; underpaid, 195; upper class, 154, 155, 206, 233, 285; visiting nurses, 289; Women’s Bureau (U.S. Department of Labor), 285; working class, 206-213, 391. See also class(es); equality; law(s); slavery; women’s rights; workers; working class
women’s education, xvi, 99, 102-107, 111, 114, 116, 152, 153, 154, 233, 303, 306; colleges, 336-338 (exclusion from university membership, 336; Girton and Newnham, 337; poverty of, 336); constraints on, 91, 93; defects of, 193-194; four great teachers (poverty, chastity, derision, and freedom from unreal loyalties), 344; girls’ schools, 306; in colleges, 155; lack of formal, 35, 93, 210-211; lack of institutions of, 99; mathematics and classics excepted, 194; necessity of, 212; need to reconstruct, 194-196; North of England Council for the Higher Education of Women, 213; of fashionable women, 193-194; of girls, 123, 154, 212; of working class women, 210-212; proposed course of study, 105, 106; purposes of, 303; refuge for, 99; Sakhawat Memorial Girl’s School, 303; self-, 205; systematic, 99; teaching and service to women, 304; to “become accomplished,” 330; Women’s Academy (St. Petersburg), 240. See also fields of study; learning; science(s); women as intellectuals
women’s history, xv, 101, 102, 183, 184; female-centered history, 9
women’s legal/political status and activism: activists, 205, 285; counsels despised, 74; emancipation of, 354; equal in rights to man, 150; equality of, absolute, 211-212 (called to fight for, 131, 151); exclusion from lawmaking, 199 (demand participation in, 131); full citizenship of, 223; govern the world, 81; have no country, 350; judges, 3, 95; lawgivers, 3; leaders, 175; leaders of the people, 182-183; leadership roles, 3, 310; legal existence nullified by marriage, 197; legal rights and disabilities, U.S. and Europe, 196-199, 349; like men, must obey rigorous laws, 151; military leaders, 3 (generals, 206); missions of mediation and diplomacy, 35; not citizens nor subjects of the state, 81; not duly represented, 151, 219; not made to found and overturn empires, 116; not to usurp authority, 105; opposition to public role, 35; persecuted in Europe and America, 183; police hunting of, 223; political activists, xvi; political existence of, 196; political leaders, 206; political participation, 303; political weakness of daughters of educated men, 335; power and status in Iroquois confederacy, 246; protests of, 132; property laws, likened to slave laws, 198; public organizing, 175, 185; public speaking, 151, 175, 207; resistance to oppression, 144-149; restricted sphere of action, 115; revolutionaries, xvi, 233, 310; roles of, in slave system and abolitionism, 176-177, 180-182, 184-185; royalists, xx, 3, 20, 64, 66, 71, 100, 132, 143, 153; rulers, 3, 55; ruling class, xx; shut out of power and authority, 74; suffrage as political achievement of daughters of educated men, 335; terrorists, 233-242 passim, 310; to share equally with men in public contributions and distributions, 151 ; victims of political and religious persecution, 183-184; “women’s issues,” 310; women’s movement, 233, 339; women’s suffrage movement, 175, 310. See also law(s); prostitution (prostitutes); women’s political writings; women’s rights
women’s organizations: Alpha Suffrage Club, 260; anti-slavery societies, 184, 186, 189; association of mutual aid (proposed), 205; clubs and societies prohibited, 132; combination among women, 77; girls’ clubs, 290; Ladies’ National Association (England), 213; National American Women’s Suffrage Association, 285; national assembly of women (proposed), 150; networks of lay religious, 3 5 (Sisters of Penance of St. Dominic, 35; Roman Catholic Sisterhoods, 294); North of England Council for the Higher Education of Women, 213; Women’s Cooperative Guild, 331; Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, 275-281; Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, 285; women’s rights organizations (19th century), 154; Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU), 339
women’s political writings, ix, xvi-xx, 152, 154-155; about women, xx; allegory, 55; autobiography, xix, 54-55, 206, 233, 235, 239, 240-242, 391; biography, 55; conservative, xx; critical vision, xx; critical literature on, 311; derision and depreciation of, xviii, 154; destruction of, xviii, 8; distortion of, xviii, 8; doubts of authorship, 123; drama, xix, 72, 131-132, 133, 135; essays, 72; fiction (novels), xix, 134, 154, 206; forms and genres, xix, 3, 13, 20, 35, 72, 154; history, ix, xviii, xx, 20, 154; homoerotic poetry, 9; hymns to victory, 3; influence, 8-9, 13, 194-195, 285; letters, xix, 35-38, 72; liberal individualist, 207; likely to be demolished, 368; literary criticism, 154; need for critical analyses, xviii; obscurity, xvi-xvii, 54; omission, xvii-xviii; on incest, 72; on lesbian themes, 72; poetry, xix, 8-9, 20, 72, 73; popular periodical articles, 154, 206; Page 443 →prose, 20; satire, 20; significance, 55; social analysts, 285; society of women, 55; sources, ix, xiii, xix, 3, 8, 35, 154, 233; temple hymns, 3; tracts, 154; translations, 8, 10, 35; treatment by men, xviii, 154; use of metaphor, 55, 57-58; utopias, 55; woman-centered love poems, 9; zuihitsu, 20
womens rights, 55-56, 150-153, 191, 201, 204, 211-212, 310, 348; constitutional, 213; contempt for, 131, 150; Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen, 131, 150-153; effects of disregarding, 150; essential, 196; fewer in U.S. than in Europe, 196; guarantee, 151; ignored by Puritans, 100; lack of, 344; legal, and disabilities (U.S. and Europe), 196-199, 349; married women’s property rights, 199; movement, 17 5 ; natural, inalienable and sacred, 150, 192, 211, 305; property by, 199; proposed declaration of, 211-212; right and privileges of, 73; to citizenship, 131-132, 150-151; to equal political status, access, and participation, 131, 150-151 ; to free communication of thought, 151; to protection of property, 131, 151-153; to speak in public, 131, 151; Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 154, 155; women kept ignorant of, 197-198. See also law(s); women’s legal/political status and activism
Woolf, Virginia, ix, xvi, 330-332; Bloomsbury literary circle, 330; Leonard, 330-331
work, 54, 370-371; ethic, 287; liberated, 370; political action analogous to, 378
workers, 207-212, 233; abstention from political action, 312; advocates for, 205; and class struggle, 319; back military conspiracy, 235; ceaseless economic struggle, 317; commercial employees, 316; control by, 370; cooperation of, 319; division, cause of ills, 209; elderly, 208, 212; exploitation by longer hours, more intensive work, 324; factory workers, 206, 207, 233, 312, 396; industrial reserve army, 324; intellectual thirst for revolutionary deeds, 314; liberated, 375; organized and unorganized, 319-320, 391; postal and telegraph, 316; right of combination (to organize), 316; sick or disabled, 208, 212; struggle for reduction of working hours, 316; subordination through factory organization, 372; textile, 316; wage disparities by race, 394; working girl, 290; working men and women, 207-212
Workers’ Union (F. Tristan, 1843), 208-212; capital for, 209; goals of, 209; palaces, 212
working class, 206-212, 371; consolidation of, 208-210, 212; constitute as a self-conscious force, 207; daily political struggle of, 313; emancipation of, 313; English, 213; fraternity, 207, 209; German, 321; governmental indifference, 208; international, 328; isolation and misery, 209; movement, 240, 373, 376, 390; organization of, 312, 320; poverty and grief, 208; sectors of, 317; solidarity, 207; system of separation a fundamental vice, 209; unemployment, 209, 316, 317; unfair and unsafe working conditions, 285; unity across national and gender boundaries, 206-208; women, 213, 218. See also class(es); labor

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