Back Matter | The Principles of Sociology, vol. 1 (1898)

REFERENCES.

To find the authority for any statement in the text, the reader is to proceed as follows:—Observing the number of the section in which the statement occurs, he will first look out in the following pages the corresponding number, which is printed in conspicuous type. Among the references succeeding this number, he will then look for the name of the tribe, people, or nation concerning which the statement is made (the names in the references standing in the same order as that which they have in the text); and that it may more readily catch the eye, each such name is printed in Italics. In the parenthesis following the name, will be found the volume and page of the work referred to, preceded by the first three or four letters of the author’s name; and where more than one of his works has been used, the first three or four letters of the title of the one containing the particular statement. The meanings of these abbreviations, employed to save the space that would be occupied by frequent repetitions of full titles, is shown at the end of the references; where will be found arranged in alphabetical order, these initial syllables of authors’ names, &c., and opposite to them the full titles of the works referred to.

§ 3.

Congo (Tuck. 178)

—Termites (Schwein. i, 350).

§ 16.

East Africa (Burt. “Cen. Af.” i, 94)

—Negroes (Liv. “Miss. Tra.” 78; Schwein. i, 148; Speke, 330).

§ 17.

Coral (Dana, 289)

—Greece (Toz. 3; Grote, ii, 296).

§ 19.

India (Fay. “Tiger,” 42-3; Fay. “Than.” 32)

—Bechuana (ref. lost)

—Orinoco (Hum. ii, 273)

—East Africa (Liv. “Zambesi,” 190).

—Termites (Hum. ii, 288).

§ 24.

Chinooks (Lew. & Cl. 425)

—Shoshones (Lew. & Cl. 312)

—Guiana (Brett, 25)

—Arawaks (Ber. 29)

—Guaranis (Waitz, iii, 413)

—Tamulian (As. S. B. xviii, pt. ii, 710)

—Puttooas (As. S. B. xxv, 296)

—Fuegians (Wilkes, i, 121)

—Andamanese (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. iv, 210)

—Veddahs (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. ii, 282)

—Bushmen (Arb. 243; Bar. i, 233)

—Akka (Schwein. ii, 140)

—Bushmen (ref. lost).

§ 25.

Ostyaks (Pall. iv, 52)

—Kamschadales (Krash. 175)

—Kookies (As. S. B. xxiv, pt. ii, 636)

—Chinooks (Lew. and Cl. 425)

—Guaranis (Waitz, iii, 413)

—Patagonians (Fitz. ii, 134)

—Akka (Schwein. ii, 129, 141).

§ 26.

Kamschadales (Krash. 175)

—Bushmen (Bar. i, 234)

—Akka (Schwein. ii, 129, 141)

—Veddahs (Ten. ii, 450)

—Damaras (Gal. 192)

—Yakuts (Wrang. 327, note; Coch. i, 255)

—Comanches (School. i, 231)

—Bushmen (Thomp. i, 99).

§ 27.

Tasmanians (Bon. 120)

—Papuans (Macgill. i, 277)

—Damaras (Roy. G. S. xxii, 159; Gal. 173)

—Dakotahs (Burt. “Saints,” 127.)

§ 28.

Yakuts (Wrang. 384)

—Tamulian (As. S. B. xviii, pt. ii, 709).

§ 29.

Bushmen (Licht. ii, 194)

—Zulus (Gard. 233)

—Abipones Edition: current; Page: [852] (Dob. ii, 32).

§ 32.

Savage (Wal. —).

§ 33.

Creeks (School. v, 274)

—Guiana (Ber. 46; Hum. “Trav.” iii, 5)

—Indian (Wal. “Amazon,” 92)

—Creeks (School. v, 272)

—Chinook (Ross, “Fur. Hun.” i, 125)

—Brazilian (South. i, 223)

—Kamschadales (Lath. i, 496)

—Kirghiz (Lath. i, 344)

—Bedouin (Burt. “El Medinah,” iii, 45)

—Arabs (Den. i, 411; Palg., W. G., i, 155)

—East African (Burt. “Cen. Af.” ii, 325-326)

—Damaras (Gal. 233)

—Hottentots (Burch. ii, 67)

—Bushmen (Arb. 243, 245-6)

—Malagasy (Ell. “History,” i, 140)

—Papuan (Wal. “Mal. Arch.” ii, 448)

—Fijians (Ersk. i, 263; Wilkes, iii, 76)

—Andamanese (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. iv, 210)

—Tasmanians (Bon. 56)

—Fuegians (Fitz. ii, 188; Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. i, 264)

—Australians (Hayg. 102; Sturt, “Cent. Austr.” i, 124)

—Bushman (Licht. ii, 224).

§ 34.

Australians (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. iii, 223)

—Hottentots (Kol. i, 46)

—Bushmen (Bar. i, 244)

—Todas (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. vii, 241)

—Bhils (As. S. B. xx, 506)

—Santals (Hun. i, 155)

—Kookies* note (As. S. B. xxiv, pt. ii, 636)

—Loango* note (Pink. xvi, 563)

—Esquimaux (Hall, i, 130).

§ 35.

Mantras (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S., iii, 79, 78)

—Borneo (Lub. “Origin,” 10)

—Bushmen (Arb. 243-4)

—Brazil (Bates, 169)

—Caribs (Edw. i, 42)

—Bhils (Roy. A. S. “Trans.” i, 88)

—Bodo (As. S. B. xviii, pt. ii, 746)

—Lepchas (Eth. S. “Journal,” N.S. i, 152)

—Bedouin (Burck. i, 250-1; Palg., W. G., i, 70)

—New Guinea (Earl. “Papuans,” 6)

—Kamschadales (Krash. 175)

—Damaras (Gal. 232-3)

—Malay (Wal. “Malay,” ii, 443)

—Todas (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. vii, 241)

—Fijians (See. 192).

§ 36.

South America (Wal. “Malay,” ii, 460).

§ 37.

Australia (Sturt, “South Austr.” ii, 143)

—Java (Earl, “East. Seas,” 111)

—Pacific (Ersk. 318)

—Vaté (Tur. “Nineteen,” 395)

—Makololo (Liv. “Miss. Tra.” 511)

—Fuegians (Wilkes, i, 126)

—New Guinea (Kolff, 301)

—Bushmen (Mof. 58)

—Andamanese (Mouat, 285)

—Bushmen (Licht. ii, 194-5; Mof. 156; Bur. ii, 54)

—New Caledonians (Forst. 240)

—Tannese (Forst. 242)

—New Guinea (Earl, “Papuans,” 49, 80)

—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” new ed. i, 96)

—Dyaks (Brooke, ii, 89, and i, 57)

—Javans (Raf. i, 245)

—Malays (Wal. “Malay,” i, 380)

—Brazilians (South. i, 223)

—Fijians (Will., T., i, 129)

—Damaras (Roy. G. S. xxii, 159; Ande. 156)

—Bhils (Roy. A. S. “Journal,” viii, 191)

—Nagas (As. S. B. xxiv, 609)

—Bodo (As. S. B. xviii, pt. ii, 745-6)

—Lepchas (Hooker, i, 129, 128)

—Fans (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. iii, 41)

—Cucámas (Bates, 293).

§ 38.

Houssas (ref. lost)

—Creeks (School. v, 691)

—Africans (Liv. “Miss. Tra.” 206)

—Dyaks (Tylor, “Prim. Cult.” i, 71).

§ 40.

Bushmen (Bar. i, 234)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxv, pt. ii, 13)

—Siberian (Prich. iv, 449)

—Brazilians (Hern. 143)

—Abipones (Dob. ii, 32, 13)

—Veddahs (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. ii, 289)

—Bedouins (Palg., W. G., ii. 240; Burt. “El Medinah,” i, 369)

—Hottentots (Burch. i, 175)

—Damaras (Gal. 145)

—Prairio Indians (Burt. “Saints,” 154)

—Brazilian (Bates, 222)

—Arawaks (Roy. G. S. ii. 231)

—Guiana (Brett, 344; Schom. ii, 75)

—Esquimaux (Eth. S. “Journal,” i, 290)

—Hottentots (Kol. i, 241)

—Fuegians (Fitz. i, 55)

—Tongans (Wilkes, iii, 19)

—Santals (As. S. B. xx, 555).

§ 41.

Brazilian (Bates, 277)

—East African (Burt. “Cen. Af.” ii, 337)

—Damara (Gal. 176-7)

—Bedouin (Palg., W. G., i, 137)

—Sumatrans (Mars. 208)

—Malagasy (Ell. “History,” i, 136).

§ 42.

Dyaks (St. John, S., i, 28)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, 128)

—Kamschadales (Kotz. ii, 16)

—Mountain-Snake (Ross, “Fur. Hun.” i, 250)

—Brazilian (Hern. 236)

—Patagonians (Wilkes, i, 114)

—Guaranis (Dob. ii, 63)

—Fuegians (Wed. 154)

—Andamanese (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. ii, 46)

—S. Australians (Sturt. “South. Aust.” i, 106).

§ 43.

Fuegians (Fitz. i, 24)

—Andamanese (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. v, 45)

—Ahts (Lub. “Origin,” 9-10)

—Brazilian (Spix, ii, 253; Bates, 277)

—Abipones (Dob. ii, 59)

—East Africans (Burt. “Cen. Af.” ii, 200)

—Malagasy (Ell. “History,” i, 136)

—Damaras (Gal. 133)

—Hilltribes (As. S. B. xviii, pt. i, 242)

—Brazilians (Spix, ii, 251-2).

§ 45. Edition: current; Page: [853]

Australians (How. i, 68)

—Patagonians (Hawk. i, 376)

—Veddahs (Prid. 460)

—Samoiedes (Pink. i, 534).

§ 46.

Bushmen (Burch. i, 461)

—Samoans (Wilkes, ii, 127)

—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 19)

—Cucáma (Bates, 294, 277)

—Negroes (Park, i, 265).

§ 47.

Nile basin (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. v, 233).

§ 48.

Equat. Africa (Reade, 244)

—Negro (Burt. “West Af.” i, 259)

—Aleuts (ref. lost)

—East African (Burt. “Cen. Af.” ii, 324)

—Australians (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. iii, 223).

§ 52.

Esquimaux (Hayes, 125-6; Eth. S. “Journal.” i, 141)

—Fijians (Ersk. 435)

—Orinoco (Hum. “Trav.” ii, 423)

—Dakotah (Burt. “Saints,” 144)

—Abipones (Alcedo, i, 3)

—Guaranis (South. ii, 368)

—Caribs (Edw. i, 47)

—Bulloms (Winter. i, 255)

—Africans (Ast. ii, 664)

—Iroquois (Morg. 174)

—Creeks (School. v. 269)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxiv, pt. ii, 195)

—Malagasy (Ell. “History,” i, 393).

§ 54.

Egyptians* note (St. John, B., 79).

§ 55.

Insects (Wal. “Nat. Sel.” 56, 58, 54, 59-60).

§ 56.

Benin (Bas. “Mensch,” ii, 352)

—Wanika (Bas. “Mensch,” ii, 45)

—Greenlanders (Crantz, i, 185)

—Fijians (Will., T., 241).

§ 57.

Fijians (Will., T., i, 241).

§ 58.

Abipones (South. iii, 404)

—Cumana (Herr. iii, 311)

—Niger (Lander, R. and J., iii, 242).

§ 65.

New Zealanders (Thomas., A. S., ii, 203)

—Bushmen (Ande. 28)

—Arawák (Brett, 108)

—Esquimaux (Eth. S. “Journ.” i, 141).

§ 66.

Child* note (Rev. Phil. i, 14).

§ 69.

Peruvians (Cieza, 228)

—Abipones (Dob. ii, 183)

—Zuni (Pop. S. M. 1876, 580)

—Bushmen and Arapahos (Lub. “Origin,” 413).

§ 70.

N. A. Indians (School. vi, 664)

—Greenlanders (Crantz, i, 185)

—New Zealanders (Thoms., A. S., i, 113)

—Fiji (Will., T., i, 242)

—Dyaks (St. John, S., i, 189)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxiv, pt. ii, 199)

—Peruvians (Gar. i, 129)

—Jews (Mills, 56).

§ 71.

Chippewas (Keat. ii, 155)

—Malagasy (Drur. 179)

—Sandwich Isldrs. (Ell. “Hawaii,” 251)

—Congo (Reade, 248)

—Wanika (Krapf, 171)

—Kaffirs (Shooter, 399)

—Zulus (Cal. 146-7)

—Hebrews (Genesis xv, 1, & xx, 3; I Samuel iii, 10).

—Iliad (Hom. bk. xxiii).

§ 76.

Chippewas (Keat. ii, 158)

—Myths (Fiske, “Myths,” 78).

§ 77.

Zulus (Cal. 232).

§ 79.

Karens (As. S. B. xxxiv, pt. ii, 199, and xxxv, pt. ii, 28)

—Algonquins (Tylor, “Prim. Cult.” i, 436)

—Dyaks (St. John, S., i, 189)

—Australians, &c. (Tylor, “Prim. Cult.” i, 439)

—Greenlanders (Crantz, i, 184)

—S. Australians (Scheur. 28, 73).

§ 81.

Death (For. & T. iii, 316).

§ 82.

Bushmen (Arb. 255)

—Tasmanians (Bon. 174)

—Toda (Per. 314)

—Damara (Gal. 190)

—Tupis (South. i, 248).

§ 83.

Arawaks (Roy. G. S. ii, 70)

—Banks’ Islanders (Anth. I. “Jour.” x, 281)

—Hos (As. S. B. ix, pt. ii, 705)

—Fantees (Cruic. ii, 216)

—Caribs (Heriot, 545)

—Samoa (Turn. “XIX” 272)

—Loango (Ast. iii, 222)

—Gold Coast (Beech. 227)

—Hebrews (Gru. 19)

—Todas (Hark. 52)

—Bechuanas (Mof. 308)

—Innuits (Hall, ii, 197)

—Bagos (Cail. i, 164)

—Kookies (As. S. B. xxiv, 621)

—Malagasy (Drur. 235)

—Mexicans (Clav. i, 322-3)

—Peruvians (Yncas, 44).

§ 84.

Arru (Kolff, 167)

—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, 524)

—Malanaus (Brooke, i, 78)

—Curumbars (Hark. 133)

—Fantees (Beech. 228)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxv, pt. ii, 28)

—New Zealanders (Ang. ii, 71)

—Brazilians (Herr. iv, 97)

—Peruvians (ref. lost)

—Sherbro (Schön, 31)

—Loango (Pink. xvi, 597)

—Dahomans (Burt. “Dahomé,” ii, 164)

—Bhils (As. S. B. xx, 507)

—Caribs (Irv. 9)

—Chibchas (Sim. 258)

—Peruvians (Tschu. ii, 398)

—Kookies (But. 86)

—Central Am. (Ovi. pt. iii, 49).

§ 85.

Bodo (As. S. B. xviii, pt. ii, 736)

—Kookies (As. Res. vii, 194)

—Innuits (Hall, ii, 197)

—N. American Indians (School. iv, 66)

—Mexico (Tor. 31)

—Peruvians (Yucas, 47-8; Piz. 238-40).

§ 86.

Guaranis (South. ii, 371)

—Esquimaux (Lub. “Prehistoric,” 524)

—Peruvians (Arri. 41)

—Iroquois (Morg. 175)

—Brazilians (Burt. “Brazils,” ii, 50)

—Sherbro (Schön, 31)

—W. Australians (Eth. Soc. “Trans.” N.S. iii, 245).

§ 87.

Chibchas (Sim. 258)

—Egyptian (Ebers, i, 334)

—Damaras (Chap. ii, 282)

—Matiamba (Bas. “Mensch,” ii, 378)

—Kamschadales (Krash. 220) Edition: current; Page: [854]

—New Zealand (Thomas., A. S., i, 188)

—Muruts (St. John, S., ii, 129)

—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, 525)

—Bechuana (Liv. “Miss. Tra.” 90)

—Bogota (Sim. 271)

—Urua (Cam. ii, 110)

—Mandans (Cat. “N. A. Indians,” i, 89)

—Guiana (Hum. ii, 488)

—Chibchas (Sim. 258)

—Peruvians (Cieza, ch. 63)

—Mandingoes (Park, i, 271)

—Esquimaux (Crantz, i, 217)

—Bodo (As. S. B. xviii, pt. ii, 736)

—Damara (Ande. 228)

—Inland Negroes (Park, ii, 196)

—San Salvador (Squier, 344)

—Guatemala (Xim. 213)

—Chibchas (Cieza, ch. 63; Acos., Joaq., 126-7).

§ 88.

Mexicans (Herr. iv, 126).

—Peruvians (Gar. i, 127)

—Loango (Pink. xvi, 596)

—Chibchas (Sim. 258)

—Peruvians (Gar. ii, 92).

§ 89.

Patroclus (Hom. “Iliad,” Lang, bk. xxiii, p. 454)

—Tasmanian (Bon. 97)

—Soosoos (Winter. i, 239)

—Coast Negroes (Cruic. ii, 218)

—Damaras (Ande. 227)

—Hawaii (Ell. “Hawaii,” 146)

—Samoa (Tur. “Nineteen,” 227)

—Tongans (Marin. i, 393)

—New Zealanders (Thoms., A. S., i, 188)

—Tannese (Tur. “Nineteen,” 319)

—Madagascar (“Eng. Indep.” July 30, 1868, p. 810)

—Greenlander (Crantz, i, 219)

—Chinook (Ross, “Oregon,” 97)

—Todas (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. vii, 244)

—Arabs (Burck. i, 101)

—Abipones (Dob. ii, 274)

—Peruvians (Cieza, 151)

—Tasmanians (Bon. 97)

—Greenlanders (Crantz, i, 219)

—Chinooks (Ross, “Oregon,” 97)

—Comanches (School. ii, 133-4)

—Dakotahs (Burt. “Saints,” 150)

—Sandwich Isldrs. (Ell. “Hawaii,” 147-8)

—Dahomans (Burt. “Dahomé,” ii, 167)

—Mexico (Tor. 22; Herr. iii, 209 and 216)

—Samoa (Tur. “Nineteen,” 227).

§ 90.

Ambamba (Bas. “Af. R.” 82)

—Inland Negroes (Lander, R. & J., iii, 113)

—Zambesi (Liv. “Miss. Tra.” 578)

—Fijians (Will., T., i, 204)

—Peru (Gar. i, 127)

—Moslem (Burt. “El Med.” ii, 110)

—Cremation (“Times,” July 6, 1874).

§ 91.

Negro (Park, i, 91).

—Man (Genesis, ii, 7).

§ 92.

Australians (Bon. 185)

—New Caledonians (Tur. “Nineteen,” 424)

—Darnley Island (Macgill. ii, 29)

—Krumen (Burt. “Dahomé,” ii, 165)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxiv. pt. ii, 198)

—Araucanians (Alcedo, i, 411)

—Quimbaya (Fern. 297)

—Peruvians (Gar. i, 127; Acos., Jos. de, ii, 314)

—Samoa (Tur. “Hundred,” 150)

—Peruvians (Arri. 34)

—Amazulu (Cal. 354)

—Fiji (Will., T., i, 248)

—Amazulu (Cal. 355).

§ 93.

Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, 516)

—Yakuts (Hill, ii, 278)

—Yucatan (Oroz. 157)

—Nicobar (As. S. B. xv, 349)

—Egyptians (Rev. Scien. 1 March, 1879)

—Greeks (Thirl. i, 224; Hom. “Iliad,” Buckley, bk. xxiii, p. 420)

—Semi-substantiality (Tylor, “Prim. Cult.” i, 455-6).

§ 94.

Nicaraguans (Ovi. pt. iii, 43, 45)

—Chancas (Cieza, 316)

—Central Amer. (Ovi. pt. iii, 42)

—Dying men (Reit.)

—Greenlanders (Crantz, i, 185)

—Amazulu (Cal. 91)

—Iroquois (Morg. 176)

—Fraser Island (Smyth, i, 121)

—Ansayrii (Walpole, iii, 349).

§ 95.

Tasmanians (Roy. S. V. D. iii, 180)

—Aztecs (Brin. 50).

§ 96.

Karens (As. S. B. xxxiv, pt. ii, 211)

—Chippewas (Keat. ii, 158)

—Fijians (See. 398; Will., T., i, 241)

—Mexicans (Tern. iv, 195)

—Laches (Fern. 14).

§ 97.

Bongo (Schwein. i, 307)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxiv, pt. ii, 196)

—Malagasy (Ell. “History,” i, 429)

—Mexicans (Clav. i, 242)

—Malagasy (Ell. “History,” i, 429-30).

§ 98.

Basutos (Lub. “Origin,” 219)

—Fijian (Will., T., i, 245).

§ 99.

Comanches (School. i, 237)

—Guatemala (Brin. 246).

§ 100.

Manganjas and Negroes (Lub. “Origin,” 216, 234).

§ 101.

Chinooks (Wilkes, v, 118)

—Comanches (School. v, 685)

—Yucatan (Steph. i, 421)

—Tupis (South. i, 248)

—Fiji (Will., T., i, 247).

§ 102.

Creek (School. v, 269)

—Comanches (School. i, 237)

—Patagonians (Falk. 114)

—New Hebrides (Eth. S. “Journal,” iii, 62)

—Peruvians (Arri. 41)

—Todas (Marsh. 125)

—Tasmanians (Tas. “Jour.” i, 253)

—Dakotahs (School. ii, 178).

§ 103.

Tongous (Atk. 483)

—Abipones (Dob. ii, 269)

—Dahomans (Burt. “Dahomé,” ii, 164)

—Patagonians (Falk. 119)

—Nagas (As. S. B. xxxiv, 615)

—Guiana (Ral. 109, note)

—Papuan (Earl, “Papuans,” 85)

—Ynca (Pres. “Peru,” i, 29)

—Ancient Mexican (Tern. i, 213)

—Chibcha (Sim. 258)

—Malagasy (“Eng. Indep.” July 30, 1868, p. 810)

—Mishmis (As. S. B. xiv, pt. ii, 488)

—Old Edition: current; Page: [855] Calaber (Burt. “Dahomé,” ii, 262)

—Fantees (Beech. 229)

—Dyaks (Low, 203-4)

—Kirghiz (Atk. 483)

—Toda (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. vii, 245)

—Vatean (Tur. “Nineteen,” 450)

—Peru (Tschu. ii, 355).

§ 104.

Mexicans (Herr. iii, 220-21)

—Vera Paz (Xim. 212)

—Mexicans (Clav. i, 325)

—Peru (Pres. “Peru,” i, 29-30)

—Japanese (Rev. Scien. Jan. 18, 1879)

—Guaranis (Waitz, iii, 419)

—Ynca (Gar. —; Cieza, 223)

—Chibchas (Sim. 258)

—Tonquin (Tav. plate)

—Yorubans (Lan. —)

—Congo (Ast. iii, 260)

—Chinook (Kane, 178)

—Aneiteum (Tur. “Nineteen,” 372).

§ 105.

Tahitians (Hawk. ii, 239; Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, 328)

—Tongans (Marin. ii, 103-4)

—Fiji (Will., T., i, 188)

—Chibchas (Sim. 258)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxiv, pt. ii, 205)

—Kookie (As. S. B. xxiv, 632)

—Dahomans (Forb. i, 170)

—Kaffirs (Shooter, 161)

—Akkra (Bas. “Mensch,” ii, 91)

—Assyrian (Records, i, 143-6)

—Greeks (Hom. “Odyssey,” bk. xi)

—Zeus (ref. lost)

—Petit (Mons. i, 247).

§ 106.

Dahomey (Burt. “Dahomé,” ii, 24)

—Kaffirs (Shooter, 161)

—Amazulu (Cal. 354)

—Jews (Sup. Rel. i, 110).

§ 107.

Fijian (Ersk. 247; Will., T., i, 218-246)

—Greeks (Blackie, 6, note; Hom. “Iliad,” bk. v)

—Amazulu (Cal. 203-4)

—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, 517).

§ 108.

Kaffirs (Shooter, 240)

—Australian (Lub. “Origin,” 378)

—Koossas (Licht. i, 260)

—Bagos (Cail. i, 164-5)

—Comanches (School. v, 685)

—Chippewayans (Frank. 132)

—Chinese (Thoms., J., “Straits,” 393).

§ 110.

Sandwich Isldrs. (Ell. “Hawaii,” 251)

—Madagascar (Ell. “History,” i, 393)

—Guiana (Ber. 100)

—Gold Coast (Cruic. ii, 135)

—East Africans (Liv. —)

—Zambesi (Liv. “Miss. Trav.” 434)

—Aleutian (Bas. —)

—Kamschadales (Krash. 221)

—Lepchas (Eth. S. “Journal,” N.S. i, 149)

—Creek (School. v, 270)

—Balonda (Liv. “Miss. Trav.” 314)

—Hottentots (Kol. i, 126)

—Boobies (Bas. “Af. R.” 320)

—Bechuanas (Thomp. i, 214).

§ 111.

New Caledonia and Eromanga (Tur. “Nineteen,” 428 and 496)

—Gold Coast (Bas. “Mensch,” ii, 56)

—Bulloms (Winter. i, 222-3)

—Caribs (Brett, 125)

—Comanches (School. ii, 133)

—Patagonians (Fitz. ii, 158)

—Arabia (Burck. i, 280)

—Dyaks (Low, 245; St. John, S., i, 172)

—Tahiti (Ell. “Pol. Res.” i. 516)

—India (Lub. “Origin,” 374)

—Khonds (Roy. A. S. “Journal,” vii, 197)

—Cave-burial (Nilsson, 155)

—Patagonians (Falk. 115).

§ 112.

Peruvians (Pres. “Peru,” i, 29)

—Mandans (Lew. & Cl. 102)

—Mangaia (Gill, —)

—New Zealand (Thoms., A. S. i, 96)

—Santal (Hun. i, 153)

—Teutonic (ref. lost)

—Chonos (Eth. S. —)

—Araucanians (Alcedo, i, 410)

—Peruvians (Tschu. ii, 398)

—Ottomacks (Schom. ii, 319)

—Central Americans (Ovi. pt. iii, 43)

—Chinooks (Waitz, iii, 339)

—Chippewas (Keat. ii, 158)

—Kalmucks (Pall. i, 574)

—Kookies (As. S. B. xxiv, 632)

—Todas (Marsh. 126)

—Eromanga (Tur. “Nineteen,” 496)

—Lifu (Tur. “Nineteen,” 401)

—Mapuchés (Smith, E. R., 173)

—Damaras (Ande. 226)

—Bechuanas (Mof. 307)

—America (Cat. “Last Ram.” 325)

—Basuto (Arb. 131)

—Sechele (Tylor, “Researches,” 359)

—Todas (Marsh. 125)

—Fiji (Will., T., i, 188)

—New Caledonians (Tur. “Nineteen,” 425)

—Mexicans (Clav. i, 322-3)

—Esquimaux (Lub. “Prehistoric,” 524)

—Gold Coast (Bos. 156)

—South America (Hum. ii, 361)

—Kanowits (St. John, S., i, 42)

—Malanaus (Brooke, i, 78)

—Chinooks (Ban. i, 247)

—Fijian (See. 399)

—Samoan (Tur. “Nineteen,” 235 & 322)

—Sandwich Is. (Ell. “Hawaii,” 106)

—New Zealand (Ang. ii, 71, 154; Thoms., A. S., i, 187)

—Chonos (Eth. S. “Trans.”—)

—Araucanians (Waitz, iii, 520)

—Australians (Bon. 92; Ang. ii, 228)

—Chinooks (Ross, “Oregon,” 97)

—Ostyaks (Bas. “Mensch,” ii, 331).

§ 113.

Samoan (Tur. “Nineteen,” 237)

—Tongans (Marin. i, 55; ii, 99, 128)

—Nicaragua (Ovi. pt. iii, 42)

—Patagonians (Falk. 115)

—Babylonians* note (Smith, “Ass. Dis.” 212).

§ 114.

Borneo (St. John, S., i, 172)

—Mexico (Tern. i, 158)

—Panches (Fern. 319)

—Peruvians (Ulloa, i, 473)

—Borneo (Brooke, i, 235; ii, 106-57)

—Dyaks (St. John, S., i, 189-90)

—Zulus (Cal. 380, 385)

—Ancient Mexicans* note (Clav. i, 251-2).

§ 117. Edition: current; Page: [856]

Australians (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. iii, 228)

—Veddahs (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. ii, 301)

—Tasmanians (Roy. S. V. D. iii, 180)

—Amazons (Wall. “Amazons,” 498)

—Karen (A. S. B. xxxiv, pt. ii, 196)

—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, 525)

—Nicobar (A. S. B. xv, 348-49)

—Arab (Bas. “Mensch,” ii, 109-10).

§ 118.

Karens (As. S. B. xxxiv, pt. ii, 204)

—Nicobar (Bas. —)

—Rocks (Liv. —)

—Danakil (Harr., W. C., i, 352)

—Tropical (Hum. iii, 183)

—Araucanians (Alçedo, i, 411)

—Póhono* note (Ban. iii, 126).

§ 119.

Veddah (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. ii, 301-2)

—Australian (Roy. S. V. D. iii, 179)

—Ashantees (Beech. 181-2)

—Homeric (Hom. “Iliad,” Buckley, passim)

—Araucanian (Alçedo, i, 410).

—African (Liv. “Miss. Trav.” 607).

§ 120.

Dyaks (St. John, S., ii, 66).

§ 122.

Congo (Reade, 250)

—East Africans (Burt. “Cen. Af.” ii, 354)

—Arabic (Bas. “Mensch,” ii, 591)

—Amazulu (Cal. 263, 361, 368).

§ 123.

Amazulu (Cal. 185)

—Abyssinians (Parkyns, ii, 145)

—Tongans (Marin. i, 102-3)

—Amazulu (Cal. 263)

—Khonds (Per. 333)

—Yakuts (Coch. i, 293)

—Kirghiz (Atk., Mrs., 154).

§ 124.

Arabs (Peth. 221)

—Samoans (Tur. “Nineteen,” 221)

—Sumatrans (Mars. 191)

—East (Ramb. 190)

—Jews (Sup. Rel. i, 120, 113)

—Church (Burn, iv, 651).

§ 125.

Amazulu (Cal. 269)

—Samoans (Tur. “Nineteen,” 236)

—Dyaks (St. John, S., i, 62)

—Arawaks (Brett, 362)

—Land Dyaks (St. John, S., i, 178)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxv, pt. ii, 24)

—Lepchas (Hooker, i, 135)

—Bodo and Dhimáls (As. S. B. xviii, pt. ii, 722)

—Coast Negroes (Winter. i, 236)

—Koossas (Licht. i, 255)

—Zulu (Cal. 204)

—Comanches (Eth. S. “Journal,” ii, 268)

—Mundrucus (Hern. 315)

—Babylonians (Smith, “Ass. Disc.” 176)

—Greeks (Hom. “Iliad,” Lang, bk. i, 2-3)

—Visitation of the sick (Prayer).

§ 126.

Uaupés (Wal. “Amazon,” 500)

—Chippewayans (Hearne, 338)

—Kalmucks (Pall. —)

—Kookies (As. S. B. xxiv, 630)

—Khonds (Roy. A. S. “Journal,” vii, 197)

—Bushmen (Arb. 254)

—Bechuanas (Burch. ii, 551)

—Coast Negroes (Winter. i, 235)

—Africa (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. iii, 45)

—Loango (Ast. iii, 224)

—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, 515)

—Naga (But. 150)

—Tasmanians (Bon. 180)

—Kora-Hottentots (Licht. ii, Appendix ii).

§ 129.

Diomede (Hom. “Iliad,” Lang, bk. v, p. 86)

—Egyptians (Records, ii, 70-72).

§ 130.

Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 235)

—Homeric (Blackie, 11)

—Helen (Hom. “Iliad,” Lang, bk. iii, p. 53)

—Homeric (Blackie, 15, 14)

—Congoese (Tuck. 162)

—Tahkalis (Brin. 253)

—Ordaining Priests (Prayer).

§ 131.

Amazulu (Cal. 387, 259, 264, 260, 273)

—Fijian (Will., T., i, 224)

—Santals (As. S. B. xx, 571)

—Homer (Blackie, 43)

—Zulu (Cal. 265).

§ 132.

Mishmis (As. S. B. xiv, pt. ii, 487)

—Sumatrans (Mars. 191)

—Californian (Ban. iii, 160)

—Koniaga (Ban. i, 85)

—Columbians (Ban. i, 286)

—Cumana (Herr. iii, 310)

—Raphael (Sup. Rel. i, 102)

—Exorcism (Hook, 328; Lee, i, 59-69)

—Amazulu (Cal. 161).

§ 133.

Kaffirs (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. v, 290)

—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, 121)

—Australians (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. iii, 235)

—Jewish (ref. lost)

—Australians (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. i, 289)

—Cucamas (Gar. i, 56)

—Tariánas (Wal. “Amazon,” 498)

—Arawâks (Waitz, iii, 388)

—Koniagas (Ban. i, 76)

—Chinooks (Ban. i, 245)

—Mapuchós (Smith, E. R. 222)

—N. Americans (Burt. “Saints,” 142)

—S. Americans (Smith, E. R. 222)

—Chinook (Kane, 205; Ban. i, 245)

—Dyaks (St. John, S., i, 197)

—Tasmanians (Tas. “Jour.” i, 253-4)

—Patagonians (Fitz. ii, 163)

—New Zealanders (ref. lost)

—Amazulu (Cal. 270)

—Ancient Peruvians (Arri. 21-22)

—Tannese (Tur. “Nineteen,” 89, 91)

—Chippewas (Keat. ii, 163)

—Ardrah (Bas. “Mensch,” ii, 357)

—Ancient Peruvians (Arri. 21-2)

—Europe (ref. lost)

—England (Stat. iv. pt. 2, 1028)

—Thlinkeets* note (Ban. iii, 147)

—Koniaga-whalers (Ban. i, 76)

—Ashantee (Beech. —)

—Damaras (Ande. 179, 330)

—Dyak (Boyle, 207)

—Brazilian (Spix, ii, 244).

§ 134.

Bechuanas (Bas. “Mensch,” ii, 265)

—Yorubas (Burt. “Abeokuta,” i, 303)

—Umqaekana (Cal. 391, 379)

—Brazilian (Stade, 106-7).

§ 136. Edition: current; Page: [857]

Dakotahs (School. ii, 195)

—Hottentots (Kol. i, 138)

—Tonga (Marin. i, 88)

—New Zealand (Ang. i, 279)

—Tahitians (Cook, —)

—New Zealanders (Ang. ii, 71)

—Aneiteum (Tur. “Nineteen,” 371)

—Ashantis (Beech. 213)

—Sandwich Isldrs. (Cook, —).

§ 137.

Veddahs (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. ii, 296)

—Bongo (Schwein. i, 234)

—Lohaheng (Liv. “Miss. Trav.” 124)

—Arawâks (Schom. ii, 458)

—Guiana (Hum. ii, 488)

—Creeks (School. v, 270)

—Fantees (Beech. 229)

—Dahomans (Burt. “Dahomé,” ii, 164)

—Yucatanese (Landa, 196)

—Caribs (Edw. i, 60)

—Brazilian (Spix, ii, 250)

—Peruvians (Tschu. ii, 393)

—New Guinea (Earl, “Papuans,” 85)

—Tahitians (Hawk. ii, 95; Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, 519)

—Sumatra (Mars. 388)

—Tonga (Marin. i, 144)

—Dyaks (Brooke, ii, 270)

—Fijians (Wilkes, iii, 119)

—Tahitian (Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, 521)

—Peruvians (Acos., Jos. de, ii, 312)

—Collas (Cieza, 364)

—Egyptians (Diod. 60-61; Mar. i, 89)

—Etruria (Ferg. “Hist. of Arch.” i, 284)

—Darius (Ferg. “Hist. of Arch.” i, 194)

—Chaldean (Ferg. “Hist. of Arch.” i, 158).

§ 138.

Tope (Ferg. “Tree,” 88; Cun. 11)

—Chaitya (Cun. 9)

—Tahiti (Hawk. ii, 168)

—Central Americans (Xim. 213)

—Egyptian (Wilk. iii, 85, 430)

—Bedouins (Burck. i, 101; Palg., W. G., i, 10)

—European (Blunt, 16; Ferg. “Tree,” 89).

§ 139.

Lower Californians (Ban. i, 569)

—Coras (Ban. i, 641)

—Damaras (Ande. 222)

—Vancouver Island (Roy. G. S. xxvii, 301)

—Mosquito (Ban. i, 744)

—Karen (As. S. B. xxxiv, pt. ii, 196; xxxv, pt. ii, 29)

—Bodo and Dhimáls (As. S. B. xviii, pt. ii, 708)

—Mexican (Ban. i, 641)

—Pueblos (Ban. i, 555, note)

—Sea Dyaks (St. John, S., i, 71)

—Hottentot (Ande. 327)

—Samoa (Tur. “Nineteen,” 349)

—Fiji (See. 392)

—Bhils (Roy. A. S. “Trans.” i, 88)

—Araucanians (Smith, E. R., 275)

—Virzimbers (Drur. 406)

—Berotse (Liv. “Miss. Trav.” 331)

—Kaffirs (Gard. 314)

—Amazulu (Cal. 175)

—Sandwich Is. (Cook —)

—Greeks (Blackie, 48)

—Agamemnon (Hom. “Iliad,” bk. ii, Lang, p. 33-4)

—Amazulu (Cal. 239, 197)

—Kaffirs (Shooter, 165)

—Zeus (Hom. “Iliad,” bk. v, Lang, p. 65)

—Athene (Hom. “Odyssey,” bk. iii, Lang, p. 45)

—Sandwich Isldrs. (Ell. “Hawaii,” 136)

—Egyptians (Wilk. iii, 427-9).

§ 140.

Dyaks (Low, 204)

—Gold Coast (Beech. 229)

—Toda (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. vii, 245)

—Indians (Ban. i, 126)

—Bagos (Cail. i, 164)

—Gold Coast (Cruic. ii, 218)

—Dahomans (Burt. “Dahomé,” ii, 163)

—Yucatanese (Landa, 196)

—Egyptians (Wilk. iii, 443)

—Polynesian (Grey, “Pol. Myth.” 43).

§ 141.

Samoa (Tur. “Hundred,” 48-9)

—Fijians (Will., T., i, 231)

—Mexicans (Clav. i, 279)

—Chibchas (Fern. 141; Acos., Joaq., 213)

—Khonds (Camp. 211)

—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, 488)

—Tongans (Marin. ii, 208)

—Mexicans (Olav. i, 325)

—Dahomey (Burt. “Dahomé,” ii, 25)

—Australia (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. ii, 246)

—Fijian (Will., T., i, 20)

—Vateans (Ersk. 334)

—Haidahs (Ban. iii, 150)

—Nootkas (Ban. iii, 152)

—Dahomey (Burt. “Dahomé,” ii, 164)

—Ulysses (Hom. “Odyssey,” bk. xi, Lang, p. 179)

—Dahomans (Burt. “Dahomé,” ii, 167)

—Mexicans (Herr. iii, 210-13)

—Baal (i Kings, xviii, 28)

—Nateotetains (Ban. i, 127)

—Mexicans (Men. 108)

—Guancavilcas (Cieza, 181)

—Sandwich Is. (Ell. “Hawaii,” 147, 30)

—Peruvians (Gar. i, 118; Acos., Jos. de, ii, 309).

§ 142.

Aleutian (Ban. iii, 518)

—Tupis (South. i, 249)

—Californians (Ban. i, 570)

—Chippewas (School. “Mississippi,” 122)

—San Salvador (Pala. 81)

—Chibchas (Sim. 259)

—Peruvians (Cieza, 365)

—Tahiti (Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, 530)

—Mandingoes (Cail. i, 344)

—Egyptians (Wilk. iii, 443, 450)

—Brazilian (Heriot, 539)

—Peru (Gar. ii, 114; Pres. “Peru,” i, 30)

—Amazulu (Cal. 147, 145, 239, 203).

§ 143.

Bambiri (Liv. “Miss. Trav.” 605)

—Africa (Reade, 249)

—Amazulu (Cal. 140)

—Veddahs (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. ii, 301-2)

—Dakotah (School. iii, 226)

—Banks’ Isldrs. (Anth. i, x, 285)

—Vateans (Tur. “Nineteen,” 394)

—Tannese (Tur. “Nineteen,” 88)

—Chryses (Hom. “Iliad,” Lang, bk. i, p. 2)

—Rameses (Records, ii, 70)

—Rig Veda* note (Raj. i, 427).

§ 144.

East Africans (Liv. —)

—N. Amer. Indians Edition: current; Page: [858] (School. iv, 65)

—Turkomans (Vam. 61)

—Iroquois (Morg. 119)

—Egyptians (Wilk. iii, 430, 378)

—Malagasy (Drur. 233)

—Chinese (Edk. 71)

—Tonga (Marin. i, 88)

—Gold Coast (Beech. 190)

—Nasamonians (Herod. iii, 150)

—Sumatra (Mars. 242)

—Mediæval Europe (Smith, W., “Christian,” ii, 1417)

—Turkomans (Vam. 210)

—Negroes (Bas. “Mensch,” iii, 148)

—Mosquito (Ban. i, 740-1)

—Aztecs (Men. 108)

—Blood-drinking,* note (Mich. ii, 35).

§ 145.

Mexicans (Dur. i, 193)

—Santals (Hun. i, 188).

§ 146.

California (Ban. i, 400)

—South American (Gar. i, 50; Bal. ch. v, 57; Aven. —).

§ 147.

Juángs (Dalt. 157-8)

—Fuegians (Hawk. —)

—Andamanese (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. ii, 35)

—Australians (Sturt, “South Austr.” i. 107)

—Tasmanians (Roy. S. V. D. iii, 180)

—Veddahs (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. ii, 301-2)

—Fijians (See. 391)

—Tannese (Tur. 88)

—Sumatrans (Mars. 289, 291)

—Angola (Liv. “Miss. Trav.” 440)

—Bambiri (Liv. “Miss. Trav.” 605)

—Kaffirs (Shooter, 161)

—Santals (Hun. i, 182)

—Khonds (Roy. A. S. “Journal,” vii, 189)

—Hindu (Fort. Feb. 1872, 133-5).

§ 148.

Amazulu (Cal. 63, 21, 22, 32, 8, 1, 40, 58, 35, 7, 2, 33, 18, 51, 33, 17, 91).

§ 149.

Greek (Grote, i, 110)

—Peru (Aven. —)

—Nicaraguans (Ovi. pt. iii, 40-43, 44, 46)

—Vedic,* note (Muir, iii, 332).

§ 150.

Indra (Muir, iii, 226-27, 238)

—Rig Veda (ref. lost)

—Menu (Jones, iii, passim)

—Jehovah (Deuteronomy, xxvi, 14; Ecclesiasticus, vii, 33; Tobit, iv, 17)

—Yemen (Académ. Comptes rendus—)

—Arabia (Caus. i, 348-49; Palg., W. G., i, 10).

§ 151.

Nicaraguans (Ovi. pt. iii, 41)

—Menu (Jones, iii, 146)

—Amazulu (Cal. 202, 175)

—Menu (Jones, iii, 147)

—Iranians (Zend Av. iii, 231)

—Romans (Smith, W., “Gr. and Rom.” 559).

§ 152.

Catholic,* note (Roch. 323-4).

§ 153.

Greek (Blackie, ii)

—Romans (ref. lost)

—Hebrews (Isaiah, viii, 19; 1 Samuel, xxviii, 13; *note, Cheyne, i, 58; Bible “Speaker’s,” ii, 358; Kuenen, i, 224).

§ 154.

Central Americans (Landa, 198)

—Peruvians (Yncas, 107)

—Sandwich Is. (Ell. “Hawaii,” 334)

—Crees (Kane, 127)

—Caribs (Brett, 129)

—Tasmanians (Tas. Jour. i, 253; Bon. 97)

—Andamanese (ref. lost)

—Lifu (Ersk. 369)

—New Caledonians (Tur. “Nineteen,” 425)

—Badagry (Lander, R., ii, 252)

—Mandans (Cat. “N.A. Indians,” i, 90).

§ 155.

Yucatanese (Landa, 198)

—Mexicans (Nouv. 1843, ii, 202)

—Yucatanese (Landa, 198)

—Mexicans (Lop. de Gom. 437).

§ 156.

Mexicans (Clav. i, 389; Torq. ii, 99)

—Africa (Bas. “Af. R.” 164)

—Abyssinians (Parkyns, ii, 60-63)

—Papuan (Kolff, 62)

—Javans (Raf. i, 331)

—France (Mons. vi, 4; Cher. i, 458)

—Coast Negroes (Bos. 232)

—Araucanians (Smith, E. R., 309)

—New Zealanders (Thoms., A. S., i, 88)

—Peruvians (Acos., Jos. de, ii, 312; Anda. 57)

—Yucatanese (Lop. Cog. i, 316).

§ 157.

North Am. Indians (Kane, 202)

—Okanagans (Ban. i, 284)

—Mandans (Cat. “N. A. Indians,” i, 107)

—Madagascar (Ell. “Three Visits,” 444).

§ 158.

Egyptians (“Rev. Scien.” 1 March, 1879)

—Samoiedes (Bas. “Mensch,” ii, 377)

—Ostyaks (Erm. ii, 51; Felins. ii, 24)

—Samoiedes (Bas. “Mensch,” ii, 85)

—Russians (Erm. ii, 177)

—Sandwich Isldrs. (Ell. “Hawaii,” 251)

—Yucatanese (Fan. 307-8, 316)

—Quiché (Ban. iii, 52-3)

—Arabians (Dozy, i, 22)

—Memnon (Roy. S. of Lit. ii, 45)

—Early Christians (Bible, “Codex Apoc.” i, 670, 681).

§ 159.

Laches (Fern. 14)

—Peruvians (Arri. 11; Aven. —; Arri. 89; Montes. 147; Yncas, 61)

—Bulloms (Winter. i, 240, 241)

—Vera Paz (Xim. 211)

—Mexicans (Clav. i, 323)

—New Zealanders (White, 308).

§ 160.

Bulloms (Winter. i, 222)

—Congo (Pink. xvi, 158)

—Little Addoh (Laird, ii, 32)

—Polynesia (Ell. “Hawaii,” 102)

—Fiji (Will., T., i, 99)

—Dakotah (School. iv, 642)

—Mandans (School. iii, 248)

—Indians (Buch. 228)

—Peruvians (Acos, Jos. de, ii, 3?8)

—Chibchas (Sim. 249)

—Hindu (“Fort.” Feb. 1872, 127).

§ 161.

East Africa (Burt. “Cen. Af.” ii, 346)

—Coast Negroes (Winter. i, 123; Cruic. ii, 135; Bas. “Mensch,” ii, 200)

—Niger (Lander, R. & J., iii, 105)

—Dahomey (Burt. “Dahomé,” ii, 361)

—Fetich Edition: current; Page: [859] (Beech. 179-80)

—Congo (Bas. “Af. R.” 82).

§ 162.

Juángs (Dalt. 157-8)

—Andaman (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. ii, 42, 35)

—Damaras (R. G. S. xxii, 159)

—Chirihuanas (Gar. i, 50)

—Peruvians (Gar. i, 47)

—India (Lub. “Origin,” 286; “Fort.” Feb. 1872, 131).

§ 164.

Peruvians (Gar. i, 75; Cieza, ch. 90).

§ 165.

Brazil (Burt. “Brazils,” ii, 366).

§ 166.

Thlinkeets (Ban. iii, 129)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxiv, pt. ii, 217)

—Abyssinia (Parkyns, ii, 144; Wilk. iii, 285)

—Khonds (Camp. 44)

—Bulloms (Winter. i, 256)

—Mexicans (Men. 109)

—Honduras (Herr. iv, 141)

—Chibchas (Sim, 245; Fern. 50)

—Africans (Liv. “Miss. Trav.” 615)

—Gallabai (Schwein. i, 307-8)

—Tete (Liv. “Miss. Trav.” 642)

—Guiana (Brett, 374)

—Sumatrans (Mars. 292)

—Apachés (Ban. iii, 135)

—Californians (Ban. iii, 131)

—Tlascala (Clav. i, 243)

—Calabar (Hutch. 163).

§ 167.

Zulus (Cal. 130, 196, 197, 197, 198, 199, 368, 362, 202, 200, 201)

—Culiacan (Ban. i, 587)

—Amazulu (Cal. 215, 200)

—New Zealanders (Thoms., A. S., i, 29)

—Russian (ref. lost)

—Babylonians (Smith, “Ass. Disc.” 191)

—Animal-Worship (“Fort.” Feb. 1870, 196; Nov. 1869, 566).

§ 168.

Idzubar (Smith, “Ass. Disc.” 202-3)

—Ishtar (Records, i, 143)

—Ventriloquists (Del. “Isaiah,” i, 240)

—Greeks (Hom. “Odyssey,” Lang, bk. xi, p. 190)

—Philippine (Jag. 169)

—Assyrians (Records, iii, 134)

—Arabs (Caus. i, 349).

§ 169.

Dakotahs (Burt. “Saints,” 153)

—Bongo (Schwein. i, 311)

—Damara (Gal. 132)

—Abipones (Dob. ii, 166)

—South Brazil (Spix, ii, 255)

—Abipones (Dob. ii, 183)

—Koossa (Licht. i, App.)

—Guaranis (Dob. ii, 184).

§ 170.

Australians (Ang. i, 92)

—Damara (Ande. 225)

—Bodo & Dhimals (As. S. B. xviii, pt. ii, 734)

—Kaffir (Shooter, 219)

—Comanches (School. ii, 132)

—Chippewayan (Hearne, 93)

—Bedouins (Burck. i, 97)

—Kaffirs (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. v, 295)

—Tupis (South. i, 239)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxv, pt. ii, 10)

—New Zealand (Ang. ii, 88)

—Dakotah (Burt “Saints,” 141)

—Yorubans (Lander, R., ii, 228)

—Hottentots (Pink. xvi, 141)

—Makololo (Liv. “Miss. Trav.” 221)

—King Koffi (Rams. 72)

—Tothmes (Records, passim)

—Assyrian (Smith, “Ass. Disc.” 171)

—Rameses (Records, ii, 75, 76).

§ 171.

Mahomet (Kor. ch. xciv)

—Central Asiatic (Michell, 96)

—Sea Dyaks (Brooke, i, 62)

—Bechuana (Liv. “Miss. Trav.” 13)

—Patagonians (Falk. 114)

—Columbia (Ross, “Oregon,” 88)

—California (Ban. iii, 87)

—Zapotecs (Ban. iii, 74)

—Haidahs (Ban. iii, 97)

—Ahts (Ban. iii, 96)

—Chippewayans (Ban. i, 118)

—Koniagas (Ban. iii, 104)

—Californians (Ban. iii, 88, 92)

—Dog-rib (Frank. 293).

§ 172.

Papagos (Ban. iii, 76)

—Kamschadales (Krash. 205)

—Dakotahs (School. —)

—Negro (Liv. “Miss. Trav.” 608)

—Chippewas (School. “Mississippi,” 98-99)

—Ostyaks (Harr., J., ii, 924)

—Kookies (Ind. xxvii, 63)

—Indian (Ban. iii, 93)

—Bechuanas (Liv. “Miss. Trav.” 13)

—Australia (Lub. “Origin,” 261).

§ 173.

Congo (Bas. “Mensch,” iii, 199)

—Thlinkeets (Ban. i, 109)

—Ashantee (Rams. 306)

—Madagascar (Ell. “History,” i, 356)

—Egyptians (Records, ii, 70-76, iv, 56; Brugsch, i, 74)

—Veddahs (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. iii, 71).

§ 174.

Aleutians (Ban. iii, 104)

—Kirghiz (“Fort.” Oct. 1869, 418)

—Egypt (Wilk. iii, 312).

§ 175.

Pacific States (Ban. iii, 127)

—Salish, &c. (Ban. iii, 97)

—Land Dyaks (St. John, S., i, 196)

—Batavians (Hawk. iii, 756).

§ 177.

Opium-eaters (Vam. 14)

—Mandingoes (Bas. “Mensch,” iii, 194)

—Arafura (Kolff, 161).

§ 178.

Soma (Muir, i, ii, iii, v, passim)

—Peru (Gar. i, 88; Mark. “Travels,” 232)

—Chibchas (Fern. 20)

—North Mexico (Ban. i, 587)

—Philippine Is. (Jag. 267-9)

—Soma,* note (Muir, passim)

—Peru,* note (ref. lost).

§ 179.

Bechuanas (Mof. 262)

—Basuto (Cas. 240; Arb. 131)

—Damaras (Roy. G. S. xxii, p. 159; Ande. 218; Gal. 204, 188)

—Congoese (Bas. “Af. R.” 81, 172).

§ 180.

Arabic (Palg., W. G., i, 458)

—Santali (Hun. i, 173)

—Kamschadales (Hill, ii, 402)

—Damaras (Gal. 176)

—Great Nicobar (Röep. 76).

§ 181.

Tasmanians (Roy. S. V. D. iii, 281)

—Karens (As. S. B. Edition: current; Page: [860] xxxv, pt. ii, 10-11)

—N. American Ind. (Cat. “N. and S. Am. Ind.” 18, 14, 16)

—Arawâks (Brett, 367)

—Peruvians (Cieza, 232, note 2)

—Pueblos (Ban. iii, 80)

—Isanna (Wal. “Amazons,” 506)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxv, pt. ii, 10-11).

§ 182.

Congo-people (Lub. “Origin,” 289)

—Addacoodah (Lub. “Origin,” 289)

—Mexico (Tylor, “Anahuac,” 215)

—Beerbhoom (Hun. i, 131)

—Land Dyaks (Low, 273)

—Iroquois (Morg. 161)

—Santals (Hun. i, 184).

§ 184.

Meteor (Somer. 9)

—Inland Negroes (Liv. “Miss. Trav.” 388)

—Ashantee (ref. lost)

—Bechuana (Cas. 235)

—Wanika (Krapf, 168).

§ 185.

Ojibbeway (Cat. “N. and S. Am. Ind.” 19, 20)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxv, pt. ii, 10)

—Tasmanians (Roy. S. V. D. iii, 281)

—American (Cat. ut supra, 20, &c.).

§ 186.

Pacific States (Ban. iii, 155; iii, 121)

—Mexicans (Pres. “Mexico,” ii, 41)

—Peruvians (Mem. i, 37; Yncas, 13, 17, 25, 57, 38)

—Santals (Hun. i, 186)

—Araucanians (Alçedo, i, 416).

§ 187.

Peruvians (Arri. 31; Ben. 253)

—Iroquois (Morg. 227).

§ 188.

Dawn-myth (Mül. “Lectures,” ii, 506-13)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxv, pt. ii, 10)

—Tupis (Stade, 142)

—New Zealand (Thoms., A. S., passim).

§ 189.

Jews (Sup. Rel. i, 105)

—Patagonians (Falk. 115)

—Fiji (Ersk. 293)

—Hervey Isldrs. (Anth. I, vi, 4)

—South Australians (Ang. i, 89)

—Tasmanians (Roy. S. V. D. iii, 274)

—N. Americans (Tylor, “Prim. Cult.” i, 359)

—Californians (Robin. 259-262; Ban. iii, 138-9)

—Amazon (Wal. “Amazon,” 506)

—Dyak (Brooke, i, 189)

—Assyrian (Roy. A. S. —).

§ 190.

Loucheux (Ban. iii, 141)

—Esquimaux (Hayes, 253)

—South Australians (Ang. i, 89, 109)

—Chibchas (Fern. 18)

—Mexican (Men. 81)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxv, pt. ii, 10)

—Aryan (Cox, ii, 139, 138).

§ 191.

Comanches (Eth. S. “Journal,” ii, 268)

—Chechemecas (Ixt. 45)

—Olchones (Ban. iii, 161)

—Tinneh (Ban. iii, 142)

—Salive (Hum. ii, 221)

—Barotse (Liv. “Miss. Trav.” 220)

—Tlascala (Nouv. —)

—Quiché (Ban. iii, 60)

—Mizteca (Ban. iii, 73)

—Mexicans (Men. 79; Waitz, iv, 141; Men. 81)

—Damaras (Gal. 138, 137)

—Dinneh (Frank. 155)

—Peruvians (Yncas, xii; Pres. “Peru,” i, 29)

—Mexicans (Herr. iii, 204)

—Panches (Herr. v, 86)

—Chibchas (Sim. 244; Lugo, 7)

—Sun (Shakesp. “Henry viii,” act i, sc. i; “Julius Cæsar,” act v, sc. 3)

—Alvarado (Pres. “Mexico,” i, 438)

—Peruvians (Gar. i, 229)

—Central Americans (Pop. 33)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxv, pt. ii, 10)

—N.A. Indians (Cat. “N. and S. Am. Ind.” 32, 14)

—Egyptians (Brit. Mus. “Papyri,” 2-3; Wilk. iii, 53)

—Aryans (Cox, ii, 30 et seq.).

§ 192.

Egyptians (Soc. B. A. iii, 93, 88, 93, 94; Records, vi, 100).

§ 195.

Bechuanas (Thomp. i, 341)

—Chippewas (Buch. 228)

—Fijian (Will., T., i, 216)

—Malagasy (Ell. “History,” i, 390)

—Todas (Marsh. 123-4).

§ 196.

Todas (Marsh. 136, 142)

—Taltique (Montg. 184-5)

—Kamschadales (Krash. 183).

§ 197.

Fijians (Ersk. 247; Will., T., i, 233)

—Tahiti (Ell. “Pol. Res.” new ed. iii, 113, 114)

—Benin (Bas. “Mensch,” ii, 413)

—Loango (Ast. iii, 223)

—Msambara (Krapf, 384)

—Peru (Xer. 62; Acos., Jos. de, ii, 433; Gar. i, 54; Bal. ch. 1)

—Semites (Palg., W. G., i, 87)

—Prince of Wales (“Times” —)

—Peru (Acos., Jos. de, ii, 412)

—Yucatanese (Lop. Cog. i, 318)

—Mexicans (Men. 86; Waitz, iv, 33)

—Sandwich Isdrs. (Ell. “Hawaii,” 138)

—Tonga (Marin. ii, 97)

—New Zealanders (Thoms., A. S., i, 110)

—Shoa (Harr., W. C., iii, 291)

—Yoruba (Bas. “Mensch,” iii, 342)

—Ramses (Records, viii, passim)

—Babylonian (Smith, “Ass. Disc.” 189)

—Note* Nebuchadnezzar (ref. lost).

§ 198.

Loango (Ast. iii, 223)

—Fuegians (Fitz. ii, 180)

—Patagonians (Falk. 116)

—Chippewas (School. v, 149)

—Cahrocs (Ban. iii, 161)

—Damaras (Gal. 202, 190)

—Sandwich Isdrs. (Ell. “Hawaii,” 309)

—Mexicans (Men. 84)

—Taouism (Edk. 59)

—Scandinavian (Heims. i, 220, 218, 218-9, 224, 224-5; note,* Das. lxii)

—Æsculapius (Num. ser. iii, vol. 2, 5-6)

—Brazilians (Waitz, iii, 417)

—Chinook (Ban. iii, 95-6)

—Mexican (Pres. “Mexico,” i, 53-4; Saha. bk. 1, chs. 7, 9, 17, 19, 20)

—Central Americans (Lop. Cog. i, 316-17).

Edition: current; Page: [861]

§ 199.

Bushmen (Chap. ii, 436)

—Africans (Liv. “Miss. Trav.” 271)

—Congo (Tuck. 380; Bas. “Af. R.” 144)

—Niger (Lander, R. & J., iii, 79)

—Bechuana (Thompson, i, 171)

—Fulahs (Barth ii, 429)

—Khond (Camp. 220)

—Nicobarians (As. S. B. xv, 349)

—Fijians (Ersk. 246)

—Arru (Wal. “Malay,” ii, 263)

—Dyaks (Low, 224, 247)

—Mexican (Men. 81)

—South America (Hum. ii, 473)

—Wanikas (Krapf, 168)

—Sandwich Islands (Ell. “Hawaii,” 104)

—Mexicans (Nouv. 1843, iii, 140)

—Chibchas (Fern. 155).

§ 200.

Thlinkeets (Ban. i, 94)

—Mosquitoes (Pim, 305-6)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxv, pt. ii, 2)

—Kamschadales (Kotz. ii, 12)

—Rude Nations (Nilsson, 211, 176)

—Tupis (South. i, 227)

—Scandinavia (Heims. passim)

—Greeks (ref. lost)

—Hebrew (Genesis, vi, 2).

§ 201.

Fijians (Will., T., i, 233, 218, 236, 21)

—Greeks (Hom. “Iliad” and “Odyssey,” Buckley, passim).

§ 202.

Fijians (See. 401)

—Semitic (Palg., W. G., i, 33)

—Arabs (Bak. 130)

—Shaddai (Kuenen, i, 271)

—Tiglath-Pileser (Roy. A. S.—)

—Abraham (Gonesis, xvii, 8, 7, 14; xviii, 2, 3, 5, 12).

§ 203.

Eesa (Burt. “East Af.” 51)

—Hottentots (Mof. 258)

—Santal (Hun. i, 181)

—Egyptians (Ren. 85-6)

—Quiché (Ban.—)

—Vedic (Muir, passim)

—Buddha (ref. lost)

—Egyptian (Wilk. ii, 487)

—Arcadian (ref. lost).

§ 207.

Mexico (Lop. de Gom. 350)

—Angola (Liv. “Miss Trav.” 440).

§ 218.

Sponge (Hux. 16)

—Myriothela & Blood-corpuscles (Brit. Ass. 10, 9).

§ 226.

Andamanese (Mouat, 300)

—Bushmen (Licht. ii, 194)

—Comanches (School. i, 260; Eth. S. “Journal,” ii, 267)

—Dakotahs (Burt. “Saints,” 116; Cat. “N.A. Indians,” i, 209)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, 130)

—Africa (Liv.—)

—Ashantee (Beech. 86)

—Egypt (Masp. “Histoire,” 18).

§ 228.

Cayaguas (South. ii, 373)

—Patagonians (Fitz. ii, 166)

—Chinooks (Ross, “Oregon,” 92)

—Beluchi (Eth. S. “Journal,” 1848, i, 112)

—Gold Coast (Beech. 136)

—Felatahs (Den. ii, 94).

§ 230.

Tanna (Tur. “Nineteen Years,” 89)

—Fiji (Will., T., i, 229)

—Sandwich Isdrs. (Ell. “Hawaii,” 118)

—New Zealanders (Thoms., A.S., i. 116)

—Kaffirs (Back. 230)

Mexico (Clav. i, 272).

§ 232.

Fuegians (Fitz. ii, 186)

—Shasta (Ban. i, 343)

—Coast Negroes (Winter. i, 89)

—Peru (Pres. “Peru,” i, 138)

—Mexicans (Clav. i, 338)

—Roman (Palg., F., “Eng. Com.” pt. i, 332)

—English (Kem. ii. 340; Bren. cxxix-xxx).

§ 236.

Mexicans (Zur. 183)

—Peru (Pres. “Peru,” i, 138).

§ 241.

Fiji Is. (Ersk. 457)

—Samoa (Tur. “Nineteen Years,” 271)

—Loango (Pink. xvi, 560, 574)

—Ashantee (Beech. 148)

—Mexicans (Cortes, 59; Clav. i, 386)

—Peruvians (Gar. ii, 18).

§ 242.

Flanders (Hallam, “Mid. Ages,” iii, 324)

—English (Stubbs, “Const. Hist.” i. 130)

—France (Fust. 7).

§ 245.

Nagas (As. S. B. ix, pt. ii, 957)

—Bechuanas (Thomp. i, 214)

—Eastern Africa (Burt. “Cen. Af.” i, 335)

—Abyssinia (Parkyns, i, 213)

—Bechuanas (Burch. ii, 306-7)

—East African (Burt. “Cen. Af.” i, 335)

—Dahomey (Burt. “Dahomé,” ii, 248; i, 280)

—Ashantee (Beech. 132)

—London (Beck. ii, 29-30)

—Henry VIII (Smiles, i, 159)

—London (Smiles, i, 204)

—North-England (Smiles, i, 160).

§ 246.

Sandwich Isldrs. (Ell. “Hawaii,” 296)

—Fijians (Will., T., i, 93)

—Lower Niger (Allen, i, 398)

—Sansanding (Park, ii, 273-4)

—Batta (Mars. 379)

—Madagascar (Ell. “History,” i, 332)

—Chibchas (Sim. 257)

—Mexico (Clav. i, 385; Saha. i, 29).

§ 250.

Esquimaux (Hearne, 161)

—Abors (As. S. B. xiv, pt. i, 426)

—Arafuras (Kolff, 161)

—Todas (Marsh. 41-45; Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. vii, 241)

—Bodo and Dhimáls (As. S. B. xviii, pt. ii, 745-6; Hodg. 156-60)

—Lepchas (Hooker, i, 129; Eth. S. “Journal,” i, 150-1)

—Caribs (Edw. i, 49; Hum. iii, 89)

—Creeks (School. v, 279)

—Tasmanians (Bon. 81)

—Kamschadales (Kotz. ii, 13; Krash. 175)

—Patagonians (Falk. 123)

—Samoa (Tur. “Nineteen Years,” 287, 291)

—Kirghiz (Michell, 278-9)

—Niamniams (Schwein. ii, 22)

—Ashantee (Beech. 96)

—Fiji (Ersk. 464).

§ 251.

Sandwich Isdrs. (Ell. “Hawaii,” 392)

—Tahiti (Forst. 355; Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 366-67) Edition: current; Page: [862]

—Koossas (Licht. i, 286)

—Ashantee (Cruic. ii, 242)

—Araucanians (Alçedo, i, 405).

§ 252.

Sandwich Is. (Ell. “Hawaii,” 402)

—Tahitian (Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 363)

—Samoa (Tur “Nineteen Years,” 284)

—Beetjuans (Licht. ii, 329 and 298)

—Bachapin (Burch. ii, 431)

—Koossas (Licht. i, 286)

—Zulus (Arb. 140)

—Dahomey (Dalz. 121; Burt. “Dahomé,” i, 53, 276)

—William (Stubbs, “Select Charters,” 16-17).

§ 253.

Fuegians (Dar. iii, 238)

—Tasmanians (Bon. 21)

—Tannese (Tur. “Nineteen Years,” 326)

—Fijians (Wilkes, iii, 332)

—New Zealanders (Thoms., A. S., i, 77)

—Mexicans (Clav. i, 345)

—Peruvians (Gar. ii, 119-20)

—Persians (Herod. iv, 344)

—Elizabeth—Cromwell (Smiles, i, 185).

§ 254.

Mandans (Lew. and Cl. 113)

—Comanches (Marcy, 29)

—Kookies (As. S. B. xxiv, 635)

—Santals (Hun. i, 217)

—New Zealand (Ang. ii, 50)

—Sandwich Isdrs. (Ell. “Hawaii,” 292)

—Tonga (Wilkes, iii, 22)

—Kadayans (St. John, S., ii, 269)

—Celebes (Wal. “Malay,” i, 387)

—East Africa (Burt. “Cen. Af.” ii, 365)

—Inland Negroes (Allen, i, 321)

—San Salvador (Pala. 83)

—Mundurucús (Bates, 274)

—Patagonians (Wilkes, i, 115)

—Sakarran (Low, 184)

—Dahomans (Burt. “Dahomé,” i, 52)

—Guatemala (Xim. 203)

—Mexico (Zur. 56-7)

—France (Levas. i, 167; Bourq. ii, 208-9)

—English (Lap. ii, 352-3 and ii, 355-6; Hallam, “Con. Hist.” ch. viii; Macaulay, i, 416).

§ 259.

Zulus (Shooter, 268; Gard. 34)

—Fijians (Ersk. 431)

—Mexico (Clav. i, 342)

—Fiji (Will., T., i, 32)

—Madagascar (Ell. “History,” i, 346-9)

—Dahomans (Burt. “Dahomé,” i, 220)

—Ashantee (Bas. “Mensch,” ii, 333)

—Mexico (Saha. iii, 1, &c.)

—Peru (Gar. i, 143)

—Fijians (Will., T., i,, 208)

—Dahomey (Burt. “Dahomé,” ii, 19, 167)

—Mexicans (Herr. iv, 213)

—Peru (Yncas, 54-6)

—Peru (Gar. i, 132)

—Mexico (Clav. i, 271)

—Fijians (Ersk. 250)

—Tahiti (Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 208; Hawk. ii, 240)

—Mexico (Clav. i, 270; Saha. i, 277)

—Peru (Gar. i, 132)

—Ancient Peruvians (Gar. ii, 34)

—Madagascar (Ell. “History,” i, 197)

—Peru (Gar. ii, 34)

—Egyptians (Wilk. i, 299)

—Fiji (Will., T., i, 30)

—Peruvians (Gar. ii, 113)

—Persians (ref. lost).

§ 260.

Arafuras (Kolff, 161)

—Todas (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. vii, 239, 241)

—Bodo & Dhimáls (As. S. B. xviii, pt. ii, 741)

—Mishmis (As. S. B. xiv, pt. ii, 491, and vi, 332)

—Pueblos (Ban. i, 536, 546)

—Samoa (Tur. “Nineteen Years,” 287)

—Phœnicia (Ezekiel, xxviii, 3, 4, 5).

§ 265.

Rechabite (Jeremiah, xxxv, 7)

—Nabatæan (Robert. xxiii)

—Hill Tribes (As. S. B. xv, 65)

—Africa (ref. lost)

—Equatorial Africa (Reade, 535)

—Bechuanas (Thomp. i, 344).

§ 269.

States (Plato, iii, 432; Hobbes, iii, ix-x).

§ 277.

Offspring,* note (Fisko, “Outlines,” ii, 342-3).

§ 278.

Chippewayans (Hearne, 104)

—Slave Indian (Hooper, 303)

—Bushmen (Licht. ii, 48)

—Queensland Australians (“Times,” July 21, 1875)

—Dogrib (Lub. “Prehistoric,” 533)

—Queensland Australians (“Times,” July 21, 1875)

—Australians (Mit. i, 307).

§ 279.

Bushmen (Spar. i, 357)

—Chippewas (Keat. ii, 157)

—Esquimaux (Hall, ii, 312)

—Aleuts (Ban. i, 92)

—Arawâks (Brett, 101)

—Veddahs (Ten. ii, 441)

—Lower Californians (Ban. i, 565)

—Todas (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. vii, 243)

—Port Dory (Earl, “Papuans,” 85)

—Navajos (Ban. i, 512)

—Chippewayans (Hearne, 313)

—Pericúi (Ban. i, 565)

—Tupis (South. i, 24)

—Tasmanians (Bon.—)

—Kasias (As. S. B. xiii, pt. ii, 624)

—New Zealand (Thoms., A. S. i, 178)

—Tahiti (Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, 338)

—Nicaraguans (Herr. iii, 340-41).

§ 280.

Cumana (Herr. iii, 304)

—Esquimaux, &c. (Lub. “Origin,” 126)

—Bushmen (Licht. ii, 48)

—Greenland Esquimaux (Lub. “Origin,” 531)

—Benguela (Bas. “Mensch,” iii, 321)

—Mexicans (Herr. iii, 340-41)

—Darien (Ban. i, 773)

—Andamanese (Lub. “Origin,” 105)

—Hassanyeh (Peth. 140-4)

—Chibchas (Sim. 255)

—Columbians (Ban. i, 277)

—Modocs (Ban. i, 350)

—Abeokuta (Burt. “Abeokuta,” i, 211)

—Zambesi (Liv.—)

—Veddahs (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. ii, 293).

§ 281.

Chippewayans (Hearne, 130)

—Kadiaks (Ban. i, 81)

—Karens (As. S. B. vii, 856)

—Africa Edition: current; Page: [863] (Bas. “Mensch,” iii, 293)

—Panuchese (Clav. i, 319)

—Cali (Fern. 113)

—New Spain (Torq. ii, 420)

—Peru (Gar. ii, 308)

—Sandwich Isdrs. (Ell. “Hawaii,” 414)

—Malagasy (Drur. 247)

—Egypt (Wilk. iii, 119)

—Scandinavian (Heims. i, 219)

—Veddahs (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. ii, 294).

§ 282.

Veddahs (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. ii, 293)

—Aleutian (Cook, —)

—Thlinkeet (Ban. i, 110, 114)

—Bachapins (Burch. ii, 552-4)

—Tahitians (Cook, —)

—Fijians (Ersk. 255)

—Koniagas (Ban. i, 81)

—Cumana (Herr. iii, 304)

—Peruvians (Piz. 379)

—Chibchas (Sim. 255).

§ 284.

Primitive Marriage (McLen. “Prim. Marr.” pref. v, and pp. 48, note; 165, 138, 289, 140, 76, 159, 226, 138, 243-4, 245).

§ 285.

Primitive Marriage (McLen. “Prim. Marr.” 138, 145, 147-8, 47-8, 144-5, 148-50, 118, 145, 53-4, 136)

—Fuegians (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. i, 266)

—Tasmanians (Tas. “Jour.” i, 252; Lloyd, 44-5)

—Australians (Mit. i, 133; “Times,” July 21, 1875)

—Dakotahs (Burt. “Saints,” 142)

—Caribs (Hum. ii, 455)

—Esquimaux (Eth. S. “Journal,” i, 147)

—Todas (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. vii, 240)

—Comanches (School. v, 683)

—New Zealanders (Thoms., A. S., i, 176)

—Fuegians (Fitz. ii, 182; Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. i, 266)

—Caribs (Hum. ii, 455-6)

—Esquimaux (Eth. S. “Journal,” i, 147)

—Waraus (Brett, 178)

—Hottentots (Pink. xvi, 141).

§ 286.

Wife-stealing (McLen. “Prim.” 138).

§ 287.

Exogamy (McLen. “Prim. Marr.” 289)

—Samoa (Tur. “Nineteen Years,” 320)

—Australian (Mit. i, 330)

—Caribs (Angl. 6)

—Mahués (Hern. 319)

—Passés (Bates, 343)

—Dyak (Boyle, 170)

—Apachés (Ban. i, 498).

§ 288.

Esquimaux (Crantz, i, 146)

—Bushmen (Burch. ii, 59)

—Arabs (Burck. i, 263-5)

—Muzos (Fern. 287)

—Sumatran (Mars. 269)

—Mapuchés (Smith, E. R., 215)

—Kamschadale (Krash. 212-3)

—Fuegians (Fitz. ii, 182)

—Araucanians (Smith, E. R., 216)

—Gaúdors (Eth. S. “Journal,” iv, 171)

—Gonds (Jub. pt. i, 6)

—Mapuchés (Smith, E. R., 217-8).

§ 289.

Mangaia* note (Gill, 47).

§ 290.

Primitive Marriage (McLen. “Studies,” pref. v).

§ 291.

Haidahs (Ban. i, 169)

—Hill Tribes (ref. lost)

—Erulars (Hark. 92)

—Teehurs (Lub. “Origin,” 89)

—Andamanese (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. ii, 35)

—Mantras (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. iii, 80).

§ 292.

Communal Marriage (Lub. “Origin,” 89, 98)

—Kutchins, Badagas, Kurumbahs, Keriahs, &c. (Lub. “Origin,” 83-4)

—N. American (Lub. “Origin,” 84)

—Bushmen (Lub. “Origin,” 85)

—Teehurs (Lub. “Origin,” 89),

§ 294.

Andamanese (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. v, 45).

§ 297.

Fuegians (Fitz. ii, 182)

—Todas (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. vii, 240)

—Nairs (McLen. “Prim. Marr.” 184-5)

—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 571).

§ 298.

Aleutians (Bas. “Mensch,” iii, 299)

—Lancerota (Hum. i, 32)

—Kasias, &c. (McLen. “Prim. Marr.” 183)

—Ceylon (Ten. ii, 428)

—Avaroes, &c. (McLen. “Prim. Marr.” 195)

—Arabia Felix (Bas. “Mensch,” iii, 293)

—Hindu (Mül. “Hist.” 46)

—Ancient Britons (Cæsar. “De Bello,” bk. v. c. 14).

§ 299.

Todas (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. vii, 240)

—Tahiti (ref. lost).

§ 301.

Tibetan (Wils. 215-6, 215-6; Bogle, 123).

§ 302.

Polyandry (McLen. “Prim. Marr.” 245, 199, 203, 203-4)

—Thibet (Penna, 71)

—Haidahs (Ban. i, 169)

—Zulus (Arb. 138)

—Damaras (Ande. 176)

—Congo (Ast. iii, 254)

—Samoa (Tur. “Nineteen Years,” 190)

—Vera Paz (Xim. 207)

—New Zealanders (Thoms., A. S., i, 178)

—Mishmis (As. S. B. xiv, pt. ii, 488)

—Mexico (Torq. ii, 420)

—Egbas (Burt. “Abeokuta,” i, 208)

—Slave Coast (Bos. 346)

—Dahomey (Burt. “Dahomé,” i, 367).

§ 304.

Bushmen (Burch. ii, 60)

—Gonds (Foray. 148)

—Veddahs (Ten. ii, 441)

—Ostyaks (Lath. i, 457)

—Lifu (Tur. “Nineteen Years,” 401)

—Mandingoes (Park, i, 261)

—Damaras (Ande. 225)

—Yakout (Les. ii, 285)

—Haidahs (Ban. i, 169)

—Comanches (Ban. i, 512)

—Nuffi (Schön, 161)

—Fijian (Ersk. 254)

—Mishmee (Grif. 35)

—Koossas (Licht. i, 261)

—Java (Raf. i, 73)

—Sumatrans (Mars. 270)

—Mexico (Tern. i, 210-11)

—Honduras (Herr. iii, 367)

—Nicaragua (Ovi. p. iii, 37).

§ 305.

Apaché (Ban. i, 512)

—Mexico Edition: current; Page: [864] (Clav. i, 206)

—Madagascar (Ell. “History,” i, 168)

—East Africans (Burt. “Cen. Af.” ii, 332)

—Ashantee (Beech. 124)

—Germans (Tac. ch. xviii, p. 67)

—Merovingian (Montesq. i, 402)

—New Caledonia (Tur. “Nineteen Years,” 424)

—Mandingo (Cail. i, 349)

—Kaffirs (Shooter, 79)

—Chippewayans (Keat. ii, 155)

—Comanchés (Ban. i, 512)

—Makololo (Liv. —).

§ 307.

Kaffirs (Licht. i, 244)

—Damaras (Ande. 228)

—Koossa Kaffirs (Licht. i, 288)

—Chippewas (Keat. ii, 171)

—Ostyaks (Lath. i, 457)

—Egypt (Gor. 139)

—Madagascar (Ell. “History,” i, 168)

—Hebrews (Misch. 201)

—Battas (Mars. 381)

—Mishmi (As. Res. xvii, 374)

—Africa (Monteiro, i, 241)

—Hottentots, &c. (Lub. “Origin,” 72-3).

§ 308.

Australians (Mit. i, 134)

—Bushman (Bar. i, 232)

—Damara (Ande. 225)

—Fijian (Ersk. 254)

—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 571)

—Chibchas (Fern. 23)

—Hebrews (Deuteronomy, xxi, 10-14)

—Persians (Rawl., G., iv, 171)

—Peruvian (Gar. i, 310)

—Abyssinia (Bruce, iv, 463).

§ 310.

Hudson’s Bay and Copper Indians (Lub. “Origin,” 101-2)

—Bedouins (Burck. i, 112).

§ 311.

Land Dyaks (Low, 300).

§ 315.

Port Dory (Earl, “Papuans,” 81)

—Dyaks (Low, 195)

—Fuegians (Fitz. ii, 182)

—Todas (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. vii, 240)

—Esquimaux (Crantz, i, 147; Eth. S. “Journal,” i, 147)

—Caribs (Hum. ii, 455-6)

—Port Dory (Earl, “Papuans,” 81)

—Land Dyaks (Low, 300)

—Bodo and Dhimáls (As. S. B. xviii, pt. ii, 744)

—Iroquois (Morg. 324)

—Pueblos (Ban. i, 535-49)

—Dalrymple Island (Jukes, i, 164)

—Hill-Dyaks (Low, 290)

—Bodo & Dhimáls (Hodg. 156-60)

—Lepcha (Eth. S. “Journal,” N.S. i, 152)

—Pueblo (Ban. i, 546)

—Fijians (Will., T., i, 26)

—Ashanti (Beech. 122, 124)

—Dahomey (Bas. “Mensch,” iii, 302)

—Peruvians (Gur. i, 309)

—Mexicans (Clav. i, 206, 322)

—Chibchas (Sim. 254)

—Nicaraguans (Ovi. pt. iii, 37)

—Carolingian (Bouquet, xi, 88)

—Toulouse (Kœnigs. 68).

§ 317.

Error, &c. (Maine, “An. Law,” 121; Maine, “Ear. Inst.” 118)

—Rudiments (Maine, “An. Law,” 120)

—Obedience (Maine, “An. Law,” 136)

—Mantra (ref. lost)

—Carib (Edw. i, 42)

—Mapuché (Smith, E. R., 231)

—Brazilian (Bates, 169)

—Gallinomeros (Ban. i, 390)

—Shoshones (Ban. i, 437)

—Navajos (Ban. i, 507-8)

—Californians (Ban. i, 413, 566)

—Comanches (Ban. i, 514)

—Bedouin (Burck. i, 355)

—Ancient Societies (Maine, “An. Law,” 128-9)

—Commonwealth (Maine, “An. Law,” 128)

—Creeks (School. v, 498; v, 262; i, 275)

—Iroquois (Hind, ii, 147)

—Kutchins (Ban. i, 132)

—Creeks (School. v, 273).

§ 318.

Infancy of Society (Maine, “An. Law,” 130, 124-5)

—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 346)

—Tongans (Ersk. 158)

—Chibchas (Fern. 23)

—Iroquois (Hind, ii, 147-8; Morg. 84, 62, 71, 184, 314, 313)

—Coast Negroes (Bos. 203; Cruic. ii, 280)

—Congo (Pink. xvi, 571)

—Sumatrans (Mars. 376)

—Family-Corporate, &c. (Maine, “An. Law,” 183-4, 124)

—Patria Potestas (Maine, “An. Law,” 138, 141)

—Tinneh (Ban. i, 136)

—Tutelage (Maine, “An. Law,” 152-3)

—Kocch (As. S. B. xviii, pt. ii, 708, 707)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, 142)

—Khasias (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. vii, 308)

—Sea Dyaks (St. John, S., i, 57; Brooke, i, 97)

—Aleutian (Ban. i, 92)

—Nootkas (Ban. i, 197)

—Spokanes (Ban. i, 277)

—Iroquois (Morg. 84, 326)

—Pueblos (Ban. i, 545)

—Timbuctoo (Sha. 18)

—Yellala (Tuck, 180).

§ 319.

Comanches (Marcy, 20)

—Hottentots (Kol. i, 300-1)

—Kaffirs (Shooter, 97-8)

—Peruvians (Lop. de Gom. 234)

—Coast Negroes (Bos. 203)

—Dahomey (Forb. i, 27)

—Biology (Maine, “Early Inst.” 118).

§ 320.

Patriarchal family (Maine, “Early Inst.” 311, 99-100)

—Bulgarians (ref. lost).

—Disintegration (ref. lost).

—Sclavonic (Evans, 55).

§ 321.

Children (“Times,” Feb. 28, 1877).

§ 324.

Puttooahs (As S. B. xxv, 296)

—Corea (Gutz. i, 176)

—Kirghiz (Wood, 214)

—Dyak (Brooke, i, 131)

—African (Reade, 366-9).

§ 325.

Fuegians (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. i, 264)

—Australians (Mit. ii, 346)

—Haidahs (Ban. i, 167)

—Chippewayan (Hearne, 55)

—Kaffir (Shooter, 84)

—Chibchas (Sim. 253)

—Mondon (Cat. ‘N. A. Indians,” i, 120)

—Yucatanese (Nouv. 1843, i, 46)

—East Edition: current; Page: [865] Africa (Burt. “Cen. Af.” ii, 332)

—Mapuchés (Smith, E. R., 218).

§ 326.

Tasinanians (Bon. 55)

—Fuegians (Fitz. ii, 185-6)

—Andamanese (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. ii, 36)

—Australians (Mit. i, 307)

—Chippewayans (Hearne, 90)

—Comanches (School. i, 236)

—Esquimaux (Crantz, i. 154)

—Tasmanian (Bon. 55)

—Damara (Gal. 197)

—Tupis (South. i, 250)

—South Brazil (Spix, ii, 246)

—Abipones (Dob. ii, 118)

—Bechuanas (Burch. ii, 564)

—Kaffirs (Licht. i, 266)

—Damaras (Gal. 157)

—Outanatas (Earl, “Papuans,” 51)

—Coroados (Spix, ii, 259)

—Samoa (Tur. “Nineteen Years,” 196)

—Java (Raf. i, 353)

—Angola (Ast. iii, 276)

—Peru (Cieza, 167)

—Abyssinia (Bruce, iv, 474)

—Arabs (Peth. 136)

—Dahomans (Forb. i, 23)

—Chippewayans (School. v, 176)

—Clatsops (Lew. & Cl. 441)

—Cueba (Ban. i, 764)

—Dahomey (Burt. “Dahomé,” ii, 72 note)

—Gonds (Forsy. 148)

—Peru (Herr. iv, 342)

—Central America (Juar. 192).

§ 327.

Todas (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. vii, 242)

—Bodo & Dhimáls (As. S. B. xviii, pt. ii, 744)

—Dyaks (St. John, S., i, 55; Brooke, ii, 101)

—Pueblos (Ban. i, 547, 549)

—Fijians (Wilkes, iii, 77; Ersk. 248; See. 237)

—Samoans (Tur. “Nineteen Years,” 280-4, 261, 264, 322, 190)

—Iroquois (Heriot, 331)

—Egyptians (Ebers, 308)

—Roman (Mom. i, 71).

§ 328.

Mediæval Europe (Maine, “Ear. Inst.” 337)

—Napoleon (Leg. 171)

—France (Ségur, i, 391-2)

—China (Gutz. i, 294 et seq.; i, 493-4)

—Japan (Alcock, ii, 143).

§ 329.

Lapps,* note (Will., W. M., 162-3).

§ 330.

Andaman (Mouat, 295)

—Fuegians (Eth. S. “Trans.” N.S. i, 262)

—Australians (Stuart, “Central Austr.” ii, 137; Eyre. i, 89; Ang. i, 73)

—Sound Indians (Ban. i, 218)

—Pi-Edes (Ban. i, 436)

—Macusi (Schom. ii, 315)

—Prairie Tribes (Cat. “N. A. Indians,” i, 217)

—Hudson’s Bay (Heriot, 535)

—Assiniboine (Kane, 139).

§ 331.

Chechemecas (Nouv. 1843, ii, 147)

—Panches (Fern. 11)

—Persian (Herod. i, 277)

—Hebrews (Ecclesiasticus, ch. xxx, v. 6)

—Brantôme (Peign. I, 296)

—Chinese (Mas, i, 52).

§ 332.

Fijians (Will., T., i, 181; Ersk. 201)

—Chechemecas (Ban. i, 632)

—Mexicans (Clav. i, 331)

—Peru (Gar. ii, 207)

—Bodo & Dhimáls (As. S. B. xviii, pt. ii, 744, 719; Hodg. 160; As. S. B. xviii, pt. ii, 708; Hodg. 160)

—Dyaks (Brooke, ii, 337)

—Samoans (Tur. “Nineteen Years,” 175, 188)

—Tannese (Tur. “Nineteen Years,” 87)

—Pueblos (Ban. i, 538, 547).

§ 333.

China (Gutz. i, 493-4-5; Du H. i, 278, 318)

—Japanese (Mitford, i, 58; Alcock, ii, 242, 251)

—Semites (ii Kings, iv, 1; Job, xxiv, 9; Exodus, xxi, 7; Ecclesiasticus, xxx)

—Romans (Mom. i, 64).

§ 334.

Celts (Cæsar, “de Bello,” bk. vi, ch. 18)

—Merovingian (Pard. 455)

—French (Taine, 174-5; Ségur, i, 376)

—Fifteenth Century (Wright, 381-2)

—Seventeenth Century (Craik, ii, 884-5).

§ 336.

East Africans (Burt. “Cen. Af.” ii, 333).

§ 337.

France (Kœnigs. 253; Thier. i, 49).

§ 339.

Patagonian (Falk. 126).

§ 342.

Mexicans (Torq. ii, 184-6)

—Koossa-Kaffirs (Licht. i, 260).

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Cat.	Catlin (G.) Illustrations of the North American Indians, with letters and notes. Lond. 1876, 2 vols. 8vo.
Cat.	—— Last rambles amongst the Indians. Lond. 1868, sm. 8vo.
Cat.	—— North and South American Indians: Catalogue of Catlin’s Indian cartoons. New York, 1871, 8vo.
Caus.	Caussin de Perceval (A. P.) Historie des Arabes avant l’Islamisme. Paris, 1847-9, 3 vols. 8vo.
Chap.	Chapman (J.) Travels in the interior of South Africa. Lond. 1868, 2 vols. 8vo.
Cher.	Cheruel (A.) Dictionnaire historique de la France. Paris, 1855, 2 vols. sm. 8vo.
Cheyne	Cheyne (Rev. T. K.) The Book of Isaiah chronologically arranged. Lond. 1870, sm. 8vo.
Cheyne	—— The prophecies of Isaiah. 2nd ed. Lond. 1882, 2 vols. 8vo.
Cieza	Cieza de Leon (P. de) Travels: ad 1532-50 (Hakluyt Soc. vol. 33). Lond. 1864, 8vo.
Clav.	Clavigero (F. S.) The history of Mexico. Trans. Lond. 1787, 2 vols. 4to.
Coch.	Cochrane (Capt. J. D.) Pedestrian journey through Russia and Siberian Tartary. Lond. 1825, 2 vols. sm. 8vo.
Cook	Cook (Capt. J.) Second voyage. Lond. 1777-8, 4 vols. 4to.
Cook	—— Third and last voyage. Lond. 1784, 3 vols. 4to.
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Cortes	Cortes (H.) Despatches [1520 etc.]. Trans. New York, 1843, 8vo.
Cox	Cox (Rev. Sir G. W.) Mythology of the Aryan nations. Lond. 1870, 2 vols. 8vo.
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It is worth noting that drainage increases what we may figuratively call terrestrial respiration; and that on terrestrial respiration the lives of land-plants, and therefore of land-animals, and therefore of men, depend. Every change of atmospheric pressure produces exits or entrances of the air into all the interstices of the soil. The depth to which these irregular inspirations and expirations reach, is increased by freedom from water; since interstices occupied by water cannot be filled by air. Thus those chemical decompositions effected by the air that is renewed with every fall and rise of the barometer, are extended to a greater depth by drainage; and the plant-life depending on such decompositions is facilitated.

It should be remarked as a qualifying fact, which has its physiological, as well as its sociological, interest, that men and women are in sundry cases described as unlike in powers of application. Among the Bhils, while the men hate labour, many of the women are said to be industrious. Among the Kookies the women are “quite as industrious and indefatigable as the Naga women:” the men of both tribes being inclined to be lazy. Similarly in Africa. In Loango, though the men are inert, the women “give themselves up to” husbandry “with indefatigable ardour;” and our recent experiences on the Gold-Coast show that a like contrast holds there. The establishment of this difference seems to imply the limitation of heredity by sex.

Let me here give an instance of the way in which facts of this kind may affect men’s beliefs. In his Two Years in a Levantine Family, Mr. St. John, commenting on the extreme credulity of the Egyptians, names, in illustration, a report which was spread and widely credited that certain villagers had been turned into stones. Belief of this report seems, to us, astonishing; but it seems less astonishing when all the circumstances are known. Not many miles from Cairo there exists an extensive silicified forest—stumps and prone trunks in great numbers. If trees can be turned into stones, why not men? To the unscientific, one event looks just as likely as the other.

The reader who is surprised to find in the succeeding chapters so much space devoted to the genesis of those “superstitions,” as we call them, which constitute the primitive man’s Theory of Things, will get a clue on turning to the first part of my Essay on “Manners and Fashion,” originally published in 1854 (see Essays, &c., Vol. I). The conception, there briefly indicated, of the way in which social organization is affected by the way in which his emotions are guided by his beliefs, I have been, since that date, slowly developing; and the following chapters present it in a complete form. Beyond publishing an article on “The Origin of Animal-Worship” in May, 1870, I have, in the meantime, done nothing towards setting forth these developed views; other subjects having had prior claims.

Not long after the above passage was published I met with a good illustration of the way in which such ideas are indirectly suggested to children by remarks made, and then ascribed to them as original; and, strange to say, this illustration was furnished by the mistaken interpretation put by a distinguished psychologist, M. Taine, on his own child’s question. In the Revue Philosophique for January, 1876, p. 14, he wrote:—

“Un soir (trois ans) comme elle s’enquérait de la lune, on lui dit qu’elle est allée se coucher, et là-dessus elle reprend: ‘Où donc est la bonne de la lune?’ Tout ceci ressemble fort aux émotions et aux conjectures des peuples enfants, à leur admiration vive et profonde en face des grandes choses naturelles, à la puissance qu’exercent sur eux l’analogie, le langage et la métaphore pour les conduire aux mythes solaires, lunaires, etc. Admettez qu’un pareil état d’esprit soit universel à une époque; on devine tout de suite les cultes et les légendes qui se formeraient. Ce sont celles des Védas, de l’Edda, et même d’Homère.”

Now, it needs but to observe that the child had been told that the moon was going to bed to see that, by implication, life had already been ascribed to the moon. The thought obviously was—If the moon goes to bed it must have a nurse, as I have a nurse when I go to bed, and the moon must be alive as I am.

We have here a clue to the anomalous fact that, in sundry of these African kingdoms, everything is given over to plunder and murder after a king’s death. The case of Ashantee, where the relatives of the king commit the destruction, shows us that it is all a sequence of the supposed duty to go and serve the king in another life.

A confirmation has been pointed out to me since the above passage was put in type. If with the primitive Hebrew practice of cave-burial (shown by Abraham’s purchase) we join the fact that Sheol literally means “cave;” we may infer that along with development of the ghost into a permanently-existing soul, there went development of the cave into an under-world.

While this is in the press, I find in the oldest of all known legends, the Babylonian account of the flood, evidence that heaven, as then conceived, was the territory whence the conquering race came. The residence of the gods, to which Xisithrus is translated for his piety, is “on the Persian Gulf, near the mouth of the Euphrates;” and Mr. G. Smith points out that this was the sacred region whence came the beings who taught the Babylonians the arts, and were worshipped by them. [The expression “while this is in the press,” does not refer to this edition. This note was added in the first edition.]

A belief of the ancient Mexicans illustrates this notion that beings living where the clouds gather, are the causers of them. “Tlaloc, otherwise Tlalocateuctli (Master of Paradise), was the god of water. They called him fertilizer of the earth, . . . he resided upon the highest mountains, where the clouds are generally formed. . . . The ancients also believed that in all the high mountains there resided other gods, subaltern to Tlaloc. They . . . were revered not only as gods of water, but also as the gods of mountains.”—Clavigero, I. 251-2.

Such a conception, once evolved, need not be restricted to the original locality. Storms bursting in the sky far from this mountain stronghold, would be taken as evidence that the thunderer had access to other parts of the heavens; and hence when the race migrated, this heaven-god, proved by the occurrence of storms to have accompanied them, would be eventually localized on other mountains whence the storm commonly came.

At the time this was written, I had met with no fact supporting this inference; but the work of Mr. Bancroft on The Native Races of the Pacific States, has since furnished me with one:—

“Leaving this locality and subject, I may remark, that the natives have named the Póhono Fall, in the same valley, after an evil spirit; many persons having been swept over and dashed to pieces there. No native of the vicinity will so much as point at this fall when going through the valley, nor could anything tempt one of them to sleep near it; for the ghosts of the drowned are tossing in its spray, and their wail is heard forever above the hiss of its rushing waters.” —See vol. iii, p. 126.

Just after this was written, there came to me a striking verification of the inference drawn in it. In a letter of thanks to Mr. Bancroft, for the first volume of his Native Races of the Pacific States, having implied that I greatly valued, for my own purposes, his laborious compilation, Mr. Bancroft was so obliging as to send me forthwith the proofs of large parts of the remaining volumes. In those of Vol. III, a paragraph on p. 147 describes the initiation of a shamán among the Thlinkeets. Going to the woods, and feeding for some weeks “only on the roots of the panax-horridum,” he waits till “the chief of the spirits” [who is an ancestral shamán] sends him “a river-otter, in the tongue of which animal is supposed to be hid the whole power and secret of shamánism. . . . If, however, the spirits will not visit the would-be shamán, nor give him any opportunity to get the otter-tongue as described above, the neophyte visits the tomb of a dead shamán and keeps an awful vigil over night, holding in his living mouth a finger of the dead man or one of his teeth; this constrains the spirits very powerfully to send the necessary otter.”

Here, more fitly than elsewhere, I may point out that we thus get an explanation of amulets. Portions of dead men and dead animals, though not exclusively the things used for them, are the ordinary things. That which the sorcerer employs as an instrument of coercion, is, when a talisman, held as securing the good offices of the ghost, or as a protection against it. The custom, common among savages, of wearing about them bones of dead relatives, has probably this meaning; which, as we saw, was the avowed meaning of the Koniaga-whalers in keeping as charms bits of the flesh of a dead companion. This notion is implied in the fact that “an Ashantee sovereign carried the head of his predecessor with him to battle as a charm.” Races who are in danger from ferocious animals, often use as amulets the preservable parts of such animals. Of the Damaras, Andersson says that their amulets are generally the teeth of lions and hyænas, entrails of animals, etc.; and that the Namaqua-amulets consist “as usual of the teeth and claws of lions, hyænas, and other wild beasts; pieces of wood, bone, dried flesh and fat, roots of plants, etc.” Among the charms belonging to a Dyak medicine-man were—some teeth of alligators and honey bears, several boar’s tusks, chips of deer horn, tangles of coloured thread, claws of some animals, and odds and ends of European articles. Elsewhere the motive is specified. Enumerating the amulets of the Brazilian Indian, Spix and Martius name the “eye-teeth of ounces and monkeys;” and they say the Indian thinks his amulets, among other benefits, “will protect him against the attacks of wild beasts.”

Why such vast numbers of animals were slaughtered, is a question to which no answer seems forthcoming. Since the first edition of this work, however, I have come upon a clue. In the Rig Veda “there is a passage in which Vishnu is described as carrying away the broth made of a hundred buffaloes and a hog. Elsewhere it is said (vi, 17, 11) ‘For thee, Indra, whom all the Maruts in concert magnified, Pushan and Vishnu cooked a hundred buffaloes.’ ” Now observe the meaning of this. The Mahábhárata “describes a king named Rántideva, who used to slaughter daily two thousand head of cattle besides as many other animals, for use in his kitchen” to support his retinue and dependants.

Prof. Max Müller thinks (Hibbert Lectures, p. 85) that this statement will “surprise” those who remember that Herodotus says the Egyptians identified Osiris with Dionysus. Now considering that in Bk. II, Ch. 3, Herodotus premises that certain things “concerning their religion,” he will repeat “only when compelled to do so;” and considering that in identifying Osiris with Dionysus he was “compelled” to name both; this exception does not, I think, go for much. When I add that in Book II, Ch. 61, Herodotus describes the ceremonies at Busiris as being “in honour of a god, whose name a religious scruple forbids me to mention,” and that in Chs. 86, 132, 170, 171, Osiris is in like ways referred to as one not to be named; I think readers will be “surprised” that Prof. Max Müller should either have been unaware of these facts, or, being aware of them, should have referred to my statement as though it were baseless.

We here get a clue to the origin of various strange ceremonies by which men bind themselves to one another. Michelet, in his Origines du Droit Francais (II, 35), writes—“Boire le sang l’un de l’autre c’était pour ainsi dire se faire même chair. Ce symbole si expressif se trouve chez un grand nombre de peuples;” and he gives instances from various ancient races. But, as we here see this practice is not originally adopted as a symbol (no practices begin as symbols), but is prompted by the belief that a community of nature is thus established, and a community of power over one another. Obviously the exchange of names between savages results from an allied belief.

Bp. Callaway tells us that “Uthlanga is a reed, strictly speaking, one which is capable of ‘stooling,’ throwing out offsets;” and he thinks that it comes by virtue of this metaphor “to mean a source of being.” We shall hereafter find reason for thinking that the tradition originates in no such farfetched metaphor; but in a much simpler way.

While correcting this chapter, I have met with proof that the inadequately-differentiated ideas and words of primitive peoples, lead to confusions of this kind. In his Sanskrit Texts, Dr. Muir, showing the conceptions which the ancient Rishis had of the Vedic hymns as composed by themselves, groups together the various cases in which a word implying this composition is used. The several words thus used are “making,” “fabricating,” “begetting, or generating.” Now if in such a language as Sanscrit, these words are so imperfectly specialized as to be indiscriminately applied to the same act, we may well understand how incapable ruder languages must be of expressing a distinction between begetting, making, and creating.

The following illustrative passage has been translated for me:—“Roman Catholic peasants do not forget all the year round to care for the welfare of the souls of their dead. The crusts of the table are collected throughout the week, and on Saturday night are thrown into the hearth-fire; that they may serve as food for the souls during the following holy day. Any soup which drops on the table . . . is left to the poor souls. When a woman prepares the dough, she casts behind her a handful of flour, and throws a piece of dough into the furnace; when she bakes little cakes, she puts some fat into the pan and the first cake into the fire. Wood-cutters put little pieces of bread which have become too dry, upon the tree trunks: all for the poor souls. . . . When the time of All Souls is approaching, the same care for the deceased is shown more vividly. In every house a light is kept burning all night; the lamp is no longer filled with oil but with fat; a door, or at least a window, remains open,” and the supper is left on the table, even with some additions; “people go to bed earlier,—all to let the dear little angels enter without being disturbed. . . . Such is the custom of the peasants of the Tyrol, Old Bavaria, Upper Palatinate, and German Bohemia.”—Rochholz, Deutscher Glaube und Brauch, I, pp. 323-4.

Concerning the first of these passages, which is given as rendered in The Book of Isaiah (1870), Cheyne (p. 33) explains that gods are spirits of departed national heroes. [In The Prophecies of Isaiah (1882) he varies the translation; especially by changing gods into god—a rendering of elohim, which agrees with accepted ideas much better than it agrees with the context.] Concerning the second passage the Speaker’s Commentary says—“It is possible that elohim is here used in a general sense of a supernatural appearance, either angel or spirit.” And Kuenen remarks (I, p. 224): “There is no doubt that originally the higher beings, the objects of man’s fear (elóah), were indicated by it [the name elohîm], so that this name too avails as an argument in favour of a former plurality of gods.”

Since writing the above I have re-read Mr. M‘Lennan’s essay on Animal-worship, and in it find a fact which confirms my view. I have italicized the significant words:—“To support the superstition there are two articles in the treaty made and sanctioned by Her Britannic Majesty’s Consul for the Bight of Biafra and the Island of Fernando Po, on November 17, 1856, one of which runs thus:—‘Article 12. That long detention having heretofore occurred in trade, and much angry feeling having been excited in the natives from the destruction by white men, in their ignorance, of a certain species of boa-constrictor that visits the houses, and which is ju-ju, or sacred, to the Brassmen, it is hereby forbidden to all British subjects to harm or destroy any such snake.’ ”

As, originally, ghosts were indiscriminately spoken of as gods, demons, angels; and as the differentiation which eventually arose was naturally accompanied by specialized beliefs respecting these flying forms assumed by them; it seems not improbable that while from the owl with its feathered wings, living in the upper air, came the conception of the good spirit or angel, there came from the bat with its membranous wings, inhabiting underground places, the conception of the bad spirit or devil.

As a corollary from this group of beliefs, let me here add a possible explanation. Causing mental exaltation, Soma is described in the Vedic hymns as giving knowledge. We have the expressions—“Soma of incomparable wisdom;” “the ruddy Soma” has “the understanding of a sage;” “we have drunk the Soma, . . . we have entered into light.” By implication, then, the Soma is called, if not a “tree of knowledge,” still, a plant of knowledge. Further, the Soma is said to have given life to the gods; and the rejoicing statement of the rishis is—“We have drunk the Soma, we have become immortal.” As the source of an enlivening beverage the Soma is thus a “tree of life;” and how naturally such a notion results from the effect of a nervous stimulant, is shown to us by the calling alcohol eau de vie. Now with these facts join the fact, that where the supply of a valued commodity is small, a superior person naturally forbids consumption of it by inferiors—the conquered, slaves, subjects. Thus in Peru, the nervous stimulant coca, or cuca, was limited to the royal class: “only the Ynca and his relations, and some Curacas, to whom the Ynca extended this favour, were allowed to eat the herb called cuca.” We here discern a probable motive for interdicting the use of a plant from the fruit or juice of which a stimulant producing mental exaltation is obtained—a motive much more comprehensible than is the desire that subject beings should continue to confound good and evil. A certain ancient legend is thus rendered comprehensible. (Since this was written I find that the sacred tree of the Assyrians, figured in their sculptures, is considered by archæologists—having no hypothesis to justify—to represent the palm-tree; and with this identification we may join the fact that even still, in some regions, an intoxicating drink is made by fermenting palm-juice.)

This passage from Ellis’s Polynesian Researches, vol. iii, pp. 113, 114 (new edition), I commend to the attention of the mythologists. We are shown by it another way in which nature-worship may readily arise from ancestor-worship. As eulogies of a man after his death are apt to wax rather than wane, it is clear that this indirect glorification of a Tahitian king, surviving in legend, will yield evidence of his celestial nature; and when a king so lauded already has a complimentary name derived from anything in the heavens, these descriptions of his surroundings will join it in producing a nature-myth.

The later Babylonian beliefs of this class are implied by the following passage from Ménant’s translation of the great inscription of Nabuchadnezzar:—“Je suis Nabu-kudur-usur . . . le fils ainé de Nabu-pal-usur roi de Bab-Ilu, Moi!” “Le dieu Bel, lui-même, m’a créé, le dieu Marduk qui m’a engendré, a déposé lui-même le germe de ma vie dans le sein de ma mère.”

Dr. Tylor on two occasions (Mind, April, 1877, and Academy, Jan. 27, 1883) has blamed me for quoting from the Heimskringla: giving the reason that it is a work of the 13th century. Sir G. Dasent who, among Englishmen, is, I believe, second to none in knowledge of Norse literature, tells me that the Heimskringla is a good authority, and allows me to repeat his opinion. If folklore is to be disregarded because it is not quite 700 years since it was written down, and if versions of pagan legends narrated by Christians are not to be trusted as evidence (see Academy, as above), it strikes me that an antagonist might make light of a large proportion of Dr. Tylor’s own conclusions. I may add that the inference drawn above is not unsupported by other evidence. In the Volsung Tale, as given in the introduction to Sir G. Dasent’s Popular Tales from the Norse, Odin makes his appearance as an ill-clad wanderer, and performs feats of magic. Dr. Tylor apparently sees no meaning in correspondences which could not have been foreseen. Snorro Sturlaston knew nothing about the deification of medicine men and rulers in America and in Africa. Yet the traditions he records are paralleled in various respects by facts now found in these remote regions. Is this mere accident?

I have had brought to me from the locality, a photograph of Nicobar-idols, among which there are grotesque, and yet characteristic, figures of Englishmen.

Important additional facts and arguments, bearing directly and indirectly on this conclusion, will be found in the Appendices. Appendix A gives many further illustrations; Appendix B contains a criticism on the theory of the mythologists; and Appendix C a criticism on their method.

And since this was written the Afghan, Zulu, and Egyptian wars.

This emphatic repudiation of the belief that there is any special analogy between the social organism and the human organism, I have a motive for making. A rude outline of the general conception elaborated in the preceding eleven chapters, was published by me in the Westminster Review for January, 1860. In it I expressly rejected the conception of Plato and Hobbes, that there is a likeness between social organization and the organization of a man; saying that “there is no warrant whatever for assuming this.” Nevertheless, a criticism on the article in the Saturday Review, ascribed to me the idea which I had thus distinctly condemned.

This seems the fittest place for naming an important suggestion made by an American adherent of mine, late Lecturer on Philosophy at Harvard University, Mr. John Fiske, respecting the transition from the gregariousness of anthropoid creatures to the sociality of human beings, caused by the relations of parents to offspring. (See Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy, vol. ii, pp. 342-4.) Postulating the general law that in proportion as organisms are complex they evolve slowly, he infers that the prolongation of infancy which accompanied development of the less intelligent primates into the more intelligent ones, implied greater duration of parental care. Children, not so soon capable of providing for themselves, had to be longer nurtured by female parents, to some extent aided by male parents, individually or jointly; and hence resulted a bond holding together parents and offspring for longer periods, and tending to initiate the family. That this has been a co-operating factor in social evolution, is highly probable.

Primitive Marriage. By John F. M‘Lennan, Edinburgh, 1865; republished in Studies in Ancient History, London, 1876. As the editions are alike, the references continue, as originally made, to the first one.

After the above sentence was written, I came, by a happy coincidence, upon a verifying fact, in Life in the Southern Isles, by the Rev. W. W. Gill (p. 47). A man belonging to one of the tribes in Mangaia stole food from an adjacent tribe. This adjacent tribe avenged itself by destroying the houses, etc., of the thief’s tribe. Thereupon the thief’s tribe, angry because of the mischief thus brought on them, killed the thief. If this happened with a stealer of food, still more would it happen with a stealer of woman, when the tribe robbed was the more powerful.

I may add here a conclusive proof that avowed recognition of kinship in the female line only, by no means shows an unconsciousness of male kinship. This proof is furnished by that converse custom which some ancient Aryans had of recognizing relationship through males, and ignoring relationship through females. When Orestes, after killing his mother for murdering his father, was absolved on the ground urged by him, that a man is related to his father and not to his mother, undeniable evidence was given that an established doctrine of kinship may disregard a connexion which is obvious to all—more obvious than any other. And if it cannot be supposed that an actual unconsciousness of motherhood was associated with this system of exclusive kinship through males among the Greeks; then there is no warrant for the supposition that actual unconsciousness of fatherhood is associated with the system of exclusive kinship through females among savages.

It is proper to point out here that the name fraternal polyandry does not exactly represent the facts, and that in reality there exists no such institution. A polyandry strictly fraternal, would imply that the husbands had descended from a monogamic union; for only then could they be brothers in the full sense of the word. In a polyandric society the so-called brothers who become husbands of one wife, are descendants of one mother by fathers who were brothers on the maternal side, and something less than cousins on the paternal side. The so-called brothers are therefore something more than half-brothers. This qualification, however, does not negative the statement that the male blood of the children is known.

Now that the name polyandry has become current, it is needful to use polygyny as a name for the converse arrangement; and at first it would seem that polygyny implies monogyny as its proper correlative. But monogyny does not fully express the union of one man with one woman, in contradistinction to the unions of one woman with many men and one man with many women; since the feminine unity is alone indicated by it—not the masculine unity also. Hence monogamy, expressing the singleness of the marriage, may be fitly retained.

At page 17 of his Village Communities, he deliberately discredits the evidence—speaking of it as “the slippery testimony concerning savages which is gathered from travellers’ tales.” I am aware that in the eyes of most, antiquity gives sacredness to testimony; and that so, what were “travellers’ tales” when they were written in Roman days, have come, in our days, to be regarded as of higher authority than like tales written by recent or living travellers. I see, however, no reason to ascribe to the second-hand statements of Tacitus a trustworthiness which I do not ascribe to the first-hand statements of modern explorers; many of them scientifically educated—Barrow, Barth, Galton, Burton, Livingstone, Seeman, Darwin, Wallace, Humboldt, Burckhardt, and others too numerous to set down.

See Times, 28th Feb., 1877.

Since this chapter was written, I have met with a striking verification in the work of Mr. W. Mattieu Williams,—Through Norway with Ladies. He says, “there are no people in the world, however refined, among whom the relative position of man and woman is more favourable to the latter than among the Lapps.” After giving evidence from personal observation, he asks the reason saying:—“Is it because the men are not warriors? . . . They have no soldiers, fight no battles, either with outside foreigners, or between the various tribes and families among themselves. . . . In spite of their wretched huts, their dirty faces, their primitive clothing, their ignorance of literature, art, and science, they rank above us in the highest element of true civilization, the moral element; and all the military nations of the world may stand uncovered before them (pp. 162-3).

As included in the general theory of the adaptation of organic beings to their circumstances, this doctrine that the human mind, especially in its moral traits, is moulded by the social state, pervades Social Statics; and is especially insisted upon in the chapter entitled “General Considerations.”

How doubtful must be these interpretations may be judged from the following synonyms and homonyms for the Sun, taken from the Sanskrit Dictionary of Mr. Monier Williams. Sura—a god, divinity, deity, a symbolical expression for the number 33; a sage, learned man, the sun. Sûra—the sun; the Soma; a wise or learned man, teacher: a hero, king. Sūra—a hero, warrior, champion, valiant man, great or mighty man; a lion, a boar; the sun, N. pr. of certain plants and trees. Savitri—a generator; sun; epithet of Indra and Siva; a particular plant. Arka—a ray, flash of lightning, sun, fire, crystal, copper, N. of Indra and of a plant; membrum virile, hymn, singer, learned man, elder brother, food. Aryaman—a bosom friend, play-fellow, N. pr., sun, Asclepias plant. Vivasvat—N. pr. of the Sun, Aruna, and others. Sirākara—N. pr., a crow, the sunflower, sun. And there are several others. Though these are from a general Sanskrit Dictionary, and not from a Dictionary of Vedic Sanskrit, yet it must be admitted that the Vedic Sanskrit is as vague or vaguer, unless it be affirmed that languages become less specific as they develop.