Notes on the Text.

The Roundheads.

Dedication

p. 337 To The Right Noble Henry Fitz-Roy. The Dedicatory Epistle only appears in the two 4tos, 1682 and 1698.

p. 337, l. 31 Good Old Couse. ‘Couse’ to represent a Cockney pronunciation.

p. 338, l. 28 Ignoramus the 1st and the 2d. Mrs. Behn deftly compares the verdict of that faction which would have damned her play with the verdict given by the City jury who acquitted Shaftesbury.

Prologue

p. 341, l. 7 ycleped Hewson. 4to ‘Eclipsed Huson’.

Dramatis Personæ

p. 343 Dramatis Personæ. I have added, ‘Captain of the Prentices, Page to Lady Fleetwood, A Felt-maker, A Joyner, Doorkeeper, Two Clerks, Three Soldiers, Women Servants to Lady Lambert, Petitioners, Servants, Guards.’ The name of Lady Desbro’s Page, Tom, is supplied by Act iv, 1. For Sanctify’d Mobile, 1724 reads ‘Sanctify’d Mobility’.

Act I: Scene i

p. 344, l. 21 Push a Pike. 1724 ‘Push of Pike’.

p. 347, l. 3 Go out. 1724 ‘Goes out’.

p. 347, l. 11 the rest of the Soldiers. 1724 ‘the rest of Soldiers’.

p. 350, l. 14 Love, Wit and Beauty. 1724 prints these lines as prose.

p. 350, l. 17 A God! altho his outside. 4tos and 1724 print this speech as prose.

p. 350, l. 22 No, methought he grew. 1724 prints this speech as prose.

p. 351, l. 10 Ha, he’s yonder. 1724 prints this speech as prose.

p. 353, l. 16 Exeunt both. 1724 ‘exeunt’, 4tos ‘exit both’.

Act I: Scene ii

p. 353, l. 17 Scene II. A Chamber in Lambert’s House. 4tos ‘Scene a Chamber.’ 1724 ‘Scene. A Chamber.’ I have added ‘II’ and ‘in Lambert’s House.’

p. 354, l. 19 how have I show’d. 1724 misprints ‘how have show’d’.

p. 355, l. 28 the Lard’s handling. 1724 ‘the Lord’s’, 4tos ‘Lard’s’.

p. 356, l. 28 light on yu. 1724 ‘light on you’.

p. 358, l. 1 a brave Mon. 1724 ‘a brave Man’.

p. 358, l. 1 I may cooncel. 1724 ‘I may counsel’.

p. 358, l. 10 he’s a brave Mon, a Mon indeed, gen. 1724 ‘he’s a brave Mon indeed gen’.

Act II: Scene i

p. 359, l. 11 Scene I. A Chamber of State in Lambert’s House. I have added ‘in Lambert’s House’.

p. 360, l. 22 admit him tho’. 1724 omits ‘tho’’.

p. 360, l. 25 I shou’d say. 1724 misprints ‘I shou’d stay’.

p. 360, l. 27 these Heroicks are punctual men. 1724 omits ‘men’.

p. 361, l. 4 Walks away. 1724 omits this stage direction.

p. 361, l. 17 Some such trivial thing. 1724 ‘some such trifling thing’.

p. 365, l. 28 Verily we should live. 1724 ‘Verily ye should live’.

p. 366, l. 21 Write Panegyricks. 1724 prints these concluding four lines as prose. 4tos metrically.

p. 367, l. 2 Lambert will destroy all. 1724 ‘Lambert would destroy all’.

p. 368, l. 1 Or Mind embyass’d. 1724 ‘Embarass’d’.

p. 368, l. 12 Execrations. 1724 ‘Excrations’.

p. 368, l. 28 Cry mercy, Madam. 1724 omits ‘Madam’.

p. 368, l. 29 most lucky Minute. 1724 ‘most unlucky Minute’.

p. 370, l. 19 my Honourable Lord is busied. 1724 ‘has business’.

p. 370, l. 22 extemporary. 1724 ‘extempore’.

p. 373, l. 33 Old Oliver’s Brains. 1724 ‘Brain’.

Act III: Scene i

p. 374, l. 31 take ’em then for Archibald; ’tis. 1724 ‘take ’em then for Archibald? ’tis’.

p. 374, l. 32 warse. 1724 ‘worse’.

p. 376, l. 6 Hew. My Lord, I am sorry. 1724 ‘Hew. I am sorry’.

p. 377, l. 28 what stuff’s here. 1724 ‘what’s stuff’s here’.

p. 378, l. 4 Walter Walton. 1724 ‘Walter Walter’.

p. 378, l. 19 ever cam into lour, read ever came intol our. 1724 ‘ever came into’.

p. 378, l. 23 I’s larne. 1724 ‘I’s learn’.

p. 379, l. 14 se fast. 1724 ‘so fast’.

p. 380, l. 16 shoos in yar. 1724 ‘shoes’.

p. 380, l. 28 Malignant’s Estates. 1724 ‘Malignant Estates’.

p. 382, l. 36 she has danc’d after. 1724 ‘she has danc’d here after’.

Act III: Scene ii

p. 383, l. 31 Scene II. A Chamber in Lady Desbro’s House. 4tos and 1724 ‘Scene, a Chamber’.

p. 384, l. 7 Enter Tom. 4tos and 1724 ‘Enter Page’ with speech-prefix— ‘Pag.’ and ‘Exit Page’; but Act iv, 1, 4tos we have ‘Enter Page’ with speech-prefix ‘Tom’ and later in the same scene ‘Enter Tom Page’.

p. 384, l. 12 hear him preach. 1724 ‘here him preach’.

p. 385, l. 8 Beau - - ty. And later ‘fall - ing’ to mark the sanctimonious drawl. 1724 prints ‘Beauty’ and ‘falling’.

p. 388, ll. 8, 10 Exeunt. 4tos omit. 1724 omits ‘Ex. Ana.’

Act IV: Scene i

p. 388, l. 12 A Chamber in La. Desbro’s House. 4tos and 1724 ‘Chamber, Candles and Lights’.

p. 390, l. 33 gives us notice of. 1724 ‘gives us notice of it’.

p. 391, l. 29 come a Gad’s Name. 1724 ‘come in Gad’s Name’.

p. 392, l. 11 Nay, I say verily, nay. 1724 ‘I say verily, nay’.

p. 392, l. 17 the Lard hath given. 1724 ‘the Lard has given’.

p. 392, l. 22 Enter Tom. 1724 ‘Enter Page’, speech-prefix ‘Page’, and ‘Ex. Page’; 4tos ‘Enter Page’, speech-prefix ‘Tom’, ‘Ex. Tom Page’.

p. 392, l. 29 we have hitherto maintain’d. 1724 omits ‘hitherto’.

Act IV: Scene ii

p. 394, l. 6 A fine Chamber. I have added to 4tos and 1724 ‘in La. Lambert’s House’.

Act IV: Scene iii

p. 395, l. 8 A great Chamber. I have added to 4tos and 1724 ‘in Lambert’s House’.

p. 395, l. 26 I’s drink tol yar gued Fortune. 1724 ‘to yar gued Fortune’.

p. 396, l. 17 Ex. L. Lam. and Gill. I have added ‘and Gill’.

p. 396, l. 22 light your Flambeaus. 1724 ‘your Flambeau’.

p. 396, l. 30 when we real. 1724 ‘when we reel’.

p. 397, l. 8 o’er yar Liquer. 1724 ‘Liquor’.

p. 397, l. 15 I’s for a Horn-pipe. 1724 omits ‘for’.

p. 397, l. 24 Scotch Poond. 1724 ‘Pound’.

p. 397, l. 24 yar Song. 1724 ‘your Song’.

p. 398, l. 15 lead the Donce. 1724 ‘lead the Dance’.

Act IV: Scene iv

p. 399, l. 28 As well as to give. 1724 ‘As well as give’.

p. 399, l. 36 Kneels. 4to 1698 and 1724 omit this stage direction.

p. 400, l. 23 he puts it back. 4tos ‘he put it back’. 1724 ‘he puts it off’.

p. 401, l. 26 my Husband wou’d withdraw. 1724 ‘my Husband cou’d withdraw’.

p. 401, l. 32 He lies down along on the Couch. 1724 ‘He lies down on the Couch’.

Act V: Scene i

p. 405, l. 14 Scene I. A Street. 1724 ‘Scene I. Street’.

p. 407, l. 28 Viva le Roy, Viva le Monk! 4tos ‘Via la Roy, Via la Monk.’

p. 408, l. 23 Why, so there’s some trusting. 1724 omits ‘so’.

p. 408, l. 33 Viva the brave. 1724 ‘Vive the brave’.

p. 410, l. 9 Ana. gets a Sword, and fights too. 1724 ‘and fights ’em’.

Act V: Scene ii

p. 410, l. 10 Scene II. Changes to a Chamber in La. Lambert’s House. 4tos and 1724 ‘Scene changes to a Chamber’.

Act V: Scene iia

p. 411, l. 12 and I shall keep it. 1724 omits ‘I’.

p. 412, l. 22 L. Lam. Thou ly’st. 4tos and 1724 print this speech as prose, but it admits of metrical division.

p. 413, l. 9 Gog and Magog. 4tos ‘God and Magog’.

p. 415, l. 6 Morning and Evening Lectures. 4tos ‘Mornings and Evenings Lectures’.

p. 415, l. 23 Enter Page with Messenger. 1724 ‘Enter Page with Messengers’.

p. 415, l. 30 Where’s that brutal Courage. 1724 ‘the Brutal Courage’.

p. 416, l. 16 whose wise work was that? 1724 ‘whose wise work’s that?’

p. 416, l. 29 Wans, Sirs. 1724 ‘Wons, Sirs’.

p. 417, l. 5 ya’s ene. 1724 ‘ye’s ene’.

p. 417, l. 6 Mr. Leyer. 1724 ‘Mr. Lyar’.

p. 417, l. 12 makes ye look. 1724 ‘makes you look’.

p. 417, l. 36 L. Fleet and Pag. 1724 omits ‘and Pag.’

p. 418, l. 6 no more. [Weep. 1724 omits ‘Weep’.

p. 419, l. 11 Go in. 1724 only marks ‘Ex.’ for all characters.

Act V: Scene iii

p. 419, l. 13 Scene III. The Street. 4tos and 1724 ‘Scene the Street’.

p. 420, l. 3 Viva le Roy, viva. 1724 ‘Vive le Roy, vive’.

p. 420, l. 14 ill, I fear; ’tis a bad. 1724 ‘ill, I fear ’tis a bad’.

p. 420, l. 32 are here? [Exeunt. 4tos and 1724 omit ‘Exeunt’. I supply this as, obviously, these characters must leave the stage when the Prentices rush on. 

p. 421, l. 12 ay, Ah, Lard, ah what. 4tos ‘ay, ah Lard, what’. 1724 ‘ay. Lard, ah what’.

Act V: Scene iv

p. 421, l. 14 Scene IV. A Chamber in Lambert’s House. 4tos and 1724 ‘Scene, A Chamber’.

p. 421, l. 23 share in its kindly. 1724 ‘share its kindly’.

p. 422, l. 7 and Tom with jewels. 4tos and 1724 ‘Page with jewels’.

p. 422, l. 25 Well, if you do. 1724 ‘Why, if you do’.

Act V: Scene v

p. 422, l. 29 Scene V. A Street. 4tos and 1724 ‘Scene, a Street’.

p. 423, l. 3 Gill. Tom, Pages, &c. I have inserted Tom’s name here.

p. 424, l. 5 come a merry-making. 1724 ‘come merry-making’.

p. 424, l. 33 you grow so vain. 1724 ‘you grew so vain’.

p. 425, l. 7. In a preaching tone. 1724 ‘In a preachin tone’. The dropped ‘g’, is not intentional here, but a misprint.

Notes: Critical And Explanatory.

The Roundheads.

Dedication

p. 337 To the Right Noble Henry Fitzroy. Second son of Charles II by Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine, afterwards Duchess of Cleveland, was born 20 September, 1663. He married, 1 August, 1672, Isabella, daughter and heiress of Henry Bennet, Earl of Arlington. The bride was then only five years old. In September, 1675, Henry Fitzroy was created Duke of Grafton, and on 30 September, 1680, was installed by proxy as Knight of the Garter. In 1682 he became colonel of the first foot guards. He died 9 October, 1690, from a wound he received under the walls of Cork during Marlborough’s expedition to Ireland. Brave and even reckless to a fault, he is said to have been the most popular and the ablest of the sons of Charles II.

Prologue

p. 341 noise of Plots. The ferment occasioned by the pretended Popish Plot of 1678 and the illegal Exclusion Bill was in full blast.

p. 341 Presbytery. Presbyterianism.

p. 341 Forty One. 1641 was the date of the Grand Remonstrance and Petition to Charles I.

p. 341 Ignoramus. When Shaftesbury was indicted for high treason, 24 November, 1681, the grand jury ignored or threw out the bill. Their declaration was ‘ignoramus’. cf. Dryden’s prologue to The Duke of Guise (1682):—

Let ignoramus juries find no traitors,

and other innumerable references to this verdict.

Dramatis Personæ

p. 343 Fleetwood. Lieutenant-General Charles Fleetwood was son-in-law to Oliver Cromwell, and for a time Lord-Deputy of Ireland. He was mainly instrumental in the resignation of Richard Cromwell, but so weak and vacillating that he lost favour with all parties. His name was excepted from the general amnesty, and it was only with great difficulty that, owing to the influence of Lord Litchfield, he escaped with his life. He died in obscurity at Stoke Newington, 4 October, 1692.

p. 343 Lambert. Major-General Lambert (1619-83) lost his commissions owing to the jealousy of Oliver Cromwell, on whose death he privily opposed Richard Cromwell. In August, 1659, he defeated the Royalist forces under Sir George Booth in Cheshire, but subsequently his army deserted. On his return to London he was arrested (5 March, 1660), by the Parliament, but escaped. Tried for high treason at the Restoration, he was banished to Guernsey, where he died in the winter of 1683.

p. 343 Wariston. Archibald Johnston, Lord Wariston, a fierce fanatic, was parliamentary commissioner for the administration of justice in Scotland and a member of Cromwell’s House of Peers. On the revival of the Rump he became president of the Council of State, and permanent president of the Committee of Safety. At the Restoration he fled, but was brought back from Rouen to be hanged at the Market Cross, Edinburgh, 23 July, 1663. Carlyle dubs him a ‘lynx-eyed lawyer and austere presbyterian zealot’, and Burnet says, ‘Presbyterianism was more to him than all the world.’

p. 343 Hewson. John Hewson, regicide, a shoemaker, was a commander under Cromwell, and afterwards a peer in the Upper House. At the Restoration he escaped to the Continent and died in exile at Amsterdam, 1662, or, by another account, at Rouen.

p. 343 Desbro. John Desborough, Desborow, or Disbrowe (1608-80) was Cromwell’s brother-in-law. Being left a widower, he married again April, 1658. As he had refused to sit as a judge at the trial of Charles I, he was not exempted from the amnesty; but being considered a source of danger, he was, after the Restoration, ‘always watched with peculiar jealousy,’ and suffered some short term of imprisonment.

p. 343 Duckingfield. Robert Duckenfield (1619-89), a strong Parliamentarian, but one who refused to assist at the King’s trial. He had large estates in Cheshire, where he lived retired after a short imprisonment at the Restoration. His son Robert, who succeeded him, was subsequently created a baronet by Charles II, 16 June, 1665.

p. 343 Corbet. Although this name is here given as Corbet, Colonel Cobbet occurs Act i, II (p. 355), and we have Cobbet again Act iii, I (p. 374). This character is certainly not Miles Corbet the regicide, but Ralph Cobbet, who was both a colonel and a member of the Committee of Safety. Ralph Cobbet is frequently alluded to in the satires of the time, e.g. The Gang; or, The Nine Worthies and Champions (17 January, 1659-60):—

p. 343 Whitlock. Bulstrode Whitelock (1605-75), keeper of the Great Seal, and in August, 1659, president of the Council of State, was always inclined to royalism, and even advised Cromwell to restore Charles II. At the Restoration he was allowed to retire to Chilton Park, Hungerford, Wilts, and died there 28 July, 1675. According to some accounts his death took place at Fawley, Bucks.

p. 343 Lady Lambert. Lady Lambert was Frances, daughter of Sir William Lister, knight, of Thornton in Craven, Yorks. She was married 10 September, 1639. Contemporaries attribute Lambert’s ambition to the influence of his wife, whose pride is frequently alluded to. e.g. Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson, edited by C. H. Firth (Nimmo, 1885), Vol. II, p. 189, ‘There went a story that as my Lady Ireton was walking in St. James’ Park the Lady Lambert, as proud as her husband, came by where she was, and as the present princess always has precedency of the relict of the dead prince, so she put my Lady Ireton below; who, notwithstanding her piety and humility, was a little grieved at the affront.’

p. 343 Lady Desbro. Desborough’s second wife, whom he married April, 1658, is said, on the dubious authority of Betham, to have been Anne, daughter of Sir Richard Everard, Bart., of Much Waltham. Mrs. Behn’s amorous lady, Maria, is, of course, purely fictional.

p. 343 Lady Fleetwood. Bridget, eldest daughter of Oliver Cromwell, was married first to Ireton, who died 26 November, 1651, and secondly, in 1652, to Fleetwood. She did not live long after the Restoration, and was buried at S. Anne’s, Blackfriars, 1 July, 1662.

p. 343 Lady Cromwell. Cromwell married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James Bourchier, 22 August, 1620. She survived her husband seven years, dying 19 November, 1665. After the Restoration she lived in great seclusion at Norboro’, Northamptonshire, the house of her son-in-law, John Claypoole.

p. 343 Clement’s Parish. Probably St. Clements, Eastcheap. This church, described by Stow as being ‘small and void of monuments’, was destroyed in the Great Fire and rebuilt 1686. The old church of St. Clement Danes, Strand, being in a ruinous condition, was pulled down in 1680 and built again on the same site. The Puritans always omitted the prefix ‘St.’ and spoke of churches as ‘Paul’s’, ‘Mary’s’, ‘Bartholomew’s’, ‘Helen’s’ and the like.

The above Note refers to the male character Ananias Goggle, but is printed after the Commentary on the four main female characters.

Act I: Scene i

p. 344 Gad and the Lord Fleetwood. Fleetwood, even in an age of Tartuffes, was especially distinguished for the fluency of his canting hypocrisy and godliness. He was a bitter persecutor of Catholics, a warm favourer of Anabaptists and the extremer fanatics of every kidney.

p. 345 Vane. Sir Harry Vane (1613-62), the prominent Parliamentarian and a leading member of the Committee of Safety was executed as a regicide, June, 1662.

p. 345 Fifth Monarchy. The Fifth Monarchy men were a sect of wild enthusiasts who declared themselves ‘subjects only of King Jesus’, and held that a fifth universal monarchy (like those of Assyria, Persia, Greece, and Rome) would be established by Christ in person, until which time no single person must presume to rule or be king.

p. 346 Haslerig. Sir Arthur Heselrige, one of the Five Members whom Parliament refused to yield to Charles I in January, 1642, was a republican of the most violent type. He died a prisoner in the Tower, 7 January, 1661.

p. 349 an errant Heroick. A term for a cavalier or Royalist, cf. Edward Waterhouse’s A Short Narrative of the late Dreadful Fire in London (1667, 12mo): ‘Even so, O Lord, rebuke the evil spirit of these Sanballats, and raise up the spirit of the Nehemiahs and other such Heroicks of Kindness and Ability to consider London.’ Tatham, in The Rump (4to, 1660; 1661), Act ii, 1, has ‘The very names of the Cromwells will become far more odious than ever Needham could make the Heroicks’.

p. 349 cuckold the Ghost of Old Oliver. The intrigue between Cromwell and Lambert’s wife is affirmed in ‘Newes from the New Exchange; or, the Commonwealth of Ladies ... London; printed in the year of women without grace, 1650’ (4to). Noble, in his Memoirs of the Cromwell Family (8vo, London, 1787, 3rd edit., Vol. II, p. 369), says that the lady ‘was an elegant and accomplished woman’, she was ‘suppos’d to have been partial to Oliver the Protector.’ A scarce poem, Iter Australe (London, 1660, 4to), declares of Cromwell that some

Some six months before Cromwell’s death, when Lambert visited him, Noll ‘fell on his neck, kissed him, inquired of dear Johnny for his jewel (so he called Mrs. Lambert) and for all his children by name.’ Cromwell’s immoralities in youth, when a brewer at Ely, were notorious. Although the parish registers of S. John’s, Huntingdon, have been tampered with, the following, under the years 1621 and 1628, remain: ‘Oliverus Cromwell reprehensus erat coram tota Ecclesia pro factis.’ and ‘Hoc anno Oliverus Cromwell fecit penitentiam coram tota ecclesia.’ An attempt has been made to erase these.

Act I: Scene ii

p. 354 Tony. Anthony Ashley Cooper; afterwards first Earl of Shaftesbury.

p. 357 Wallingford House. Stood on the site of the present Admiralty. It was so called from Sir William Knollys, Baron Wallingford, Treasurer of the Household to Elizabeth and James I. After Cromwell’s death the General Council of the Officers of the Army (Wallingford House Party) met here. Fleetwood actually lived in the house. At the Restoration it reverted to the Duke of Buckingham. The Crown purchased it 1680, and the Admiralty was built about 1720.

Act II: Scene i

p. 361 Cobler’s-Stall. Hewson, says Wood, had originally been ‘an honest shoemaker in Westminster.’

p. 362 Conventickling. Conventicle was accentuated upon the third syllable. This, of course, led to innuendo, cf. 1 Hudibras (1663) Canto ii, 437:

and Dryden, in The Medal (1682):—

p. 363 Pryn. William Prynne (1600-69) had been sentenced to severe punishment in February, 1634, for the scandals and libels contained in his dull diatribe, Histriomastix. He lost both his ears in the pillory.

p. 365 Needham. Marchamont Nedham, ‘the Commonwealth’s Didaper’, was a graduate of All Souls, Oxon, and sometime an usher at Merchant Taylors’ school. He also seems to have been connected with the legal profession. ‘The skip-jack of all fortunes’, neither side has a good word for this notorious pamphleteer, the very scum of our early journalism. When Mercurius Britannicus temporarily ceased publication with No. 50, 9 September, 1644, Nedham recommenced it on the 30th of the same month with No. 51 (not No. 52 as is sometimes stated). No. 92, 28 July-4 August, 1645, and the number 11-18 May, 1646, revile the King in such scurrilous terms that Nedham was haled to the bar of the House of Lords and imprisoned. Later he turned Royalist, but in 1650 published The Case of the Commonwealth Stated, a defence of the regicides, for which he received a pension of £100 a year. He fled to Holland, April, 1660, but being pardoned, returned to England. He died in Devereux Court, Temple Bar, November, 1678, and is buried in St. Clement Danes. Wood characterizes him as ‘a most seditious, mutable and railing author,’ whilst Cleveland terms him ‘that impudent and incorrigible reviler’.

p. 365 Ireton, my best of Sons. Noble, in his Memoirs of the Cromwell Family, says that the fact Fleetwood had not the abilities of her first husband gave his wife much concern, as she saw with great regret the ruin his conduct must bring on herself and her children.

p. 366 Richard’s Wife. Richard Cromwell at the age of 23 married Dorothy, daughter of Richard Major, of Hursley, Hampshire.

p. 366 glorious Titles. Cromwell’s wife was, as a matter of fact, very averse to all grandeur and state. The satires of the time laugh at her homeliness and parsimony.

p. 369 Ormond. James Butler, Duke of Ormond, was lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1643-47.

p. 370 Exercise. A common term amongst the Puritans for worship; a sermon or extemporary prayer. As early as 1574. Archbishop Whitgift speaks of the exercises of ‘praying, singing of psalms, interpreting and prophesying’, cf. Davenant, The Wits (4to 1636):—

and also:—

p. 372 Duke of Glocester. Henry of Oatlands, Duke of Gloucester, youngest son of Charles I. Born 8 July, 1639, he died of smallpox at Whitehall 13 September, 1660. The Parliament sent him to the continent on 11 February, 1653.

p. 373 he should have been bound Prentice. A proposition was actually made in Parliament that the young Duke of Gloucester should be bound to a trade, in order, as it was impudently expressed, ‘that he might earn his bread honestly.’ Fortunately, saner counsels prevailed, in which his fate was happier than that of the Dauphin committed to the cruelties of Citizen Simon, cordwainer.

p. 373 Old Thurlo. John Thurloe (1616-68), Secretary of State to Cromwell; M.P. for Ely, 1654 and 1656. He died 21 February, 1668.

Act III: Scene i

p. 378 Highness’s Funeral. A large portion of the debt incurred for Oliver Cromwell’s magnificently extravagant funeral ceremonies fell on Richard, who was obliged to retire for a while to the continent to avoid arrest and await some settlement. These obsequies cost in all the huge sum of £60,000, which there was a great difficulty in paying. The chief undertaker’s name was Rolt. See note on The Widow Ranter — ‘Trusting for Old Oliver’s funeral,’ Act i. (Vol. IV.)

p. 378 Walter Frost. Walter Frost, secretary to the Republican Council of State, was quondam manciple of Emmanuel, Cambridge, and acted as spy-master and manager of the ‘committee hackneys,’ which hunted down and betrayed Royalists. This infamous fellow, who dubbed himself Esquire and Latinized his name to Gualter, was authorized to publish (i.e. write) ‘intelligence every week upon Thursday according to an Act of Parliament for that purpose.’ He licensed A Briefe Relation (No 1, 2 October, 1649) from its second number until 22 October, 1650. This is certainly one of the most evil and lying of the Republican diurnals.

p. 378 Hutchinson. Richard Hutchinson, deputy treasurer to Sir Henry Vane. He succeeded as Treasurer to the Navy in 1651 and continued to hold office after the Restoration. He is several times mentioned by Pepys.

p. 379 Jacobus. A gold coin value 25s., first current in the reign of James I.

p. 379 Mr. Ice. Perhaps Stephen Isles who was appointed a Commissioner for the London Militia, 7 July, 1659. The name ‘Mr. Ice’ occurs in Tatham’s Rump in the same context.

p. 379 Loether. Sir Gerard Lowther, who, once a loyalist, became a republican, and in 1654 was one of the Three Commissioners of the Great Seal in Ireland. He acquired large estates and died very wealthy on the eve of the Restoration.

p. 381 Duke of Buckingham’s Estate ... with Chelsey House. Bulstrode Whitelocke actually had obtained the Duke’s sequestered estate, and stood for Bucks in Parliament. During the Commonwealth Chelsea House was bestowed upon him as an official residence, and he lived there till the Restoration, when it reverted to the Duke, to whose father it had been granted in 1627 by Charles I. He sold it in 1664 to the trustees of George Digby, Earl of Bristol. In 1682 it became the property of Henry, Marquis of Worcester, afterwards Duke of Beaufort, and was renamed Beaufort House. Sir Hans Sloane purchased it in 1738, and it was demolished two years later.

p. 381 Hugh Peters. This divine, who had been chaplain to Sir Thomas Fairfax, was notorious for his fanatical and ranting sermons. Having openly advocated and preached the death of Charles I, he was, at the Restoration, excluded from the general amnesty, tried for high treason, and executed 16 October, 1660.

p. 382 Scobel. Henry Scobell, clerk to the Long Parliament. His name appeared as the licenser of various newsbooks, and he superintended the publication of Severall Proceedings in Parliament, No. 1, 25 Sept.-9 Oct., 1649. Scobell died in 1660, his will being proved 29 Sept. of that year.

Act IV: Scene ii

p. 394 Vails. Avails; profits. Money given to servants: ‘tips’.

Act IV: Scene iii

p. 398 Cushion-Dance. A merry old English round action dance common in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

p. 398 Nickers. Or knickers, marbles generally made of baked clay. cf. Duffet’s farce, The Mock Tempest (1675), Act iv, I:—

Act IV: Scene iv

p. 402 Joan Sanderson. The air to which the Cushion Dance was usually performed. It may be found in Playford’s Dancing Master, 1686. Sometimes the dance itself was known as Joan Sanderson.

Act V: Scene i

p. 406 The Tall Irishman. Oliver Cromwell’s porter, yclept Daniel, was a giant. This fellow, through poring over mystical divinity, lost his wits: he preached, prophesied, and raved until finally he was incarcerated in Bedlam, where, after a while, his liberty was allowed him. A famous item amongst his books was a large Bible presented by Neil Gwynne. D’Urfey in his Prologue to Sir Barnaby Whigg (1681), has: ‘Like Oliver’s porter, but not so devout.’ There is a rare, if not unique, portrait of Daniel in the Print Room, British Museum. The reputed portrait in Pierce Tempest’s Cryes of the City of London (No. 71. Un insensé pour la Religion. M. Lauron del. P. Tempest ex.) is not that of a remarkably tall man.

p. 410 Enter Hewson with Guards. 5 December, 1659, Hewson did actually suppress a rising of London prentices, two or three of whom were killed and some score wounded. This made him very unpopular.

Act V: Scene iia

p. 412 Lord Capel. Arthur, Lord Capel, Baron Hadham, a gallant royalist leader, was, after the surrender of Colchester, treacherously imprisoned. He escaped, but was betrayed, and beheaded 9 March, 1649.

p. 412 Brown Bushel. A sea captain. Originally inclined to the Parliament, he became a royalist. In 1643 he was taken prisoner, but after being exchanged lived quietly and retired till 1648, when he was seized as a deserter, and after three years captivity, tried, and executed 29 April, 1651.

p. 413 Earl of Holland. Henry Rich, Earl of Holland (1590-1649), a staunch royalist, was executed 9 March, 1649, in company with Lord Capel and the Duke of Hamilton.

p. 413 Judas. The piece of plate dubb’d Judas would be gilded, cf. Middleton’s Chaste Maid in Cheapside, (4to, 1630), iii, 2.

Red is the traditional colour of Judas’ hair. cf. Dryden’s lines on Jacob Tonson the publisher:—

With two left legs and Judas-coloured hair.

p. 414 an act, 24 June. Cromwell’s parliament passed Draconian Acts punishing adultery, incest, fornication, with death; the two former on the first offence, the last on the second conviction. Mercurius Politicus, No. 168. Thursday, 25 August— Thursday, 1 September, 1653 (p. 2700), records the execution of an old man of eighty-nine who was found guilty at Monmouth Assize of adultery with a woman over sixty. It is well known that under the Commonwealth the outskirts of London were crowded with brothels, and the license of Restoration days pales before the moral evils and cankers existing under Cromwell. The officially recognized independent diurnals Mercurius Democritus, Mercurius Fumigosus, have been described as ‘abominable’. In 1660, when the writers of these attempted to circulate literature which had been common in the preceeding decade, they were promptly ‘clapt up in Newgate’.

p. 414 Peters the first, Martin the Second. Hugh Peters has been noticed before. Henry Martin was an extreme republican, and at one time even a Leveller. He was a commissioner of the High Court of Justice and a regicide. At the Restoration he was imprisoned for life and died at Chepstow Castle, 1681, aged seventy-eight. He was notorious for profligacy and shamelessness, and kept a very seraglio of mistresses.

p. 415 Tantlings. St. Antholin’s (St. Anthling’s), Budge Row, Watling Street, had long been a stronghold of puritanism. As early as 1599, morning prayer and lecture were instituted, ‘after the Geneva fashion’. The bells began at five in the morning. This church was largely attended by fanatics and extremists. There are frequent allusions to St. Antholin’s and its matutinal chimes. The church was burned down in the Great Fire. Middleton and Dekker’s Roaring Girl (1611): ‘Sha’s a tongue will be heard further in a still morning than Saint Antling’s bell.’

Davenant’s News from Plymouth (fol. 1673, licensed 1635), i, I:—

p. 416 Lilly. William Lilly (1602-81). The famous astrologer and fortune-teller. In Tatham’s The Rump (1660), he is introduced on the stage, and there is a scene between him and Lady Lambert, Act iv.

p. 416 sisseraro. More usually sasarara. A corruption of certiorari, a writ in law to expedite justice. ‘If it be lost or stole ... I could bring him to a cunning kinsman of mine that would fetcht again with a sesarara,’— The Puritan (1607). ‘Their souls fetched up to Heaven with a sasarara.’— The Revenger’s Tragedy, iv, 2 (1607), The Vicar of Wakefield (1766), ch. xxi: ‘“As for the matter of that,” returned the hostess, “gentle or simple, out she shall pack with a sussarara”.’

Act V: Scene iii

p. 421 Twelve Houses. Each of the astrological divisions of the heavens denoting the station of a planet is termed a house.

Act V: Scene v

p. 423 bear the bob. To join in the chorus. Bob is the burden or refrain of a song.

p. 423 Colt-staff. Or col-staff (Latin collum). A staff by which two men carry a load, one end of the pole resting on a shoulder of each porter. cf. Merry Wives of Windsor, iii, 3, ‘Where’s the cowl-staff?’

p. 423 Fortune my Foe. This extremely popular old tune is in Queen Elizabeth’s Virginal Book; in William Ballet’s MS. Lute Book; in Bellerophon (1622), and in numerous other old musical works. There are allusions to it in Shakespeare and many of the dramatists.