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The Natural History of Pliny, Volume 2 (of 6): CONTENTS. OF THE SECOND VOLUME.

The Natural History of Pliny, Volume 2 (of 6)
CONTENTS. OF THE SECOND VOLUME.

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table of contents
  1. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PLINY.
  2. CONTENTS. OF THE SECOND VOLUME.
  3. BOOK VI. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST, OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
    1. CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE EUXINE AND THE MARYANDINI.
    2. CHAP. 2. (2.)—PAPHLAGONIA.
    3. CHAP. 3. (3.)—CAPPADOCIA.
    4. CHAP. 4.—THE REGION OF THEMISCYRA, AND THE NATIONS THEREIN.
    5. CHAP. 5. (5.)—THE REGION OF COLICA, THE NATIONS OF THE ACHÆI, AND OTHER NATIONS IN THE SAME PARTS.
    6. CHAP. 6.—THE CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS.
    7. CHAP. 7.—LAKE MÆOTIS AND THE ADJOINING NATIONS.
    8. CHAP. 8. (8.)—THE SITUATION OF CAPPADOCIA.
    9. CHAP. 9. (9.)—THE LESSER AND THE GREATER ARMENIA.
    10. CHAP. 10.—THE RIVERS CYRUS AND ARAXES.
    11. CHAP. 11. (10.)—ALBANIA, IBERIA, AND THE ADJOINING NATIONS.
    12. CHAP. 12. (11.)—THE PASSES OF THE CAUCASUS.
    13. CHAP. 13. (12.)—THE ISLANDS OF THE EUXINE.
    14. CHAP. 14. (13.)—NATIONS IN THE VICINITY OF THE SCYTHIAN OCEAN.
    15. CHAP. 15.—THE CASPIAN AND HYRCANIAN SEA.
    16. CHAP. 16.—ADIABENE.
    17. CHAP. 17. (14.)—MEDIA AND THE CASPIAN GATES.
    18. CHAP. 18. (16.)—NATIONS SITUATE AROUND THE HYRCANIAN SEA.
    19. CHAP. 19. (17.)—THE NATIONS OF SCYTHIA AND THE COUNTRIES ON THE EASTERN OCEAN.
    20. CHAP. 20.—THE SERES.
    21. CHAP. 21.—THE NATIONS OF INDIA.
    22. CHAP. 22. (18.)—THE GANGES.
    23. CHAP. 23. (20.)—THE INDUS.
    24. CHAP. 24. (22.)—TAPROBANE.
    25. CHAP. 25.—THE ARIANI AND THE ADJOINING NATIONS.
    26. CHAP. 26.—VOYAGES TO INDIA.
    27. 27.—CARMANIA.
    28. CHAP. 28.—THE PERSIAN AND THE ARABIAN GULFS.
    29. CHAP. 29.—THE PARTHIAN EMPIRE.
    30. CHAP. 30.—MESOPOTAMIA.
    31. CHAP. 31.—THE TIGRIS.
    32. CHAP. 32. (28.)—ARABIA.
    33. CHAP. 33.—THE GULFS OF THE RED SEA.
    34. CHAP. 34.—TROGLODYTICE.
    35. CHAP. 35.—ÆTHIOPIA.
    36. CHAP. 36. (31.)—ISLANDS OF THE ÆTHIOPIAN SEA.
    37. CHAP. 37. (32.)—THE FORTUNATE ISLANDS.
    38. CHAP. 38.—THE COMPARATIVE DISTANCES OF PLACES ON THE FACE OF THE EARTH.
    39. CHAP. 39.—DIVISION OF THE EARTH INTO PARALLELS AND SHADOWS OF EQUAL LENGTH.
  4. BOOK VII.835 MAN, HIS BIRTH, HIS ORGANIZATION, AND THE INVENTION OF THE ARTS.
    1. CHAP. 1.—MAN.
    2. CHAP. 2.—THE WONDERFUL FORMS OF DIFFERENT NATIONS.
    3. CHAP. 3.—MARVELLOUS BIRTHS.
    4. CHAP. 4. (5.)—THE GENERATION OF MAN; UNUSUAL DURATION OF PREGNANCY; INSTANCES OF IT FROM SEVEN TO TWELVE MONTHS.
    5. CHAP. 5. (6.)—INDICATIONS OF THE SEX OF THE CHILD DURING THE PREGNANCY OF THE MOTHER.970
    6. CHAP. 6. (8.)—MONSTROUS BIRTHS.
    7. CHAP. 7. (9.)—OF THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN CUT OUT OF THE WOMB.
    8. CHAP. 8. (10.)—WHO WERE CALLED VOPISCI.
    9. CHAP. 9. (11.)—THE CONCEPTION AND GENERATION OF MAN.
    10. CHAP. 10.—STRIKING INSTANCES OF RESEMBLANCE.
    11. CHAP. 11. (13.)—WHAT MEN ARE SUITED FOR GENERATION. INSTANCES OF VERY NUMEROUS OFFSPRING.
    12. CHAP. 12. (14.)—AT WHAT AGE GENERATION CEASES.
    13. CHAP. 13. (15.)—REMARKABLE CIRCUMSTANCES CONNECTED WITH THE MENSTRUAL DISCHARGE.
    14. CHAP. 14.—THE THEORY OF GENERATION.
    15. CHAP. 15.—SOME ACCOUNT OF THE TEETH, AND SOME FACTS CONCERNING INFANTS.
    16. CHAP. 16.—EXAMPLES OF UNUSUAL SIZE.
    17. CHAP. 17.—CHILDREN REMARKABLE FOR THEIR PRECOCITY.
    18. CHAP. 18.—SOME REMARKABLE PROPERTIES OF THE BODY.
    19. CHAP. 19. (20.)—INSTANCES OF EXTRAORDINARY STRENGTH.
    20. CHAP. 20.—INSTANCES OF REMARKABLE AGILITY.
    21. CHAP. 21. (21.)—INSTANCES OF ACUTENESS OF SIGHT.
    22. CHAP. 22. (22.)—INSTANCES OF REMARKABLE ACUTENESS OF HEARING.
    23. CHAP. 23. (23.)—INSTANCES OF ENDURANCE OF PAIN.
    24. CHAP. 24. (24.)—MEMORY.
    25. CHAP. 25. (25.)—VIGOR OF MIND.
    26. CHAP. 26.—CLEMENCY AND GREATNESS OF MIND.
    27. CHAP. 27. (26.)—HEROIC EXPLOITS.
    28. CHAP. 28. (27.)—UNION IN THE SAME PERSON OF THREE OF THE HIGHEST QUALITIES WITH THE GREATEST PURITY.
    29. CHAP. 29. (28.)—INSTANCES OF EXTREME COURAGE.
    30. CHAP. 30. (29.)—MEN OF REMARKABLE GENIUS.
    31. CHAP. 31. (30.)—MEN WHO HAVE BEEN REMARKABLE FOR WISDOM.
    32. CHAP. 32. (32.)—PRECEPTS THE MOST USEFUL IN LIFE.
    33. CHAP. 33. (33.)—DIVINATION.
    34. CHAP. 34. (34.)—THE MAN WHO WAS PRONOUNCED TO BE THE MOST EXCELLENT.
    35. CHAP. 35. (35.)—THE MOST CHASTE MATRONS.
    36. CHAP. 36. (36.)—INSTANCES OF THE HIGHEST DEGREE OF AFFECTION.
    37. CHAP. 37. (37.)—NAMES OF MEN WHO HAVE EXCELLED IN THE ARTS, ASTROLOGY, GRAMMAR, AND MEDICINE.
    38. CHAP. 38.—GEOMETRY AND ARCHITECTURE.
    39. CHAP. 39. (38.)—OF PAINTING; ENGRAVING ON BRONZE, MARBLE, AND IVORY; OF CARVING.
    40. CHAP. 40. (39.)—SLAVES FOR WHICH A HIGH PRICE HAS BEEN GIVEN.
    41. CHAP. 41. (40.)—SUPREME HAPPINESS.
    42. CHAP. 42. (41.)—RARE INSTANCES OF GOOD FORTUNE CONTINUING IN THE SAME FAMILY.
    43. CHAP. 43. (42.)—REMARKABLE EXAMPLE OF VICISSITUDES.
    44. CHAP. 44.—REMARKABLE EXAMPLES OF HONOURS.
    45. CHAP. 45.—TEN VERY FORTUNATE CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH HAVE HAPPENED TO THE SAME PERSON.
    46. CHAP. 46.—THE MISFORTUNES OF AUGUSTUS.
    47. CHAP. 47. (46.)—MEN WHOM THE GODS HAVE PRONOUNCED TO BE THE MOST HAPPY.
    48. CHAP. 48. (47.)—THE MAN WHOM THE GODS ORDERED TO BE WORSHIPPED DURING HIS LIFE-TIME; A REMARKABLE FLASH OF LIGHTNING.
    49. CHAP. 49. (48.)—THE GREATEST LENGTH OF LIFE.
    50. CHAP. 50. (49.)—THE VARIETY OF DESTINIES AT THE BIRTH OF MAN.
    51. CHAP. 51. (50.)—VARIOUS INSTANCES OF DISEASES.
    52. CHAP. 52. (51.)—DEATH.
    53. CHAP. 53. (52.)—PERSONS WHO HAVE COME TO LIFE AGAIN AFTER BEING LAID OUT FOR BURIAL.
    54. CHAP. 54. (53.)—INSTANCES OF SUDDEN DEATH.
    55. CHAP. 55. (54.)—BURIAL.
    56. CHAP. 56. (55.)—THE MANES, OR DEPARTED SPIRITS OF THE SOUL.
    57. CHAP. 57. (56.)—THE INVENTORS OF VARIOUS THINGS.
    58. CHAP. 58. (57.)—THE THINGS ABOUT WHICH MANKIND FIRST OF ALL AGREED. THE ANCIENT LETTERS.
    59. CHAP. 59. (59.)—WHEN BARBERS WERE FIRST EMPLOYED.1482
    60. CHAP. 60.—WHEN THE FIRST TIME-PIECES WERE MADE.
  5. BOOK VIII. THE NATURE OF THE TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS.
    1. CHAP. 1. (1.)—ELEPHANTS; THEIR CAPACITY.
    2. CHAP. 2. (2.)—WHEN ELEPHANTS WERE FIRST PUT INTO HARNESS.
    3. CHAP. 3. (3.)—THE DOCILITY OF THE ELEPHANT.
    4. CHAP. 4.—WONDERFUL THINGS WHICH HAVE BEEN DONE BY THE ELEPHANT.
    5. CHAP. 5. (4.)—THE INSTINCT OF WILD ANIMALS IN PERCEIVING DANGER.
    6. CHAP. 6. (6.)—WHEN ELEPHANTS WERE FIRST SEEN IN ITALY.
    7. CHAP. 7. (7.)—THE COMBATS OF ELEPHANTS.
    8. CHAP. 8. (8.)—THE WAY IN WHICH ELEPHANTS ARE CAUGHT.
    9. CHAP. 9. (9.)—THE METHOD BY WHICH THEY ARE TAMED.
    10. CHAP. 10. (10.)—THE BIRTH OF THE ELEPHANT, AND OTHER PARTICULARS RESPECTING IT.
    11. CHAP. 11. (11.)—IN WHAT COUNTRIES THE ELEPHANT IS FOUND; THE ANTIPATHY OF THE ELEPHANT AND THE DRAGON.
    12. CHAP. 12. (12.)—THE SAGACITY OF THESE ANIMALS.
    13. CHAP. 13. (13.)—DRAGONS.
    14. CHAP. 14. (14.)—SERPENTS OF REMARKABLE SIZE.
    15. CHAP. 15. (15.)—THE ANIMALS OF SCYTHIA; THE BISON.
    16. CHAP. 16.—THE ANIMALS OF THE NORTH; THE ELK, THE ACHLIS, AND THE BONASUS.
    17. CHAP. 17.—LIONS; HOW THEY ARE PRODUCED.
    18. CHAP. 18.—THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF LIONS.
    19. CHAP. 19.—THE PECULIAR CHARACTER OF THE LION.
    20. CHAP. 20.—WHO IT WAS THAT FIRST INTRODUCED COMBATS OF LIONS AT ROME, AND WHO HAS BROUGHT TOGETHER THE GREATEST NUMBER OF LIONS FOR THAT PURPOSE.
    21. CHAP. 21.—WONDERFUL FEATS PERFORMED BY LIONS.
    22. CHAP. 22.—A MAN RECOGNIZED AND SAVED BY A DRAGON.
    23. CHAP. 23.—PANTHERS.
    24. CHAP. 24.—THE DECREE OF THE SENATE, AND LAWS RESPECTING AFRICAN ANIMALS; WHO FIRST BROUGHT THEM TO ROME, AND WHO BROUGHT THE GREATEST NUMBER OF THEM.
    25. CHAP. 25.—TIGERS: WHEN FIRST SEEN AT ROME; THEIR NATURE.
    26. CHAP. 26.—CAMELS:1699 THE DIFFERENT KINDS.
    27. CHAP. 27.—THE CAMELEOPARD; WHEN IT WAS FIRST SEEN AT ROME.
    28. CHAP. 28. (19.)—THE CHAMA, AND THE CEPUS.
    29. CHAP. 29. (20.)—THE RHINOCEROS.
    30. CHAP. 30. (21.)—THE LYNX, THE SPHINX, THE CROCOTTA, AND THE MONKEY.
    31. CHAP. 31.—THE TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS OF INDIA.
    32. CHAP. 32.—THE ANIMALS OF ÆTHIOPIA; A WILD BEAST WHICH KILLS WITH ITS EYE.
    33. CHAP. 33.—THE SERPENTS CALLED BASILISKS.
    34. CHAP. 34. (22.)—WOLVES; THE ORIGIN OF THE STORY OF VERSIPELLIS.
    35. CHAP. 35. (23.)—DIFFERENT KINDS OF SERPENTS.
    36. CHAP. 36.—THE ICHNEUMON.
    37. CHAP. 37. (25.)—THE CROCODILE.
    38. CHAP. 38.—THE SCINCUS.
    39. CHAP. 39.—THE HIPPOPOTAMUS.
    40. CHAP. 40. (26.)—WHO FIRST EXHIBITED THE HIPPOPOTAMUS AND THE CROCODILE AT ROME.
    41. CHAP. 41. (27.)—THE MEDICINAL REMEDIES WHICH HAVE BEEN BORROWED FROM ANIMALS.1773
    42. CHAP. 42. (28.)—PROGNOSTICS OF DANGER DERIVED FROM ANIMALS.
    43. CHAP. 43. (29.)—NATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN EXTERMINATED BY ANIMALS.
    44. CHAP. 44. (30.)—THE HYÆNA.
    45. CHAP. 45.—THE COROCOTTA; THE MANTICHORA.1799
    46. CHAP. 46.—WILD ASSES.
    47. CHAP. 47.—BEAVERS, AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS;1801 OTTERS.
    48. CHAP. 48. (31.)—BRAMBLE-FROGS.
    49. CHAP. 49.—THE SEA-CALF; BEAVERS; LIZARDS.
    50. CHAP. 50. (32.)—STAGS.
    51. CHAP. 51.—THE CHAMELEON.
    52. CHAP. 52.—OTHER ANIMALS WHICH CHANGE COLOUR; THE TARANDUS, THE LYCAON, AND THE THOS.
    53. CHAP. 53. (35.)—THE PORCUPINE.
    54. CHAP. 54. (36.)—BEARS AND THEIR CUBS.
    55. CHAP. 55. (37.)—THE MICE OF PONTUS AND OF THE ALPS.
    56. CHAP. 56.—HEDGEHOGS.
    57. CHAP. 57. (38.)—THE LEONTOPHONUS, AND THE LYNX.1858
    58. CHAP. 58.—BADGERS AND SQUIRRELS.
    59. CHAP. 59. (39.)—VIPERS AND SNAILS.
    60. CHAP. 60.—LIZARDS.1872
    61. CHAP. 61. (40.)—THE QUALITIES OF THE DOG; EXAMPLES OF ITS ATTACHMENT TO ITS MASTER; NATIONS WHICH HAVE KEPT DOGS FOR THE PURPOSES OF WAR.
    62. CHAP. 62.—THE GENERATION OF THE DOG.1888
    63. CHAP. 63.—REMEDIES AGAINST CANINE MADNESS.1890
    64. CHAP. 64. (42.)—THE NATURE OF THE HORSE.
    65. CHAP. 65.—THE DISPOSITION OF THE HORSE; REMARKABLE FACTS CONCERNING CHARIOT HORSES.
    66. CHAP. 66.—THE GENERATION OF THE HORSE.1916
    67. CHAP. 67.—MARES IMPREGNATED BY THE WIND.
    68. CHAP. 68. (45.)—THE ASS, ITS GENERATION.
    69. CHAP. 69. (44.)—THE NATURE OF MULES,1940 AND OF OTHER BEASTS OF BURDEN.
    70. CHAP. 70. (45.)—OXEN; THEIR GENERATION.
    71. CHAP. 71. (46.)—THE EGYPTIAN APIS.1965
    72. CHAP. 72. (47.)—SHEEP, AND THEIR PROPAGATION.1971
    73. CHAP. 73. (43.)—THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF WOOL, AND THEIR COLOURS.1984
    74. CHAP. 74.—DIFFERENT KINDS OF CLOTHS.
    75. CHAP. 75.—THE DIFFERENT SHAPES OF SHEEP; THE MUSMON.
    76. CHAP. 76. (50.)—GOATS AND THEIR PROPAGATION.
    77. CHAP. 77. (51.)—THE HOG.2060
    78. CHAP. 78.—THE WILD BOAR; WHO WAS THE FIRST TO ESTABLISH PARKS FOR WILD ANIMALS.
    79. CHAP. 79. (53.)—ANIMALS IN A HALF-WILD STATE.
    80. CHAP. 80. (54.)—APES.
    81. CHAP. 81. (55.)—THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF HARES.
    82. CHAP. 82. (56.)—ANIMALS WHICH ARE TAMED IN PART ONLY.
    83. CHAP. 83. (58.)—PLACES IN WHICH CERTAIN ANIMALS ARE NOT TO BE FOUND.
    84. CHAP. 84. (59.)—ANIMALS WHICH INJURE STRANGERS ONLY, AS ALSO ANIMALS WHICH INJURE THE NATIVES OF THE COUNTRY ONLY, AND WHERE THEY ARE FOUND.
  6. BOOK IX. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF FISHES.
    1. CHAP. 1. (1.)—WHY THE LARGEST ANIMALS ARE FOUND IN THE SEA.
    2. CHAP. 2. (3.)—THE SEA MONSTERS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN.
    3. CHAP. 3. (4.)—THE LARGEST ANIMALS THAT ARE FOUND IN EACH OCEAN.
    4. CHAP. 4. (5.)—THE FORMS OF THE TRITONS AND NEREIDS. THE FORMS OF SEA ELEPHANTS.
    5. CHAP. 5. (6.)—THE BALÆNA AND THE ORCA.
    6. CHAP. 6.—WHETHER FISHES RESPIRE, AND WHETHER THEY SLEEP.
    7. CHAP. 7. (8.)—DOLPHINS.
    8. CHAP. 8.—HUMAN BEINGS WHO HAVE BEEN BELOVED BY DOLPHINS.
    9. CHAP. 9.—PLACES WHERE DOLPHINS HELP MEN TO FISH.
    10. CHAP. 10.—OTHER WONDERFUL THINGS RELATING TO DOLPHINS.
    11. CHAP. 11. (9.)—THE TURSIO.
    12. CHAP. 12. (10.)—TURTLES.2290 THE VARIOUS KINDS OF TURTLES, AND HOW THEY ARE CAUGHT.
    13. CHAP. 13. (11.)—WHO FIRST INVENTED THE ART OF CUTTING TORTOISE-SHELL.
    14. CHAP. 14. (12.)—DISTRIBUTION OF AQUATIC ANIMALS INTO VARIOUS SPECIES.
    15. CHAP. 15. (13.)—THOSE WHICH ARE COVERED WITH HAIR, OR HAVE NONE, AND HOW THEY BRING FORTH. SEA-CALVES, OR PHOCÆ.
    16. CHAP. 16.—HOW MANY KINDS OF FISH THERE ARE.
    17. CHAP. 17. (15.)—WHICH OF THE FISHES ARE OF THE LARGEST SIZE.
    18. CHAP. 18.—TUNNIES, CORDYLA, AND PELAMIDES, AND THE VARIOUS PARTS OF THEM THAT ARE SALTED. MELANDRYA, APOLECTI, AND CYBIA.
    19. CHAP. 19.—THE AURIAS AND THE SCOMBER.
    20. CHAP. 20.—FISHES WHICH ARE NEVER FOUND IN THE EUXINE; THOSE WHICH ENTER IT AND RETURN.
    21. CHAP. 21.—WHY FISHES LEAP ABOVE THE SURFACE OF THE WATER.
    22. CHAP. 22. (16.)—THAT AUGURIES ARE DERIVED FROM FISHES.
    23. CHAP. 23.—WHAT KINDS OF FISHES HAVE NO MALES.
    24. CHAP. 24.—FISHES WHICH HAVE A STONE IN THE HEAD; THOSE WHICH KEEP THEMSELVES CONCEALED DURING WINTER; AND THOSE WHICH ARE NOT TAKEN IN WINTER, EXCEPT UPON STATED DAYS.
    25. CHAP. 25.—FISHES WHICH CONCEAL THEMSELVES DURING THE SUMMER; THOSE WHICH ARE INFLUENCED BY THE STARS.
    26. CHAP. 26. (17.)—THE MULLET.
    27. CHAP. 27.—THE ACIPENSER.
    28. CHAP. 28.—THE LUPUS, ASELLUS.
    29. CHAP. 29.—THE SCARUS, THE MUSTELA.
    30. CHAP. 30.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF MULLETS, AND THE SARGUS THAT ATTENDS THEM.
    31. CHAP. 31.—ENORMOUS PRICES OF SOME FISH.
    32. CHAP. 32.—THAT THE SAME KINDS ARE NOT EVERYWHERE EQUALLY ESTEEMED.
    33. CHAP. 33.—GILLS AND SCALES.
    34. CHAP. 34. (19.)—FISHES WHICH HAVE A VOICE.—FISHES WITHOUT GILLS.
    35. CHAP. 35.—FISHES WHICH COME ON LAND. THE PROPER TIME FOR CATCHING FISH.
    36. CHAP. 36. (20.)—CLASSIFICATION OF FISHES, ACCORDING TO THE SHAPE OF THE BODY.
    37. CHAP. 37.—THE FINS OF FISH, AND THEIR MODE OF SWIMMING.
    38. CHAP. 38. (21.)—EELS.
    39. CHAP. 39. (23.)—THE MURÆNA.
    40. CHAP. 40. (24.)—VARIOUS KINDS OF FLAT FISH.
    41. CHAP. 41. (25.)—THE ECHENEIS, AND ITS USES IN ENCHANTMENTS.
    42. CHAP. 42. (26.)—FISHES WHICH CHANGE THEIR COLOUR.
    43. CHAP. 43.—FISHES WHICH FLY ABOVE THE WATER.—THE SEA-SWALLOW.—THE FISH THAT SHINES IN THE NIGHT.—THE HORNED FISH.—THE SEA-DRAGON.
    44. CHAP. 44. (28.)—FISHES WHICH HAVE NO BLOOD.—FISHES KNOWN AS SOFT FISH.
    45. CHAP. 45. (29.)—THE SÆPIA, THE LOLIGO, THE SCALLOP.
    46. CHAP. 46.—THE POLYPUS.
    47. CHAP. 47.—THE NAUTILUS, OR SAILING POLYPUS.
    48. CHAP. 48. (30.)—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF POLYPI; THEIR SHREWDNESS.
    49. CHAP. 49.—THE SAILING NAUPLIUS.
    50. CHAP. 50.—SEA-ANIMALS, WHICH ARE ENCLOSED WITH A CRUST; THE CRAY-FISH.
    51. CHAP. 51.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF CRABS; THE PINNOTHERES, THE SEA URCHIN, COCKLES, AND SCALLOPS.
    52. CHAP. 52.—VARIOUS KINDS OF SHELL-FISH.
    53. CHAP. 53. (34.)—WHAT NUMEROUS APPLIANCES OF LUXURY ARE FOUND IN THE SEA.
    54. CHAP. 54.—PEARLS; HOW THEY ARE PRODUCED, AND WHERE.
    55. CHAP. 55.—HOW PEARLS ARE FOUND.
    56. CHAP. 56.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF PEARLS.
    57. CHAP. 57.—REMARKABLE FACTS CONNECTED WITH PEARLS—THEIR NATURE.
    58. CHAP. 58.—INSTANCES OF THE USE OF PEARLS.
    59. CHAP. 59.—HOW PEARLS FIRST CAME INTO USE AT ROME.
    60. CHAP. 60.—THE NATURE OF THE MUREX AND THE PURPLE.
    61. CHAP. 61.—THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF PURPLES.
    62. CHAP. 62. (38.)—HOW WOOLS ARE DYED WITH THE JUICES OF THE PURPLE.
    63. CHAP. 63. (39.)—WHEN PURPLE WAS FIRST USED AT ROME: WHEN THE LATICLAVE VESTMENT AND THE PRÆTEXTA WERE FIRST WORN.
    64. CHAP. 64.—FABRICS CALLED CONCHYLIATED.
    65. CHAP. 65.—THE AMETHYST, THE TYRIAN, THE HYSGINIAN, AND THE CRIMSON TINTS.
    66. CHAP. 66. (42.)—THE PINNA, AND THE PINNOTHERES.
    67. CHAP. 67.—THE SENSITIVENESS OF WATER ANIMALS; THE TORPEDO, THE PASTINACA, THE SCOLOPENDRA, THE GLANIS, AND THE RAM-FISH.
    68. CHAP. 68. (45.)—BODIES WHICH HAVE A THIRD NATURE, THAT OF THE ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE COMBINED—THE SEA-NETTLE.
    69. CHAP. 69.—SPONGES; THE VARIOUS KINDS OF THEM, AND WHERE THEY ARE PRODUCED: PROOFS THAT THEY ARE GIFTED WITH LIFE BY NATURE.
    70. CHAP. 70. (46.)—DOG-FISH.2747
    71. CHAP. 71.—FISHES WHICH ARE ENCLOSED IN A STONY SHELL—SEA ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO SENSATION—-OTHER ANIMALS WHICH LIVE IN THE MUD.
    72. CHAP. 72. (48.)—VENOMOUS SEA-ANIMALS.
    73. CHAP. 73. (49.)—THE MALADIES OF FISHES.
    74. CHAP. 74. (50.)—THE GENERATION OF FISHES.
    75. CHAP. 75.—FISHES WHICH ARE BOTH OVIPAROUS AND VIVIPAROUS.
    76. CHAP. 76.—FISHES THE BELLY OF WHICH OPENS IN SPAWNING, AND THEN CLOSES AGAIN.
    77. CHAP. 77. (52.)—FISHES WHICH HAVE A WOMB; THOSE WHICH IMPREGNATE THEMSELVES.
    78. CHAP. 78. (53.)—THE LONGEST LIVES KNOWN AMONGST FISHES.
    79. CHAP. 79. (54.)—THE FIRST PERSON THAT FORMED ARTIFICIAL OYSTER-BEDS.
    80. CHAP. 80.—WHO WAS THE FIRST INVENTOR OF PRESERVES FOR OTHER FISH.
    81. CHAP. 81. (55.)—WHO INVENTED PRESERVES FOR MURENÆ.
    82. CHAP. 82. (56.)—WHO INVENTED PRESERVES FOR SEA-SNAILS.
    83. CHAP. 83. (57.)—LAND FISHES.
    84. CHAP. 84. (58.)—THE MICE OF THE NILE.
    85. CHAP. 85. (59.)—HOW THE FISH CALLED THE ANTHIAS IS TAKEN.
    86. CHAP. 86. (60.)—SEA-STARS.
    87. CHAP. 87. (61.)—THE MARVELLOUS PROPERTIES OF THE DACTYLUS.
    88. CHAP. 88. (62.)—THE ANTIPATHIES AND SYMPATHIES THAT EXIST BETWEEN AQUATIC ANIMALS.
  7. BOOK X. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS.
    1. CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE OSTRICH.
    2. CHAP. 2. (2.)—THE PHŒNIX.
    3. CHAP. 3. (3.)—THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF EAGLES.
    4. CHAP. 4.—THE NATURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EAGLE.
    5. CHAP. 5. (4.)—WHEN THE EAGLE WAS FIRST USED AS THE STANDARD OF THE ROMAN LEGIONS.
    6. CHAP. 6. (5.)—AN EAGLE WHICH PRECIPITATED ITSELF ON THE FUNERAL PILE OF A GIRL.
    7. CHAP. 7. (6.)—THE VULTURE.
    8. CHAP. 8. (7.)—THE BIRDS CALLED SANGUALIS AND IMMUSULUS.
    9. CHAP. 9. (8.)—HAWKS. THE BUTEO.
    10. CHAP. 10.—IN WHAT PLACES HAWKS AND MEN PURSUE THE CHASE IN COMPANY WITH EACH OTHER.
    11. CHAP. 11. (9.)—THE ONLY BIRD THAT IS KILLED BY THOSE OF ITS OWN KIND.—A BIRD THAT LAYS ONLY ONE EGG.
    12. CHAP. 12. (10.)—THE KITE.
    13. CHAP. 13. (11.)—THE CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS.
    14. CHAP. 14. (12.)—CROWS. BIRDS OF ILL OMEN. AT WHAT SEASONS THEY ARE NOT INAUSPICIOUS.
    15. CHAP. 15.—THE RAVEN.
    16. CHAP. 16.—THE HORNED OWL.
    17. CHAP. 17. (13.)—BIRDS, THE RACE OF WHICH IS EXTINCT, OR OF WHICH ALL KNOWLEDGE HAS BEEN LOST.
    18. CHAP. 18. (16.)—BIRDS WHICH ARE BORN WITH THE TAIL FIRST.
    19. CHAP. 19. (17.)—THE OWLET.
    20. CHAP. 20. (18.)—THE WOOD-PECKER OF MARS.
    21. CHAP. 21. (19.)—BIRDS WHICH HAVE HOOKED TALONS.
    22. CHAP. 22. (20.)—THE PEACOCK.
    23. CHAP. 23.—WHO WAS THE FIRST TO KILL THE PEACOCK FOR FOOD.—WHO FIRST TAUGHT THE ART OF CRAMMING THEM.
    24. CHAP. 24. (21.)—THE DUNGHILL COCK.
    25. CHAP. 25.—HOW COCKS ARE CASTRATED. A COCK THAT ONCE SPOKE.
    26. CHAP. 26. (22.)—THE GOOSE.
    27. CHAP. 27.—WHO FIRST TAUGHT US TO USE THE LIVER OF THE GOOSE FOR FOOD.
    28. CHAP. 28.—OF THE COMMAGENIAN MEDICAMENT.
    29. CHAP. 29.—THE CHENALOPEX, THE CHENEROS, THE TETRAO, AND THE OTIS.
    30. CHAP. 30. (23.)—CRANES.
    31. CHAP. 31.—STORKS.
    32. CHAP. 32.—SWANS.
    33. CHAP. 33.—FOREIGN BIRDS WHICH VISIT US; THE QUAIL, THE GLOTTIS, THE CYCHRAMUS, AND THE OTUS.
    34. CHAP. 34. (24.)—SWALLOWS.
    35. CHAP. 35.—BIRDS WHICH TAKE THEIR DEPARTURE FROM US, AND WHITHER THEY GO; THE THRUSH, THE BLACKBIRD, AND THE STARLING—BIRDS WHICH LOSE THEIR FEATHERS DURING THEIR RETIREMENT—THE TURTLE-DOVE AND THE RING-DOVE—THE FLIGHT OF STARLINGS AND SWALLOWS.
    36. CHAP. 36. (25.)—BIRDS WHICH REMAIN WITH US THROUGHOUT THE YEAR; BIRDS WHICH REMAIN WITH US ONLY SIX OR THREE MONTHS; WITWALLS AND HOOPOES.
    37. CHAP. 37. (26.)—THE MEMNONIDES.
    38. CHAP. 38.—THE MELEAGRIDES.
    39. CHAP. 39. (27.)—THE SELEUCIDES.
    40. CHAP. 40. (28.)—THE IBIS.
    41. CHAP. 41. (29.)—PLACES IN WHICH CERTAIN BIRDS ARE NEVER FOUND.
    42. CHAP. 42.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF BIRDS WHICH AFFORD OMENS BY THEIR NOTE—BIRDS WHICH CHANGE THEIR COLOUR AND THEIR VOICE.
    43. CHAP. 43.—THE NIGHTINGALE.
    44. CHAP. 44.—THE MELANCORYPHUS, THE ERITHACUS, AND THE PHŒNICURUS.
    45. CHAP. 45.—THE ŒNANTHE, THE CHLORION, THE BLACKBIRD, AND THE IBIS.
    46. CHAP. 46. (31.)—THE TIMES OF INCUBATION OF BIRDS.
    47. CHAP. 47. (32.)—THE HALCYONES: THE HALCYON DAYS THAT ARE FAVOURABLE TO NAVIGATION.
    48. CHAP. 48.—OTHER KINDS OF AQUATIC BIRDS.
    49. CHAP. 49. (33.)—THE INSTINCTIVE CLEVERNESS DISPLAYED BY BIRDS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THEIR NESTS. THE WONDERFUL WORKS OF THE SWALLOW. THE BANK-SWALLOW.
    50. CHAP. 50.—THE ACANTHYLLIS AND OTHER BIRDS.
    51. CHAP. 51.—THE MEROPS—PARTRIDGES.
    52. CHAP. 52. (34.)—PIGEONS.
    53. CHAP. 53.—WONDERFUL THINGS DONE BY THEM; PRICES AT WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN SOLD.
    54. CHAP. 54. (38.)—DIFFERENT MODES OF FLIGHT AND PROGRESSION IN BIRDS.
    55. CHAP. 55. (39.)—THE BIRDS CALLED APODES, OR CYPSELI.
    56. CHAP. 56. (40.)—RESPECTING THE FOOD OF BIRDS—THE CAPRIMULGUS, THE PLATEA.
    57. CHAP. 57. (41.)—THE INSTINCTS OF BIRDS—THE CARDUELIS, THE TAURUS, THE ANTHUS.
    58. CHAP. 58.—BIRDS WHICH SPEAK—THE PARROT.
    59. CHAP. 59.—THE PIE WHICH FEEDS ON ACORNS.
    60. CHAP. 60. (48.)—A SEDITION THAT AROSE AMONG THE ROMAN PEOPLE, IN CONSEQUENCE OF A RAVEN SPEAKING.
    61. CHAP. 61. (44.)—THE BIRDS OF DIOMEDES.
    62. CHAP. 62. (45.)—ANIMALS THAT CAN LEARN NOTHING.
    63. CHAP. 63. (46.)—THE MODE OF DRINKING WITH BIRDS. THE PORPHYRIO.
    64. CHAP. 64. (47.)—THE HÆMATOPOUS.
    65. CHAP. 65.—THE FOOD OF BIRDS.
    66. CHAP. 66.—THE PELICAN.
    67. CHAP. 67.—FOREIGN BIRDS: THE PHALERIDES, THE PHEASANT, AND THE NUMIDICÆ.
    68. CHAP. 68.—THE PHŒNICOPTERUS, THE ATTAGEN, THE PHALACROCORAX, THE PYRRHOCORAX, AND THE LAGOPUS.
    69. CHAP. 69. (49.)—THE NEW BIRDS. THE VIPIO.
    70. CHAP. 70.—FABULOUS BIRDS.
    71. CHAP. 71. (50.)—WHO FIRST INVENTED THE ART OF CRAMMING POULTRY: WHY THE FIRST CENSORS FORBADE THIS PRACTICE.
    72. CHAP. 72.—WHO FIRST INVENTED AVIARIES. THE DISH OF ÆSOPUS.
    73. CHAP. 73. (52.)—THE GENERATION OF BIRDS: OTHER OVIPAROUS ANIMALS.
    74. CHAP. 74.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF EGGS, AND THEIR NATURE.
    75. CHAP. 75. (54.)—DEFECTS IN BROOD-HENS, AND THEIR REMEDIES.
    76. CHAP. 76. (55.)—AN AUGURY DERIVED FROM EGGS BY AN EMPRESS.
    77. CHAP. 77. (56.)—THE BEST KINDS OF FOWLS.
    78. CHAP. 78. (57.)—THE DISEASES OF FOWLS, AND THEIR REMEDIES.
    79. CHAP. 79. (58.)—WHEN BIRDS LAY, AND HOW MANY EGGS. THE VARIOUS KINDS OF HERONS.
    80. CHAP. 80.—WHAT EGGS ARE CALLED HYPENEMIA, AND WHAT CYNOSURA. HOW EGGS ARE BEST KEPT.
    81. CHAP. 81. (61.)—THE ONLY WINGED ANIMAL THAT IS VIVIPAROUS, AND NURTURES ITS YOUNG WITH ITS MILK.
    82. CHAP. 82. (62.)—TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS THAT ARE OVIPAROUS.—VARIOUS KINDS OF SERPENTS.
    83. CHAP. 83. (63.)—GENERATION OF ALL KINDS OF TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS.
    84. CHAP. 84. (64.)—THE POSITION OF ANIMALS IN THE UTERUS.
    85. CHAP. 85.—ANIMALS WHOSE ORIGIN IS STILL UNKNOWN.
    86. CHAP. 86. (66.)—SALAMANDERS.
    87. CHAP. 87. (68.)—ANIMALS WHICH ARE BORN OF BEINGS THAT HAVE NOT BEEN BORN THEMSELVES—ANIMALS WHICH ARE BORN THEMSELVES BUT ARE NOT REPRODUCTIVE—ANIMALS WHICH ARE OF NEITHER SEX.
    88. CHAP. 88. (69.)—THE SENSES OF ANIMALS—THAT ALL HAVE THE SENSES OF TOUCH AND TASTE—THOSE WHICH ARE MORE REMARKABLE FOR THEIR SIGHT, SMELL, OR HEARING—MOLES—WHETHER OYSTERS HAVE THE SENSE OF HEARING.
    89. CHAP. 89. (70.)—WHICH FISHES HAVE THE BEST HEARING.
    90. CHAP. 90.—WHICH FISHES HAVE THE FINEST SENSE OF SMELL.
    91. CHAP. 91.—DIVERSITIES IN THE FEEDING OF ANIMALS.
    92. CHAP. 92. (72.)—ANIMALS WHICH LIVE ON POISONS.
    93. CHAP. 93.—ANIMALS WHICH LIVE ON EARTH—ANIMALS WHICH WILL NOT DIE OF HUNGER OR THIRST.
    94. CHAP. 94.—DIVERSITIES IN THE DRINKING OF ANIMALS.
    95. CHAP. 95. (74.)—ANTIPATHIES OF ANIMALS. PROOFS THAT THEY ARE SENSIBLE OF FRIENDSHIP AND OTHER AFFECTIONS.
    96. CHAP. 96.—INSTANCES OF AFFECTION SHOWN BY SERPENTS.
    97. CHAP. 97. (75.)—THE SLEEP OF ANIMALS.
    98. CHAP. 98.—WHAT ANIMALS ARE SUBJECT TO DREAMS.
  8. FOOTNOTES:
  9. ERRATA IN VOL. I.
  10. THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE

J. BILLING,
PRINTER AND STEREOTYPER,
WOKING, SURREY.

CONTENTS.

OF THE SECOND VOLUME.

BOOK VI.
AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST, OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
Chap.Page
1.

The Euxine and the Maryandini

1
2.

Paphlagonia

3
3.

Cappadocia

6
4.

The region of Themiscyra, and the nations therein

8
5.

The region of Colica, the nations of the Achæi, and other nations in the same parts

11
6.

The Cimmerian Bosporus

13
7.

Lake Mæotis and the adjoining nations

14
8.

The situation of Cappadocia

16
9.

The Lesser and the Greater Armenia

17
10.

The rivers Cyrus and Araxes

18
11.

Albania, Iberia, and the adjoining nations

20
12.

The passes of the Caucasus

21
13.

The islands of the Euxine

22
14.

Nations in the vicinity of the Scythian Ocean

23
15.

The Caspian and Hyrcanian Sea

24
16.

Adiabene

27
17.

Media and the Caspian Gates

28
18.

Nations situate around the Hyrcanian Sea

30
19.

The nations of Scythia and the countries on the Eastern Ocean

33
20.

The Seres

35
21.

The nations of India

38
22.

The Ganges

43
23.

The Indus

46
24.

Taprobane

51
25.

The Ariani and the adjoining nations

56
26.

Voyages to India

60
27.

Carmania

66
28.

The Persian and the Arabian Gulfs

ib.
29.

The Parthian Empire

68
30.

Mesopotamia

70
31.

The Tigris

75
32.

Arabia

82
33.

The Gulfs of the Red Sea

91
34.

Troglodytice

93
35.

Æthiopia

97
36.

Islands of the Æthiopian Sea

105
37.

The Fortunate Islands

107
38.

The comparative distances of places on the face of the earth

108
39.

Division of the earth into parallels and shadows of equal length

110
BOOK VII.
MAN, HIS BIRTH, HIS ORGANIZATION, AND THE INVENTION OF THE ARTS.
1.

Man

117
2.

The wonderful forms of different nations

122
3.

Marvellous births

135
4.

The generation of man; the unusual duration of pregnancy; instances of it from seven to twelve months

139
5.

Indications of the sex of the child during the pregnancy of the mother

141
6.

Monstrous births

142
7.

Of those who have been cut out of the womb

143
8.

Who were called Vopisci

144
9.

The conception and generation of man

ib.
10.

Striking instances of resemblance

145
11.

What men are suited for generation. Instances of very numerous offspring

148
12.

At what age generation ceases

150
13.

Remarkable circumstances connected with the menstrual discharge

ib.
14.

The theory of generation

153
15.

Some account of the teeth, and some facts concerning infants

ib.
16.

Examples of unusual size

155
17.

Children remarkable for their precocity

158
18.

Some remarkable properties of the body

ib.
19.

Instances of extraordinary strength

160
20.

Instances of remarkable agility

161
21.

Instances of acuteness of sight

162
22.

Instances of remarkable acuteness of hearing

163
23.

Instances of endurance of pain

164
24.

Memory

ib.
25.

Vigour of mind

166
26.

Clemency and greatness of mind

ib.
27.

Heroic exploits

167
28.

Union in the same person of three of the highest qualities with the greatest purity

169
29.

Instances of extreme courage

170
30.

Men of remarkable genius

173
31.

Men who have been remarkable for wisdom

174
32.

Precepts the most useful in life

178
33.

Divination

179
34.

The man who was pronounced to be the most excellent

ib.
35.

The most chaste matrons

180
36.

Instances of the highest degree of affection

ib.
37.

Names of men who have excelled in the arts, astrology, grammar, and medicine

182
38.

Geometry and architecture

183
39.

Painting; engraving on bronze, marble, and ivory; carving

184
40.

Slaves for which a high price has been given

185
41.

Supreme happiness

186
42.

Rare instances of good fortune continuing in the same family

187
43.

Remarkable example of vicissitudes

189
44.

Remarkable examples of honours

ib.
45.

Ten very fortunate circumstances which have happened to the same person

191
46.

The misfortunes of Augustus

195
47.

Men whom the gods have pronounced to be the most happy

199
48.

The man whom the gods ordered to be worshipped during his life-time; a remarkable flash of lightning

ib.
49.

The greatest length of life

200
50.

The variety of destinies at the birth of man

203
51.

Various instances of diseases

206
52.

Death

208
53.

Persons who have come to life again after being laid out for burial

210
54.

Instances of sudden death

213
55.

Burial

217
56.

The Manes, or departed spirits of the soul

218
57.

The inventors of various things

219
58.

The things about which mankind first of all agreed. The ancient letters

236
59.

When barbers were first employed

ib.
60.

When the first time-pieces were made

237
BOOK VIII.
THE NATURE OF THE TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS.
1.

Elephants; their capacity

244
2.

When elephants were first put into harness

245
3.

The docility of the elephant

246
4.

Wonderful things which have been done by the elephant

247
5.

The instinct of wild animals in perceiving danger

248
6.

When elephants were first seen in Italy

251
7.

The combats of elephants

252
8.

The way in which elephants are caught

255
9.

The method by which they are tamed

256
10.

The birth of the elephant, and other particulars respecting it

257
11.

In what countries the elephant is found; the antipathy of the elephant and the dragon

259
12.

The sagacity of these animals

260
13.

Dragons

261
14.

Serpents of remarkable size

ib.
15.

The animals of Scythia; the bison

262
16.

The animals of the north; the elk, the achlis, and the bonasus

263
17.

Lions; how they are produced

264
18.

The different species of lions

266
19.

The peculiar character of the lion

267
20.

Who it was that first introduced combats of lions at Rome, and who has brought together the greatest number of lions for that purpose

269
21.

Wonderful feats performed by lions

270
22.

A man recognized and saved by a dragon

273
23.

Panthers

274
24.

The decree of the Senate, and laws respecting African animals; who first brought them to Rome, and who brought the greatest number of them

ib.
25.

Tigers: when first seen at Rome; their nature

275
26.

Camels; the different kinds

276
27.

The cameleopard; when it was first seen at Rome

277
28.

The chama, and the cepus

ib.
29.

The rhinoceros

278
30.

The lynx, the sphinx, the crocotta, and the monkey

ib.
31.

The terrestrial animals of India

280
32.

The animals of Æthiopia; a wild beast which kills with its eye

281
33.

The serpents called basilisks

282
34.

Wolves; the origin of the story of Versipellis

ib.
35.

Different kinds of serpents

284
36.

The ichneumon

287
37.

The crocodile

ib.
38.

The scincus

288
39.

The hippopotamus

290
40.

Who first exhibited the hippopotamus and the crocodile at Rome

ib.
41.

The medicinal remedies which have been borrowed from animals

291
42.

Prognostics of danger derived from animals

294
43.

Nations that have been exterminated by animals

295
44.

The hyæna

296
45.

The crocotta; the mantichora

ib.
46.

Wild asses

297
47.

Beavers; amphibious animals; otters

ib.
48.

Bramble-frogs

298
49.

The sea-calf; beavers; lizards

ib.
50.

Stags

299
51.

The chameleon

302
52.

Other animals which change colour; the tarandus, the lycaon, and the thos

304
53.

The porcupine

305
54.

Bears and their cubs

ib.
55.

The mice of Pontus and of the Alps

308
56.

Hedgehogs

ib.
57.

The leontophonus, and the lynx

310
58.

Badgers and squirrels

ib.
59.

Vipers and snails

311
60.

Lizards

312
61.

The qualities of the dog; examples of its attachment to its master; nations which have kept dogs for the purposes of war

ib.
62.

The generation of the dog

316
63.

Remedies against canine madness

ib.
64.

The nature of the horse

317
65.

The disposition of the horse; remarkable facts concerning chariot horses

319
66.

The generation of the horse

320
67.

Mares impregnated by the wind

322
68.

The ass; its generation

ib.
69.

The nature of mules, and of other beasts of burden

324
70.

Oxen; their generation

326
71.

The Egyptian Apis

330
72.

Sheep, and their propagation

331
73.

The different kinds of wool, and their colours

333
74.

Different kinds of cloth

336
75.

The different shapes of sheep; the musmon

338
76.

Goats, and their propagation

339
77.

The hog

342
78.

The wild boar; who was the first to establish parks for wild animals

344
79.

Animals in a half-wild state

346
80.

Apes

347
81.

The different species of hares

348
82.

Animals which are tamed in part only

350
83.

Places in which certain animals are not to be found

352
84.

Animals which injure strangers only, as also animals which injure the natives of the country only, and where they are found

353
BOOK IX.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF FISHES.
1.

Why the largest animals are found in the sea

358
2.

The sea monsters of the Indian Ocean

359
3.

The largest animals that are found in each ocean

361
4.

The forms of the Tritons and Nereids. The forms of sea-elephants

362
5.

The balæna and the orca

365
6.

Whether fishes respire, and whether they sleep

367
7.

Dolphins

369
8.

Human beings who have been beloved by dolphins

371
9.

Places where dolphins help men to fish

374
10.

Other wonderful things relating to dolphins

376
11.

The tursio

377
12.

Turtles; the various kinds of turtles, and how they are caught

ib.
13.

Who first invented the art of cutting tortoise-shell

379
14.

Distribution of aquatic animals into various species

ib.
15.

Those which are covered with hair, or have none, and how they bring forth. Sea-calves, or phocæ

380
16.

How many kinds of fish there are

381
17.

Which of the fishes are of the largest size

382
18.

Tunnies, cordyla, and pelamides, and the various parts of them that are salted. Melandrya, apolecti, and cybia

385
19.

The aurias and the scomber

386
20.

Fishes which are never found in the Euxine; those which enter it and return

387
21.

Why fishes leap above the surface of the water

390
22.

That auguries are derived from fishes

391
23.

What kinds of fishes have no males

ib.
24.

Fishes which have a stone in the head; those which keep themselves concealed during winter; and those which are not taken in winter, except upon stated days

392
25.

Fishes which conceal themselves during the summer; those which are influenced by the stars

396
26.

The mullet

397
27.

The acipenser

398
28.

The lupus, the asellus

399
29.

The scarus, the mustela

400
30.

The various kinds of mullets, and the sargus that attends them

401
31.

Enormous prices of some fish

403
32.

That the same kinds are not everywhere equally esteemed

404
33.

Gills and scales

405
34.

Fishes which have a voice.—Fishes without gills

406
35.

Fishes which come on land; the proper time for catching fish

ib.
36.

Classification of fishes, according to the shape of the body

407
37.

The fins of fish, and their mode of swimming

408
38.

Eels

409
39.

The murena

ib.
40.

Various kinds of flat fish

411
41.

The echeneis, and its uses in enchantments

412
42.

Fishes which change their colour

414
43.

Fishes which fly above the water—the sea-swallow—the fish that shines in the night—the horned fish—the sea-dragon

415
44.

Fishes which have no blood.—Fishes known as soft fish

416
45.

The sæpia, the loligo, the scallop

417
46.

The polypus

ib.
47.

The nautilus, or sailing polypus

419
48.

The various kinds of polypi; their shrewdness

ib.
49.

The sailing nauplius

422
50.

Sea-animals which are enclosed with a crust; the cray-fish

423
51.

The various kinds of crabs; the pinnotheres, the sea urchin, cockles, and scallops

424
52.

Various kinds of shell-fish

428
53.

What numerous appliances of luxury are found in the sea

429
54.

Pearls; how they are produced, and where

430
55.

How pearls are found

433
56.

The various kinds of pearls

434
57.

Remarkable facts connected with pearls—their nature

436
58.

Instances of the use of pearls

437
59.

How pearls first came into use at Rome

440
60.

The nature of the murex and the purple

441
61.

The different kinds of purples

443
62.

How wools are dyed with the juices of the purple

445
63.

When purple was first used at Rome; when the laticlave vestment and the prætexta were first worn

447
64.

Fabrics called conchyliated

448
65.

The amethyst, the Tyrian, the hysginian, and the crimson tints

449
66.

The pinna, and the pinnotheres

450
67.

The sensitiveness of water-animals; the torpedo, the pastinaca, the scolopendra, the glanis, and the ram-fish

451
68.

Bodies which have a third nature, that of the animal and vegetable combined—the sea-nettle

453
69.

Sponges; the various kinds of them, and where they are produced: proofs that they are gifted with life by nature

454
70.

Dog-fish

456
71.

Fishes which are enclosed in a stony shell—sea-animals which have no sensation—other animals which live in the mud

458
72.

Venomous sea-animals

459
73.

The maladies of fishes

460
74.

The generation of fishes

461
75.

Fishes which are both oviparous and viviparous

465
76.

Fishes the belly of which opens in spawning, and then closes again

466
77.

Fishes which have a womb; those which impregnate themselves

ib.
78.

The longest lives known amongst fishes

467
79.

The first person that formed artificial oyster-beds

ib.
80.

Who was the first inventor of preserves for other fish

469
81.

Who invented preserves for murenæ

ib.
82.

Who invented preserves for sea-snails

470
83.

Land-fishes

471
84.

The mice of the Nile

472
85.

How the fish called the anthias is taken

473
86.

Sea-stars

474
87.

The marvellous properties of the dactylus

475
88.

The antipathies and sympathies that exist between aquatic animals

ib.
BOOK X.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS.
1.

The ostrich

478
2.

The phœnix

479
3.

The different kinds of eagles

481
4.

The natural characteristics of the eagle

484
5.

When the eagle was first used as the standard of the Roman legions

485
6.

An eagle which precipitated itself on the funeral pile of a girl

486
7.

The vulture

ib.
8.

The birds called sangualis and immusulus

487
9.

Hawks. The buteo

ib.
10.

In what places hawks and men pursue the chase in company with each other

488
11.

The only bird that is killed by those of its own kind.—A bird that lays only one egg

489
12.

The kite

490
13.

The classification of birds

ib.
14.

Crows. Birds of ill omen. At what seasons they are not inauspicious

ib.
15.

The raven

491
16.

The horned owl

492
17.

Birds, the race of which is extinct, or of which all knowledge has been lost

ib.
18.

Birds which are born with the tail first

493
19.

The owlet

494
20.

The wood-pecker of Mars

ib.
21.

Birds which have hooked talons

495
22.

The peacock

ib.
23.

Who was the first to kill the peacock for food. Who first taught the art of cramming them

496
24.

The dunghill cock

ib.
25.

How cocks are castrated. A cock that once spoke

498
26.

The goose

ib.
27.

Who first taught us to use the liver of the goose for food

499
28.

The Commagenian medicament

500
29.

The chenalopex, the cheneros, the tetrao, and the otis

ib.
30.

Cranes

501
31.

Storks

502
32.

Swans

ib.
33.

Foreign birds which visit us; the quail, the glottis, the cychramus, and the otus

503
34.

Swallows

505
35.

Birds which take their departure from us, and whither they go; the thrush, the blackbird, and the starling—birds which lose their feathers during their retirement—the turtle-dove and the ring-dove—the flight of starlings and swallows

ib.
36.

Birds which remain with us throughout the year; birds which remain with us only six or three months; whitwalls and hoopoes

506
37.

The Memnonides

ib.
38.

The Meleagrides

507
39.

The Seleucides

ib.
40.

The ibis

ib.
41.

Places in which certain birds are never found

ib.
42.

The various kinds of birds which afford omens by their note. Birds which change their colour and their voice

509
43.

The nightingale

ib.
44.

The melancoryphus, the erithacus, and the phœnicurus

511
45.

The œnanthe, the chlorion, the blackbird, and the ibis

ib.
46.

The times of incubation of birds

512
47.

The halcyones: the halcyon days that are favourable to navigation

ib.
48.

Other kinds of aquatic birds

513
49.

The instinctive cleverness displayed by birds in the construction of their nests. The wonderful works of the swallow. The bank-swallow

ib.
50.

The acanthyllis and other birds

515
51.

The merops—partridges

516
52.

Pigeons

517
53.

Wonderful things done by them; prices at which they have been sold

519
54.

Different modes of flight and progression in birds

520
55.

The birds called apodes or cypseli

521
56.

Respecting the food of birds—the caprimulgus, the platea

ib.
57.

The instincts of birds—the carduelis, the taurus, the anthus

522
58.

Birds which speak—the parrot

ib.
59.

The pie which feeds on acorns

523
60.

A sedition that arose among the Roman people, in consequence of a raven speaking

524
61.

The birds of Diomedes

526
62.

Animals that can learn nothing

ib.
63.

The mode of drinking with birds. The porphyrio

527
64.

The hæmatopous

ib.
65.

The food of birds

ib.
66.

The pelican

ib.
67.

Foreign birds: the phalerides, the pheasant, and the numidicæ

528
68.

The phœnicopterus, the attagen, the phalacrocorax, the pyrrhocorax, and the lagopus

ib.
69.

The new birds. The vipio

529
70.

Fabulous birds

530
71.

Who first invented the art of cramming poultry: why the first Censors forbade this practice

531
72.

Who first invented aviaries. The dish of Æsopus

ib.
73.

The generation of birds: other oviparous animals

532
74.

The various kinds of eggs, and their nature

ib.
75.

Defects in brood-hens, and their remedies

535
76.

An augury derived from eggs by an empress

ib.
77.

The best kinds of fowls

536
78.

The diseases of fowls, and their remedies

537
79.

When birds lay, and how many eggs. The various kinds of herons

ib.
80.

What eggs are called hypenemia, and what cynosura. How eggs are best kept

539
81.

The only winged animal that is viviparous, and nurtures its young with its milk

540
82.

Terrestrial animals that are oviparous. Various kinds of serpents

ib.
83.

Generation of all kinds of terrestrial animals

ib.
84.

The position of animals in the uterus

544
85.

Animals whose origin is still unknown

ib.
86.

Salamanders

545
87.

Animals which are born of beings that have not been born themselves—animals which are born themselves, but are not reproductive—animals which are of neither sex

546
88.

The senses of animals—that all have the senses of touch and taste—those which are more remarkable for their sight, smell, or hearing—moles—whether oysters have the sense of hearing

ib.
89.

Which fishes have the best hearing

547
90.

Which fishes have the finest sense of smell.

ib.
91.

Diversities in the feeding of animals

548
92.

Animals which live on poisons

ib.
93.

Animals which live on earth—animals which will not die of hunger or thirst

549
94.

Diversities in the drinking of animals

550
95.

Antipathies of animals. Proofs that they are sensible of friendship and other affections

ib.
96.

Instances of affection shown by serpents

552
97.

The sleep of animals

ib.
98.

What animals are subject to dreams

553

Annotate

Next Chapter
BOOK VI. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST, OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
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