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The Natural History of Pliny, Volume 2 (of 6): CHAP. 76.—FISHES THE BELLY OF WHICH OPENS IN SPAWNING, AND THEN CLOSES AGAIN.

The Natural History of Pliny, Volume 2 (of 6)
CHAP. 76.—FISHES THE BELLY OF WHICH OPENS IN SPAWNING, AND THEN CLOSES AGAIN.

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table of contents
  1. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PLINY.
  2. CONTENTS. OF THE SECOND VOLUME.
  3. BOOK VI. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST, OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
    1. CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE EUXINE AND THE MARYANDINI.
    2. CHAP. 2. (2.)—PAPHLAGONIA.
    3. CHAP. 3. (3.)—CAPPADOCIA.
    4. CHAP. 4.—THE REGION OF THEMISCYRA, AND THE NATIONS THEREIN.
    5. CHAP. 5. (5.)—THE REGION OF COLICA, THE NATIONS OF THE ACHÆI, AND OTHER NATIONS IN THE SAME PARTS.
    6. CHAP. 6.—THE CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS.
    7. CHAP. 7.—LAKE MÆOTIS AND THE ADJOINING NATIONS.
    8. CHAP. 8. (8.)—THE SITUATION OF CAPPADOCIA.
    9. CHAP. 9. (9.)—THE LESSER AND THE GREATER ARMENIA.
    10. CHAP. 10.—THE RIVERS CYRUS AND ARAXES.
    11. CHAP. 11. (10.)—ALBANIA, IBERIA, AND THE ADJOINING NATIONS.
    12. CHAP. 12. (11.)—THE PASSES OF THE CAUCASUS.
    13. CHAP. 13. (12.)—THE ISLANDS OF THE EUXINE.
    14. CHAP. 14. (13.)—NATIONS IN THE VICINITY OF THE SCYTHIAN OCEAN.
    15. CHAP. 15.—THE CASPIAN AND HYRCANIAN SEA.
    16. CHAP. 16.—ADIABENE.
    17. CHAP. 17. (14.)—MEDIA AND THE CASPIAN GATES.
    18. CHAP. 18. (16.)—NATIONS SITUATE AROUND THE HYRCANIAN SEA.
    19. CHAP. 19. (17.)—THE NATIONS OF SCYTHIA AND THE COUNTRIES ON THE EASTERN OCEAN.
    20. CHAP. 20.—THE SERES.
    21. CHAP. 21.—THE NATIONS OF INDIA.
    22. CHAP. 22. (18.)—THE GANGES.
    23. CHAP. 23. (20.)—THE INDUS.
    24. CHAP. 24. (22.)—TAPROBANE.
    25. CHAP. 25.—THE ARIANI AND THE ADJOINING NATIONS.
    26. CHAP. 26.—VOYAGES TO INDIA.
    27. 27.—CARMANIA.
    28. CHAP. 28.—THE PERSIAN AND THE ARABIAN GULFS.
    29. CHAP. 29.—THE PARTHIAN EMPIRE.
    30. CHAP. 30.—MESOPOTAMIA.
    31. CHAP. 31.—THE TIGRIS.
    32. CHAP. 32. (28.)—ARABIA.
    33. CHAP. 33.—THE GULFS OF THE RED SEA.
    34. CHAP. 34.—TROGLODYTICE.
    35. CHAP. 35.—ÆTHIOPIA.
    36. CHAP. 36. (31.)—ISLANDS OF THE ÆTHIOPIAN SEA.
    37. CHAP. 37. (32.)—THE FORTUNATE ISLANDS.
    38. CHAP. 38.—THE COMPARATIVE DISTANCES OF PLACES ON THE FACE OF THE EARTH.
    39. CHAP. 39.—DIVISION OF THE EARTH INTO PARALLELS AND SHADOWS OF EQUAL LENGTH.
  4. BOOK VII.835 MAN, HIS BIRTH, HIS ORGANIZATION, AND THE INVENTION OF THE ARTS.
    1. CHAP. 1.—MAN.
    2. CHAP. 2.—THE WONDERFUL FORMS OF DIFFERENT NATIONS.
    3. CHAP. 3.—MARVELLOUS BIRTHS.
    4. CHAP. 4. (5.)—THE GENERATION OF MAN; UNUSUAL DURATION OF PREGNANCY; INSTANCES OF IT FROM SEVEN TO TWELVE MONTHS.
    5. CHAP. 5. (6.)—INDICATIONS OF THE SEX OF THE CHILD DURING THE PREGNANCY OF THE MOTHER.970
    6. CHAP. 6. (8.)—MONSTROUS BIRTHS.
    7. CHAP. 7. (9.)—OF THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN CUT OUT OF THE WOMB.
    8. CHAP. 8. (10.)—WHO WERE CALLED VOPISCI.
    9. CHAP. 9. (11.)—THE CONCEPTION AND GENERATION OF MAN.
    10. CHAP. 10.—STRIKING INSTANCES OF RESEMBLANCE.
    11. CHAP. 11. (13.)—WHAT MEN ARE SUITED FOR GENERATION. INSTANCES OF VERY NUMEROUS OFFSPRING.
    12. CHAP. 12. (14.)—AT WHAT AGE GENERATION CEASES.
    13. CHAP. 13. (15.)—REMARKABLE CIRCUMSTANCES CONNECTED WITH THE MENSTRUAL DISCHARGE.
    14. CHAP. 14.—THE THEORY OF GENERATION.
    15. CHAP. 15.—SOME ACCOUNT OF THE TEETH, AND SOME FACTS CONCERNING INFANTS.
    16. CHAP. 16.—EXAMPLES OF UNUSUAL SIZE.
    17. CHAP. 17.—CHILDREN REMARKABLE FOR THEIR PRECOCITY.
    18. CHAP. 18.—SOME REMARKABLE PROPERTIES OF THE BODY.
    19. CHAP. 19. (20.)—INSTANCES OF EXTRAORDINARY STRENGTH.
    20. CHAP. 20.—INSTANCES OF REMARKABLE AGILITY.
    21. CHAP. 21. (21.)—INSTANCES OF ACUTENESS OF SIGHT.
    22. CHAP. 22. (22.)—INSTANCES OF REMARKABLE ACUTENESS OF HEARING.
    23. CHAP. 23. (23.)—INSTANCES OF ENDURANCE OF PAIN.
    24. CHAP. 24. (24.)—MEMORY.
    25. CHAP. 25. (25.)—VIGOR OF MIND.
    26. CHAP. 26.—CLEMENCY AND GREATNESS OF MIND.
    27. CHAP. 27. (26.)—HEROIC EXPLOITS.
    28. CHAP. 28. (27.)—UNION IN THE SAME PERSON OF THREE OF THE HIGHEST QUALITIES WITH THE GREATEST PURITY.
    29. CHAP. 29. (28.)—INSTANCES OF EXTREME COURAGE.
    30. CHAP. 30. (29.)—MEN OF REMARKABLE GENIUS.
    31. CHAP. 31. (30.)—MEN WHO HAVE BEEN REMARKABLE FOR WISDOM.
    32. CHAP. 32. (32.)—PRECEPTS THE MOST USEFUL IN LIFE.
    33. CHAP. 33. (33.)—DIVINATION.
    34. CHAP. 34. (34.)—THE MAN WHO WAS PRONOUNCED TO BE THE MOST EXCELLENT.
    35. CHAP. 35. (35.)—THE MOST CHASTE MATRONS.
    36. CHAP. 36. (36.)—INSTANCES OF THE HIGHEST DEGREE OF AFFECTION.
    37. CHAP. 37. (37.)—NAMES OF MEN WHO HAVE EXCELLED IN THE ARTS, ASTROLOGY, GRAMMAR, AND MEDICINE.
    38. CHAP. 38.—GEOMETRY AND ARCHITECTURE.
    39. CHAP. 39. (38.)—OF PAINTING; ENGRAVING ON BRONZE, MARBLE, AND IVORY; OF CARVING.
    40. CHAP. 40. (39.)—SLAVES FOR WHICH A HIGH PRICE HAS BEEN GIVEN.
    41. CHAP. 41. (40.)—SUPREME HAPPINESS.
    42. CHAP. 42. (41.)—RARE INSTANCES OF GOOD FORTUNE CONTINUING IN THE SAME FAMILY.
    43. CHAP. 43. (42.)—REMARKABLE EXAMPLE OF VICISSITUDES.
    44. CHAP. 44.—REMARKABLE EXAMPLES OF HONOURS.
    45. CHAP. 45.—TEN VERY FORTUNATE CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH HAVE HAPPENED TO THE SAME PERSON.
    46. CHAP. 46.—THE MISFORTUNES OF AUGUSTUS.
    47. CHAP. 47. (46.)—MEN WHOM THE GODS HAVE PRONOUNCED TO BE THE MOST HAPPY.
    48. CHAP. 48. (47.)—THE MAN WHOM THE GODS ORDERED TO BE WORSHIPPED DURING HIS LIFE-TIME; A REMARKABLE FLASH OF LIGHTNING.
    49. CHAP. 49. (48.)—THE GREATEST LENGTH OF LIFE.
    50. CHAP. 50. (49.)—THE VARIETY OF DESTINIES AT THE BIRTH OF MAN.
    51. CHAP. 51. (50.)—VARIOUS INSTANCES OF DISEASES.
    52. CHAP. 52. (51.)—DEATH.
    53. CHAP. 53. (52.)—PERSONS WHO HAVE COME TO LIFE AGAIN AFTER BEING LAID OUT FOR BURIAL.
    54. CHAP. 54. (53.)—INSTANCES OF SUDDEN DEATH.
    55. CHAP. 55. (54.)—BURIAL.
    56. CHAP. 56. (55.)—THE MANES, OR DEPARTED SPIRITS OF THE SOUL.
    57. CHAP. 57. (56.)—THE INVENTORS OF VARIOUS THINGS.
    58. CHAP. 58. (57.)—THE THINGS ABOUT WHICH MANKIND FIRST OF ALL AGREED. THE ANCIENT LETTERS.
    59. CHAP. 59. (59.)—WHEN BARBERS WERE FIRST EMPLOYED.1482
    60. CHAP. 60.—WHEN THE FIRST TIME-PIECES WERE MADE.
  5. BOOK VIII. THE NATURE OF THE TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS.
    1. CHAP. 1. (1.)—ELEPHANTS; THEIR CAPACITY.
    2. CHAP. 2. (2.)—WHEN ELEPHANTS WERE FIRST PUT INTO HARNESS.
    3. CHAP. 3. (3.)—THE DOCILITY OF THE ELEPHANT.
    4. CHAP. 4.—WONDERFUL THINGS WHICH HAVE BEEN DONE BY THE ELEPHANT.
    5. CHAP. 5. (4.)—THE INSTINCT OF WILD ANIMALS IN PERCEIVING DANGER.
    6. CHAP. 6. (6.)—WHEN ELEPHANTS WERE FIRST SEEN IN ITALY.
    7. CHAP. 7. (7.)—THE COMBATS OF ELEPHANTS.
    8. CHAP. 8. (8.)—THE WAY IN WHICH ELEPHANTS ARE CAUGHT.
    9. CHAP. 9. (9.)—THE METHOD BY WHICH THEY ARE TAMED.
    10. CHAP. 10. (10.)—THE BIRTH OF THE ELEPHANT, AND OTHER PARTICULARS RESPECTING IT.
    11. CHAP. 11. (11.)—IN WHAT COUNTRIES THE ELEPHANT IS FOUND; THE ANTIPATHY OF THE ELEPHANT AND THE DRAGON.
    12. CHAP. 12. (12.)—THE SAGACITY OF THESE ANIMALS.
    13. CHAP. 13. (13.)—DRAGONS.
    14. CHAP. 14. (14.)—SERPENTS OF REMARKABLE SIZE.
    15. CHAP. 15. (15.)—THE ANIMALS OF SCYTHIA; THE BISON.
    16. CHAP. 16.—THE ANIMALS OF THE NORTH; THE ELK, THE ACHLIS, AND THE BONASUS.
    17. CHAP. 17.—LIONS; HOW THEY ARE PRODUCED.
    18. CHAP. 18.—THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF LIONS.
    19. CHAP. 19.—THE PECULIAR CHARACTER OF THE LION.
    20. CHAP. 20.—WHO IT WAS THAT FIRST INTRODUCED COMBATS OF LIONS AT ROME, AND WHO HAS BROUGHT TOGETHER THE GREATEST NUMBER OF LIONS FOR THAT PURPOSE.
    21. CHAP. 21.—WONDERFUL FEATS PERFORMED BY LIONS.
    22. CHAP. 22.—A MAN RECOGNIZED AND SAVED BY A DRAGON.
    23. CHAP. 23.—PANTHERS.
    24. CHAP. 24.—THE DECREE OF THE SENATE, AND LAWS RESPECTING AFRICAN ANIMALS; WHO FIRST BROUGHT THEM TO ROME, AND WHO BROUGHT THE GREATEST NUMBER OF THEM.
    25. CHAP. 25.—TIGERS: WHEN FIRST SEEN AT ROME; THEIR NATURE.
    26. CHAP. 26.—CAMELS:1699 THE DIFFERENT KINDS.
    27. CHAP. 27.—THE CAMELEOPARD; WHEN IT WAS FIRST SEEN AT ROME.
    28. CHAP. 28. (19.)—THE CHAMA, AND THE CEPUS.
    29. CHAP. 29. (20.)—THE RHINOCEROS.
    30. CHAP. 30. (21.)—THE LYNX, THE SPHINX, THE CROCOTTA, AND THE MONKEY.
    31. CHAP. 31.—THE TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS OF INDIA.
    32. CHAP. 32.—THE ANIMALS OF ÆTHIOPIA; A WILD BEAST WHICH KILLS WITH ITS EYE.
    33. CHAP. 33.—THE SERPENTS CALLED BASILISKS.
    34. CHAP. 34. (22.)—WOLVES; THE ORIGIN OF THE STORY OF VERSIPELLIS.
    35. CHAP. 35. (23.)—DIFFERENT KINDS OF SERPENTS.
    36. CHAP. 36.—THE ICHNEUMON.
    37. CHAP. 37. (25.)—THE CROCODILE.
    38. CHAP. 38.—THE SCINCUS.
    39. CHAP. 39.—THE HIPPOPOTAMUS.
    40. CHAP. 40. (26.)—WHO FIRST EXHIBITED THE HIPPOPOTAMUS AND THE CROCODILE AT ROME.
    41. CHAP. 41. (27.)—THE MEDICINAL REMEDIES WHICH HAVE BEEN BORROWED FROM ANIMALS.1773
    42. CHAP. 42. (28.)—PROGNOSTICS OF DANGER DERIVED FROM ANIMALS.
    43. CHAP. 43. (29.)—NATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN EXTERMINATED BY ANIMALS.
    44. CHAP. 44. (30.)—THE HYÆNA.
    45. CHAP. 45.—THE COROCOTTA; THE MANTICHORA.1799
    46. CHAP. 46.—WILD ASSES.
    47. CHAP. 47.—BEAVERS, AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS;1801 OTTERS.
    48. CHAP. 48. (31.)—BRAMBLE-FROGS.
    49. CHAP. 49.—THE SEA-CALF; BEAVERS; LIZARDS.
    50. CHAP. 50. (32.)—STAGS.
    51. CHAP. 51.—THE CHAMELEON.
    52. CHAP. 52.—OTHER ANIMALS WHICH CHANGE COLOUR; THE TARANDUS, THE LYCAON, AND THE THOS.
    53. CHAP. 53. (35.)—THE PORCUPINE.
    54. CHAP. 54. (36.)—BEARS AND THEIR CUBS.
    55. CHAP. 55. (37.)—THE MICE OF PONTUS AND OF THE ALPS.
    56. CHAP. 56.—HEDGEHOGS.
    57. CHAP. 57. (38.)—THE LEONTOPHONUS, AND THE LYNX.1858
    58. CHAP. 58.—BADGERS AND SQUIRRELS.
    59. CHAP. 59. (39.)—VIPERS AND SNAILS.
    60. CHAP. 60.—LIZARDS.1872
    61. CHAP. 61. (40.)—THE QUALITIES OF THE DOG; EXAMPLES OF ITS ATTACHMENT TO ITS MASTER; NATIONS WHICH HAVE KEPT DOGS FOR THE PURPOSES OF WAR.
    62. CHAP. 62.—THE GENERATION OF THE DOG.1888
    63. CHAP. 63.—REMEDIES AGAINST CANINE MADNESS.1890
    64. CHAP. 64. (42.)—THE NATURE OF THE HORSE.
    65. CHAP. 65.—THE DISPOSITION OF THE HORSE; REMARKABLE FACTS CONCERNING CHARIOT HORSES.
    66. CHAP. 66.—THE GENERATION OF THE HORSE.1916
    67. CHAP. 67.—MARES IMPREGNATED BY THE WIND.
    68. CHAP. 68. (45.)—THE ASS, ITS GENERATION.
    69. CHAP. 69. (44.)—THE NATURE OF MULES,1940 AND OF OTHER BEASTS OF BURDEN.
    70. CHAP. 70. (45.)—OXEN; THEIR GENERATION.
    71. CHAP. 71. (46.)—THE EGYPTIAN APIS.1965
    72. CHAP. 72. (47.)—SHEEP, AND THEIR PROPAGATION.1971
    73. CHAP. 73. (43.)—THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF WOOL, AND THEIR COLOURS.1984
    74. CHAP. 74.—DIFFERENT KINDS OF CLOTHS.
    75. CHAP. 75.—THE DIFFERENT SHAPES OF SHEEP; THE MUSMON.
    76. CHAP. 76. (50.)—GOATS AND THEIR PROPAGATION.
    77. CHAP. 77. (51.)—THE HOG.2060
    78. CHAP. 78.—THE WILD BOAR; WHO WAS THE FIRST TO ESTABLISH PARKS FOR WILD ANIMALS.
    79. CHAP. 79. (53.)—ANIMALS IN A HALF-WILD STATE.
    80. CHAP. 80. (54.)—APES.
    81. CHAP. 81. (55.)—THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF HARES.
    82. CHAP. 82. (56.)—ANIMALS WHICH ARE TAMED IN PART ONLY.
    83. CHAP. 83. (58.)—PLACES IN WHICH CERTAIN ANIMALS ARE NOT TO BE FOUND.
    84. CHAP. 84. (59.)—ANIMALS WHICH INJURE STRANGERS ONLY, AS ALSO ANIMALS WHICH INJURE THE NATIVES OF THE COUNTRY ONLY, AND WHERE THEY ARE FOUND.
  6. BOOK IX. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF FISHES.
    1. CHAP. 1. (1.)—WHY THE LARGEST ANIMALS ARE FOUND IN THE SEA.
    2. CHAP. 2. (3.)—THE SEA MONSTERS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN.
    3. CHAP. 3. (4.)—THE LARGEST ANIMALS THAT ARE FOUND IN EACH OCEAN.
    4. CHAP. 4. (5.)—THE FORMS OF THE TRITONS AND NEREIDS. THE FORMS OF SEA ELEPHANTS.
    5. CHAP. 5. (6.)—THE BALÆNA AND THE ORCA.
    6. CHAP. 6.—WHETHER FISHES RESPIRE, AND WHETHER THEY SLEEP.
    7. CHAP. 7. (8.)—DOLPHINS.
    8. CHAP. 8.—HUMAN BEINGS WHO HAVE BEEN BELOVED BY DOLPHINS.
    9. CHAP. 9.—PLACES WHERE DOLPHINS HELP MEN TO FISH.
    10. CHAP. 10.—OTHER WONDERFUL THINGS RELATING TO DOLPHINS.
    11. CHAP. 11. (9.)—THE TURSIO.
    12. CHAP. 12. (10.)—TURTLES.2290 THE VARIOUS KINDS OF TURTLES, AND HOW THEY ARE CAUGHT.
    13. CHAP. 13. (11.)—WHO FIRST INVENTED THE ART OF CUTTING TORTOISE-SHELL.
    14. CHAP. 14. (12.)—DISTRIBUTION OF AQUATIC ANIMALS INTO VARIOUS SPECIES.
    15. CHAP. 15. (13.)—THOSE WHICH ARE COVERED WITH HAIR, OR HAVE NONE, AND HOW THEY BRING FORTH. SEA-CALVES, OR PHOCÆ.
    16. CHAP. 16.—HOW MANY KINDS OF FISH THERE ARE.
    17. CHAP. 17. (15.)—WHICH OF THE FISHES ARE OF THE LARGEST SIZE.
    18. CHAP. 18.—TUNNIES, CORDYLA, AND PELAMIDES, AND THE VARIOUS PARTS OF THEM THAT ARE SALTED. MELANDRYA, APOLECTI, AND CYBIA.
    19. CHAP. 19.—THE AURIAS AND THE SCOMBER.
    20. CHAP. 20.—FISHES WHICH ARE NEVER FOUND IN THE EUXINE; THOSE WHICH ENTER IT AND RETURN.
    21. CHAP. 21.—WHY FISHES LEAP ABOVE THE SURFACE OF THE WATER.
    22. CHAP. 22. (16.)—THAT AUGURIES ARE DERIVED FROM FISHES.
    23. CHAP. 23.—WHAT KINDS OF FISHES HAVE NO MALES.
    24. CHAP. 24.—FISHES WHICH HAVE A STONE IN THE HEAD; THOSE WHICH KEEP THEMSELVES CONCEALED DURING WINTER; AND THOSE WHICH ARE NOT TAKEN IN WINTER, EXCEPT UPON STATED DAYS.
    25. CHAP. 25.—FISHES WHICH CONCEAL THEMSELVES DURING THE SUMMER; THOSE WHICH ARE INFLUENCED BY THE STARS.
    26. CHAP. 26. (17.)—THE MULLET.
    27. CHAP. 27.—THE ACIPENSER.
    28. CHAP. 28.—THE LUPUS, ASELLUS.
    29. CHAP. 29.—THE SCARUS, THE MUSTELA.
    30. CHAP. 30.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF MULLETS, AND THE SARGUS THAT ATTENDS THEM.
    31. CHAP. 31.—ENORMOUS PRICES OF SOME FISH.
    32. CHAP. 32.—THAT THE SAME KINDS ARE NOT EVERYWHERE EQUALLY ESTEEMED.
    33. CHAP. 33.—GILLS AND SCALES.
    34. CHAP. 34. (19.)—FISHES WHICH HAVE A VOICE.—FISHES WITHOUT GILLS.
    35. CHAP. 35.—FISHES WHICH COME ON LAND. THE PROPER TIME FOR CATCHING FISH.
    36. CHAP. 36. (20.)—CLASSIFICATION OF FISHES, ACCORDING TO THE SHAPE OF THE BODY.
    37. CHAP. 37.—THE FINS OF FISH, AND THEIR MODE OF SWIMMING.
    38. CHAP. 38. (21.)—EELS.
    39. CHAP. 39. (23.)—THE MURÆNA.
    40. CHAP. 40. (24.)—VARIOUS KINDS OF FLAT FISH.
    41. CHAP. 41. (25.)—THE ECHENEIS, AND ITS USES IN ENCHANTMENTS.
    42. CHAP. 42. (26.)—FISHES WHICH CHANGE THEIR COLOUR.
    43. CHAP. 43.—FISHES WHICH FLY ABOVE THE WATER.—THE SEA-SWALLOW.—THE FISH THAT SHINES IN THE NIGHT.—THE HORNED FISH.—THE SEA-DRAGON.
    44. CHAP. 44. (28.)—FISHES WHICH HAVE NO BLOOD.—FISHES KNOWN AS SOFT FISH.
    45. CHAP. 45. (29.)—THE SÆPIA, THE LOLIGO, THE SCALLOP.
    46. CHAP. 46.—THE POLYPUS.
    47. CHAP. 47.—THE NAUTILUS, OR SAILING POLYPUS.
    48. CHAP. 48. (30.)—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF POLYPI; THEIR SHREWDNESS.
    49. CHAP. 49.—THE SAILING NAUPLIUS.
    50. CHAP. 50.—SEA-ANIMALS, WHICH ARE ENCLOSED WITH A CRUST; THE CRAY-FISH.
    51. CHAP. 51.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF CRABS; THE PINNOTHERES, THE SEA URCHIN, COCKLES, AND SCALLOPS.
    52. CHAP. 52.—VARIOUS KINDS OF SHELL-FISH.
    53. CHAP. 53. (34.)—WHAT NUMEROUS APPLIANCES OF LUXURY ARE FOUND IN THE SEA.
    54. CHAP. 54.—PEARLS; HOW THEY ARE PRODUCED, AND WHERE.
    55. CHAP. 55.—HOW PEARLS ARE FOUND.
    56. CHAP. 56.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF PEARLS.
    57. CHAP. 57.—REMARKABLE FACTS CONNECTED WITH PEARLS—THEIR NATURE.
    58. CHAP. 58.—INSTANCES OF THE USE OF PEARLS.
    59. CHAP. 59.—HOW PEARLS FIRST CAME INTO USE AT ROME.
    60. CHAP. 60.—THE NATURE OF THE MUREX AND THE PURPLE.
    61. CHAP. 61.—THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF PURPLES.
    62. CHAP. 62. (38.)—HOW WOOLS ARE DYED WITH THE JUICES OF THE PURPLE.
    63. CHAP. 63. (39.)—WHEN PURPLE WAS FIRST USED AT ROME: WHEN THE LATICLAVE VESTMENT AND THE PRÆTEXTA WERE FIRST WORN.
    64. CHAP. 64.—FABRICS CALLED CONCHYLIATED.
    65. CHAP. 65.—THE AMETHYST, THE TYRIAN, THE HYSGINIAN, AND THE CRIMSON TINTS.
    66. CHAP. 66. (42.)—THE PINNA, AND THE PINNOTHERES.
    67. CHAP. 67.—THE SENSITIVENESS OF WATER ANIMALS; THE TORPEDO, THE PASTINACA, THE SCOLOPENDRA, THE GLANIS, AND THE RAM-FISH.
    68. CHAP. 68. (45.)—BODIES WHICH HAVE A THIRD NATURE, THAT OF THE ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE COMBINED—THE SEA-NETTLE.
    69. CHAP. 69.—SPONGES; THE VARIOUS KINDS OF THEM, AND WHERE THEY ARE PRODUCED: PROOFS THAT THEY ARE GIFTED WITH LIFE BY NATURE.
    70. CHAP. 70. (46.)—DOG-FISH.2747
    71. CHAP. 71.—FISHES WHICH ARE ENCLOSED IN A STONY SHELL—SEA ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO SENSATION—-OTHER ANIMALS WHICH LIVE IN THE MUD.
    72. CHAP. 72. (48.)—VENOMOUS SEA-ANIMALS.
    73. CHAP. 73. (49.)—THE MALADIES OF FISHES.
    74. CHAP. 74. (50.)—THE GENERATION OF FISHES.
    75. CHAP. 75.—FISHES WHICH ARE BOTH OVIPAROUS AND VIVIPAROUS.
    76. CHAP. 76.—FISHES THE BELLY OF WHICH OPENS IN SPAWNING, AND THEN CLOSES AGAIN.
    77. CHAP. 77. (52.)—FISHES WHICH HAVE A WOMB; THOSE WHICH IMPREGNATE THEMSELVES.
    78. CHAP. 78. (53.)—THE LONGEST LIVES KNOWN AMONGST FISHES.
    79. CHAP. 79. (54.)—THE FIRST PERSON THAT FORMED ARTIFICIAL OYSTER-BEDS.
    80. CHAP. 80.—WHO WAS THE FIRST INVENTOR OF PRESERVES FOR OTHER FISH.
    81. CHAP. 81. (55.)—WHO INVENTED PRESERVES FOR MURENÆ.
    82. CHAP. 82. (56.)—WHO INVENTED PRESERVES FOR SEA-SNAILS.
    83. CHAP. 83. (57.)—LAND FISHES.
    84. CHAP. 84. (58.)—THE MICE OF THE NILE.
    85. CHAP. 85. (59.)—HOW THE FISH CALLED THE ANTHIAS IS TAKEN.
    86. CHAP. 86. (60.)—SEA-STARS.
    87. CHAP. 87. (61.)—THE MARVELLOUS PROPERTIES OF THE DACTYLUS.
    88. CHAP. 88. (62.)—THE ANTIPATHIES AND SYMPATHIES THAT EXIST BETWEEN AQUATIC ANIMALS.
  7. BOOK X. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS.
    1. CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE OSTRICH.
    2. CHAP. 2. (2.)—THE PHŒNIX.
    3. CHAP. 3. (3.)—THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF EAGLES.
    4. CHAP. 4.—THE NATURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EAGLE.
    5. CHAP. 5. (4.)—WHEN THE EAGLE WAS FIRST USED AS THE STANDARD OF THE ROMAN LEGIONS.
    6. CHAP. 6. (5.)—AN EAGLE WHICH PRECIPITATED ITSELF ON THE FUNERAL PILE OF A GIRL.
    7. CHAP. 7. (6.)—THE VULTURE.
    8. CHAP. 8. (7.)—THE BIRDS CALLED SANGUALIS AND IMMUSULUS.
    9. CHAP. 9. (8.)—HAWKS. THE BUTEO.
    10. CHAP. 10.—IN WHAT PLACES HAWKS AND MEN PURSUE THE CHASE IN COMPANY WITH EACH OTHER.
    11. CHAP. 11. (9.)—THE ONLY BIRD THAT IS KILLED BY THOSE OF ITS OWN KIND.—A BIRD THAT LAYS ONLY ONE EGG.
    12. CHAP. 12. (10.)—THE KITE.
    13. CHAP. 13. (11.)—THE CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS.
    14. CHAP. 14. (12.)—CROWS. BIRDS OF ILL OMEN. AT WHAT SEASONS THEY ARE NOT INAUSPICIOUS.
    15. CHAP. 15.—THE RAVEN.
    16. CHAP. 16.—THE HORNED OWL.
    17. CHAP. 17. (13.)—BIRDS, THE RACE OF WHICH IS EXTINCT, OR OF WHICH ALL KNOWLEDGE HAS BEEN LOST.
    18. CHAP. 18. (16.)—BIRDS WHICH ARE BORN WITH THE TAIL FIRST.
    19. CHAP. 19. (17.)—THE OWLET.
    20. CHAP. 20. (18.)—THE WOOD-PECKER OF MARS.
    21. CHAP. 21. (19.)—BIRDS WHICH HAVE HOOKED TALONS.
    22. CHAP. 22. (20.)—THE PEACOCK.
    23. CHAP. 23.—WHO WAS THE FIRST TO KILL THE PEACOCK FOR FOOD.—WHO FIRST TAUGHT THE ART OF CRAMMING THEM.
    24. CHAP. 24. (21.)—THE DUNGHILL COCK.
    25. CHAP. 25.—HOW COCKS ARE CASTRATED. A COCK THAT ONCE SPOKE.
    26. CHAP. 26. (22.)—THE GOOSE.
    27. CHAP. 27.—WHO FIRST TAUGHT US TO USE THE LIVER OF THE GOOSE FOR FOOD.
    28. CHAP. 28.—OF THE COMMAGENIAN MEDICAMENT.
    29. CHAP. 29.—THE CHENALOPEX, THE CHENEROS, THE TETRAO, AND THE OTIS.
    30. CHAP. 30. (23.)—CRANES.
    31. CHAP. 31.—STORKS.
    32. CHAP. 32.—SWANS.
    33. CHAP. 33.—FOREIGN BIRDS WHICH VISIT US; THE QUAIL, THE GLOTTIS, THE CYCHRAMUS, AND THE OTUS.
    34. CHAP. 34. (24.)—SWALLOWS.
    35. CHAP. 35.—BIRDS WHICH TAKE THEIR DEPARTURE FROM US, AND WHITHER THEY GO; THE THRUSH, THE BLACKBIRD, AND THE STARLING—BIRDS WHICH LOSE THEIR FEATHERS DURING THEIR RETIREMENT—THE TURTLE-DOVE AND THE RING-DOVE—THE FLIGHT OF STARLINGS AND SWALLOWS.
    36. CHAP. 36. (25.)—BIRDS WHICH REMAIN WITH US THROUGHOUT THE YEAR; BIRDS WHICH REMAIN WITH US ONLY SIX OR THREE MONTHS; WITWALLS AND HOOPOES.
    37. CHAP. 37. (26.)—THE MEMNONIDES.
    38. CHAP. 38.—THE MELEAGRIDES.
    39. CHAP. 39. (27.)—THE SELEUCIDES.
    40. CHAP. 40. (28.)—THE IBIS.
    41. CHAP. 41. (29.)—PLACES IN WHICH CERTAIN BIRDS ARE NEVER FOUND.
    42. CHAP. 42.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF BIRDS WHICH AFFORD OMENS BY THEIR NOTE—BIRDS WHICH CHANGE THEIR COLOUR AND THEIR VOICE.
    43. CHAP. 43.—THE NIGHTINGALE.
    44. CHAP. 44.—THE MELANCORYPHUS, THE ERITHACUS, AND THE PHŒNICURUS.
    45. CHAP. 45.—THE ŒNANTHE, THE CHLORION, THE BLACKBIRD, AND THE IBIS.
    46. CHAP. 46. (31.)—THE TIMES OF INCUBATION OF BIRDS.
    47. CHAP. 47. (32.)—THE HALCYONES: THE HALCYON DAYS THAT ARE FAVOURABLE TO NAVIGATION.
    48. CHAP. 48.—OTHER KINDS OF AQUATIC BIRDS.
    49. CHAP. 49. (33.)—THE INSTINCTIVE CLEVERNESS DISPLAYED BY BIRDS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THEIR NESTS. THE WONDERFUL WORKS OF THE SWALLOW. THE BANK-SWALLOW.
    50. CHAP. 50.—THE ACANTHYLLIS AND OTHER BIRDS.
    51. CHAP. 51.—THE MEROPS—PARTRIDGES.
    52. CHAP. 52. (34.)—PIGEONS.
    53. CHAP. 53.—WONDERFUL THINGS DONE BY THEM; PRICES AT WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN SOLD.
    54. CHAP. 54. (38.)—DIFFERENT MODES OF FLIGHT AND PROGRESSION IN BIRDS.
    55. CHAP. 55. (39.)—THE BIRDS CALLED APODES, OR CYPSELI.
    56. CHAP. 56. (40.)—RESPECTING THE FOOD OF BIRDS—THE CAPRIMULGUS, THE PLATEA.
    57. CHAP. 57. (41.)—THE INSTINCTS OF BIRDS—THE CARDUELIS, THE TAURUS, THE ANTHUS.
    58. CHAP. 58.—BIRDS WHICH SPEAK—THE PARROT.
    59. CHAP. 59.—THE PIE WHICH FEEDS ON ACORNS.
    60. CHAP. 60. (48.)—A SEDITION THAT AROSE AMONG THE ROMAN PEOPLE, IN CONSEQUENCE OF A RAVEN SPEAKING.
    61. CHAP. 61. (44.)—THE BIRDS OF DIOMEDES.
    62. CHAP. 62. (45.)—ANIMALS THAT CAN LEARN NOTHING.
    63. CHAP. 63. (46.)—THE MODE OF DRINKING WITH BIRDS. THE PORPHYRIO.
    64. CHAP. 64. (47.)—THE HÆMATOPOUS.
    65. CHAP. 65.—THE FOOD OF BIRDS.
    66. CHAP. 66.—THE PELICAN.
    67. CHAP. 67.—FOREIGN BIRDS: THE PHALERIDES, THE PHEASANT, AND THE NUMIDICÆ.
    68. CHAP. 68.—THE PHŒNICOPTERUS, THE ATTAGEN, THE PHALACROCORAX, THE PYRRHOCORAX, AND THE LAGOPUS.
    69. CHAP. 69. (49.)—THE NEW BIRDS. THE VIPIO.
    70. CHAP. 70.—FABULOUS BIRDS.
    71. CHAP. 71. (50.)—WHO FIRST INVENTED THE ART OF CRAMMING POULTRY: WHY THE FIRST CENSORS FORBADE THIS PRACTICE.
    72. CHAP. 72.—WHO FIRST INVENTED AVIARIES. THE DISH OF ÆSOPUS.
    73. CHAP. 73. (52.)—THE GENERATION OF BIRDS: OTHER OVIPAROUS ANIMALS.
    74. CHAP. 74.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF EGGS, AND THEIR NATURE.
    75. CHAP. 75. (54.)—DEFECTS IN BROOD-HENS, AND THEIR REMEDIES.
    76. CHAP. 76. (55.)—AN AUGURY DERIVED FROM EGGS BY AN EMPRESS.
    77. CHAP. 77. (56.)—THE BEST KINDS OF FOWLS.
    78. CHAP. 78. (57.)—THE DISEASES OF FOWLS, AND THEIR REMEDIES.
    79. CHAP. 79. (58.)—WHEN BIRDS LAY, AND HOW MANY EGGS. THE VARIOUS KINDS OF HERONS.
    80. CHAP. 80.—WHAT EGGS ARE CALLED HYPENEMIA, AND WHAT CYNOSURA. HOW EGGS ARE BEST KEPT.
    81. CHAP. 81. (61.)—THE ONLY WINGED ANIMAL THAT IS VIVIPAROUS, AND NURTURES ITS YOUNG WITH ITS MILK.
    82. CHAP. 82. (62.)—TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS THAT ARE OVIPAROUS.—VARIOUS KINDS OF SERPENTS.
    83. CHAP. 83. (63.)—GENERATION OF ALL KINDS OF TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS.
    84. CHAP. 84. (64.)—THE POSITION OF ANIMALS IN THE UTERUS.
    85. CHAP. 85.—ANIMALS WHOSE ORIGIN IS STILL UNKNOWN.
    86. CHAP. 86. (66.)—SALAMANDERS.
    87. CHAP. 87. (68.)—ANIMALS WHICH ARE BORN OF BEINGS THAT HAVE NOT BEEN BORN THEMSELVES—ANIMALS WHICH ARE BORN THEMSELVES BUT ARE NOT REPRODUCTIVE—ANIMALS WHICH ARE OF NEITHER SEX.
    88. CHAP. 88. (69.)—THE SENSES OF ANIMALS—THAT ALL HAVE THE SENSES OF TOUCH AND TASTE—THOSE WHICH ARE MORE REMARKABLE FOR THEIR SIGHT, SMELL, OR HEARING—MOLES—WHETHER OYSTERS HAVE THE SENSE OF HEARING.
    89. CHAP. 89. (70.)—WHICH FISHES HAVE THE BEST HEARING.
    90. CHAP. 90.—WHICH FISHES HAVE THE FINEST SENSE OF SMELL.
    91. CHAP. 91.—DIVERSITIES IN THE FEEDING OF ANIMALS.
    92. CHAP. 92. (72.)—ANIMALS WHICH LIVE ON POISONS.
    93. CHAP. 93.—ANIMALS WHICH LIVE ON EARTH—ANIMALS WHICH WILL NOT DIE OF HUNGER OR THIRST.
    94. CHAP. 94.—DIVERSITIES IN THE DRINKING OF ANIMALS.
    95. CHAP. 95. (74.)—ANTIPATHIES OF ANIMALS. PROOFS THAT THEY ARE SENSIBLE OF FRIENDSHIP AND OTHER AFFECTIONS.
    96. CHAP. 96.—INSTANCES OF AFFECTION SHOWN BY SERPENTS.
    97. CHAP. 97. (75.)—THE SLEEP OF ANIMALS.
    98. CHAP. 98.—WHAT ANIMALS ARE SUBJECT TO DREAMS.
  8. FOOTNOTES:
  9. ERRATA IN VOL. I.
  10. THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE

CHAP. 76.—FISHES THE BELLY OF WHICH OPENS IN SPAWNING, AND THEN CLOSES AGAIN.

The sea-needle,2804 or the belone, is the only fish in which the multitude of its eggs, in spawning, causes the belly to open asunder; but immediately after it has brought forth, the wound heals again: a thing which, it is said, is the case with the blind-worm as well. The sea-mouse2805 digs a hole in the earth, deposits its eggs there, and then covers them up. On the thirtieth day it opens the hole, and leads its young to the water.

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CHAP. 77. (52.)—FISHES WHICH HAVE A WOMB; THOSE WHICH IMPREGNATE THEMSELVES.
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