Vocabulary

Anatomical Language

Body Planes	Anatomical regions
Frontal (Coronal)	Cephalic
Transverse	Ocular
Sagittal	Auricular (Otic)
	Buccal
Directional terms	Nasal
Anterior (Ventral)	Oral
Posterior (Dorsal)	Axillary
Proximal	Cubital
Distal	Antecubital
Superior	Carpal (Carpus)
Inferior	Palmar
Lateral	Thoracic
Medial	Abdominal Umbilical
Deep	Lumbar
Superficial	Inguinal
Parietal	Pubic
Visceral	Gluteal
	Patellar
Abdominal regions	Popliteal
Right hypochondriac	Crural
Epigastric	Sural
Left hypochondriac	Tarsal (Tarsus)
Right lumbar	Pedal
Umbilical	Planter
Left lumbar
Right iliac
Hypogastric (Pelvic)
Left iliac

TISSUEs

Basic tissue types	Connective tissues
Epithelial	Connective tissue cells:
Connective	Fibroblasts
Muscle	Macrophages
Nervous	Plasma cells
	Mast cells
Epithelial Tissues	Adipocytes
Classification of Epithelial tissue:
*Based on arrangement of layers*	Connective tissue fibers:
Simple	Collagen fibers
Pseudostratified	Elastic fibers
Stratified	Reticular fibers

*Based on cell shapes*	Extracellular matrix:
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

*Based on function*
Covering and lining
Glandular
Endocrine glands
Exocrine glands
Absorptive
Transitional epithelium

Bones and Bone Markings

Classification of the bones	Axial skeleton skull
Long bone	Frontal bone
Short bone	Parietal bone
Flat bone	Temporal bone
Irregular bone
Sesamoid bone

Bone histology and formation	Occipital bone
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification	Foramen Magnum
Osteoprogenitor cells	Ethmoid bone
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Spongy Bone	Sphenoid bone
Trabeculae	Sella turcica
Compact bone	Zygomatic bone
Osteon	Mandible
Lamellae	Maxilla
Lacunae	Palatine bone
	Nasal bone
Parts of the bone	Vomer
Epiphysis	Lacrimal bone
Metaphysis	Hyoid bone
Epiphyseal Line/ Plate
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Endosteum
Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
Red bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow

Special features of the skull
Zygomatic arch	Thoracic Cage
Zygomatic process of temporal bone	Sternum
Temporal process of zygomatic bone	Ribs
Sutures
Coronal sutures	Clavicle
Sagittal sutures
	Scapula
Vertebral column	Acromion
*Parts of the typical vertebra*	Glenoid cavity
Body of the vertebrae	Coracoid process
Vertebral foramen	Supraspinous fossa
Lamina	Infraspinous fossa
Spinous process	Humerus
Transverse process	Head
	Trochlea
Regions of the vertebral column	Capitulum
Cervical region (recognize atlas and axis vertebral)	Medial epicondyle
Transverse foramen (in cervical vertebrae only)	Lateral epicondyle
Atlas (C1)	Coronoid fossa
Axis (C2)	Olecranon fossa
Dens of axis
Thoracic region
Lumbar region
Sacrum
Coccyx
Intervertebral foramen
Intervertebral disc

Ulna	Femur
Olecranon (Olecranon process)	Head of femur
Coronoid process	Neck of femur
Trochlear notch	Greater trochanter
Head	Lesser trochanter
	Lateral condyle
Radius	Medial condyle
Head
Styloid process	Patella

Carpals	Tibia
Metacarpals	Medial malleolus
Phalanges
	Fibula
Hip bones	Head
Ilium	Lateral malleolus

Ischium	Tarsals
	Metatarsals
Pubic arch	Phalanges
Pubic symphysis
Acetabulum	Blood Supply
	Periosteal arteries/veins
	Nutrient artery/veins

SPINAL CORD AND PERIPHERAL NERVES

Coverings of the spinal cord	External anatomy of the spinal cord
Vertebral column	Anterior (ventral) median fissure
Spinal meninges	Posterior (dorsal) median sulcus
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater	Cross section of the spinal cord
Subarachnoid space	Grey matter
Pia mater	Posterior (dorsal) gray horn
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)	Anterior (ventral) gray horn
Epidural space	Lateral gray horn
	White matter
Spinal cord	Posterior (dorsal) white columns
Spinal cord segments	Lateral white columns
Cervical segments	Anterior (ventral) white columns
Thoracic segment	Central canal
Lumbar segment:
Sacral segment
Cervical enlargement
Lumbar enlargement
Conus medullaris
Filum terminale
Cauda equina

Plexuses and peripheral nerves	Spinal nerves
Cervical plexus	Anterior (ventral) root
C1-C5	Posterior (dorsal) root
Phrenic nerve	Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion
Brachial Plexus	Spinal nerve
C5-C8, T1	Rami communicantes
Median nerve
Radial nerve	Number of spinal nerves
Ulnar nerve	Cervical nerves (8)
Lumbar plexus	Thoracic nerves (12)
L1-L4	Lumbar nerves (5)
Sacral plexus	Sacral nerves (5)
L4-L5, S1-S4	Coccygeal nerves (1)
Sciatic nerve
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve
Dermatomes

Brain and Cranial Nerves

Nervous system divisions	Brain Anatomy
Central nervous system	Cerebrum
Peripheral nervous system	Frontal lobe
Somatic nervous system	Temporal lobe
Autonomic nervous system	Parietal lobe
Sympathetic	Occipital lobe
Parasympathetic	Insula
	Corpus callosum
Sensory = afferent	Basal Nuclei
Motor = efferent
	Limbic System
Grey matter	Amygdala
White matter	Hippocampus
Gyrus pl. gyri	Cingulate gyrus
Central sulcus
	Cerebellum
Meninges	Cerebellar hemispheres
Dura mater	Vermis
	Folia
	Arbor vitae
Falx cerebri
	Diencephalon
	Hypothalamus
Arachnoid mater	Thalamus
Pia mater	Epithalamus
	Pineal gland
Ventricles	Pituitary gland
Lateral ventricles (2)	Infundibulum
Interventricular foramen	Medial eminence
Third ventricle	Brain stem
Cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of midbrain)	Medulla oblongata
Fourth ventricle	Pons
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)	Midbrain
Choroid plexuses	Cerebral peduncles
	Tectum
	Corpora quadrigemina
	Superior and inferior colliculi
	Reticular formation

Cerebral Cortex Organization

Primary sensory cortex – postcentral gyrus

Primary motor cortex – precentral gyrus

Primary visual cortex – occipital lobe

Primary auditory cortex – temporal lobe

Broca’s speech area – for making speech

Wernicke’s area – for understanding speech

Cranial Nerves and their function

I. Olfactory – sensory

II. Optic- sensory

III. Occulomotor- motor + parasympathetic

IV. Trochlear- motor

V. Trigeminal – motor + sensory, mostly sensory

VI. Abducens- motor

VII. Facial – motor + sensory + parasympathetic, mostly motor

VIII. Vestibulocochlear (acoustic)- sensory

IX. Glossopharyngeal- motor + sensory + parasympathetic

X. Vagus- motor + sensory + parasympathetic, mostly parasympathetic

XI. Spinal accessory – motor

XII. Hypoglossal- motor

Somatic Nervous System

Sensation	Somatic motor pathways (to voluntary muscles)
Perception	2-neuron pathway
Sensory modality	Sensory tracts
Medial-lateral rule	Posterior (dorsal) columns (fine touch and vibration)
	First synapse in the medulla oblongata
Somatic Sensory Pathways	Crosses to the other side in the medulla
First order neurons	Gracile fasciculus
Second order neurons	Cuneate fasciculus
Third order neurons	Spinothalamic tracts
	First synapse in the spinal cord at the level of entry
Dorsal root ganglion	Crosses to the other side at the level of entry
Posterior gray horns	Lateral spinothalamic tract (pain and temperature)
Thalamus	Anterior spinothalamic tract (crude touch)
Primary somatosensory area	Spinocerebellar tracts (unconscious)
Sensory homunculus	Posterior spinocerebellar tract
	Anterior spinocerebellar tract
Conscious motor tracts
Corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract)
Lateral corticospinal tract
Anterior corticospinal tract
Corticobulbar tracts

Upper motor neurons
Pyramidal cells in precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)
Pyramids of medulla
Decussation of pyramids (most fibers cross to the other side)
1st synapse in spinal cord at the level of exit

Lower motor neurons
Motor homunculus
Internal capsule

Subconscious motor tracts
Rubrospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract

Autonomic Nervous System Word List

Preganglionic neuron	Sympathetic division
Autonomic ganglion	Lateral horns T1 to L2
Postganglionic neuron	Sympathetic ganglia
Preganglionic vs postganglionic fibers	Sympathetic trunk
Dual innervation	Prevertebral ganglia
	Adrenal Medulla
Autonomic Plexuses
Cardiac plexus	Parasympathetic (cranio-sacral) division
Celiac (solar) plexus	Vagus nerve
Superior mesenteric plexus	Sacral parasympathetic neurons
Inferior mesenteric plexus	Parasympathetic ganglia in the walls of the target organs
Renal plexus
Hypogastric plexus

Special Senses

Eyeball	Muscles of the eye
Anterior cavity (has 2 chambers)	Superior rectus
Aqueous humor	Inferior rectus
Posterior cavity (not chamber! See powerpoint.)	Lateral rectus
Vitreous humor	Medial rectus
Lens	Superior oblique
Fibrous Tunic	Inferior oblique
Sclera	Palpabrae
Cornea	Conjunctiva
Vascular Tunic	Lacrimal glands
Iris	Ear
Pupil	External (outer) ear
Ciliary bodies	Middle ear
Choroid	Inner ear
Neural Tunic	External ear
Retina	Auricle
Macula lutea	External auditory (acoustic) meatus (canal)
Fovea centralis	Tympanic membrane
Optic disc (blind spot)	Ceruminous glands
Layers of the retina from outside of the eyeball to the inside)	Middle Ear
Photoreceptors: Rods and Cones	Auditory ossicles
Bipolar cells	Stapes
Ganglion cells	Incus
Axons form optic nerve (CN II)	Malleus
Horizontal cells	Oval window
Amacrine cells	Auditory (Eustachian) tube
Inner ear- bony labyrinth	Olfaction
Semicircular canals	Olfactory epithelium
Vestibule	Olfactory receptor cells
Cochlea	Olfactory nerve CN I
Perilymph	Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
	Olfactory foramina
Inner ear- membranous labyrinth	Olfactory bulb
Semicircular canals	Olfactory tract
Ampulla
Cupula	Taste
Urticle	5 primary tastes: sour, sweet, bitter, salt, umami
Saccule	Taste buds
Cochlea	Lingual papillae on the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, epiglottis
Endolymph	Filiform papillae
Maculae	Fungiform papillae
Otoliths	Circumvallate papillae
Scala media	Innervated by
Scala tympani	CN VII
Organ of Corti	CN IX
	CN X

Respiratory System Word List

Upper respiratory system	Trachea and bronchial tree
Nose	Tracheal cartilages
Root	Carina
Bridge	Primary (main) bronchi (L/R)
Apex	Secondary (lobar) bronchi
naris (narises)	Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
Nasal Cavity	Bronchioles
Nasal Conchae (superior, middle, inferior)	Terminal bronchioles
Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, inferior)	Respiratory bronchioles

Pharynx	Alveolar ducts
Nasopharynx	Alveolar sacs
Oropharynx	Alveoli
Laryngopharynx	Type I Alveolar Cells
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)	Type II Alveolar Cells
	Surfactant
Lower respiratory system
Larynx	Lung external features
Epiglottis	Superior Lobe
Vocal cords	Inferior Lobe
Glottis	Middle Lobe
Larynx cartilages	Cardiac Notch
Thyroid cartilage	Horizontal fissure
Cricoid cartilage	Oblique fissure
Cuneiform cartilage	Apex of lung
Corniculate cartilage	Base of lung
Arytenoid cartilage	Hilum
Coverings of lungs	Muscles of Exhalation
Parietal pleura	Internal Intercostal Muscles
Visceral pleura	External oblique
Pleural cavity	Internal oblique
	Transverse abdominis
Primary muscles of inhalation	Rectus abdominis
Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles	Blood Supply to respiratory system
Accessory Muscles of Inhalation	Note the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
Scalenes	Systemic circulation
Sternocleidomastoid	Bronchial arteries
Coverings of lungs	Bronchial veins
Parietal pleura	Pulmonary circulation
Visceral pleura	Pulmonary trunk
Pleural cavity	Pulmonary artery
	Pulmonary veins

Blood Components

Blood components	Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Blood plasma	Thrombopoiesis
Plasma proteins	Myeloid stem cell
Albumins	Megakaryocyte
Globulins
Fibrinogen	Leukocytes (White blood cells)
Serum	Myeloid stem cell line
Formed elements	Granular leukocytes
Erythrocytes	Neutrophils
Leukocytes	Eosinophils
Platelets	Basophils
	Agranular leukocytes
Blood Cell Formation	Monocytes
Hemopoiesis (Hematopoiesis)	Macrophages
Red bone marrow
Pluripotent stem cells	Lymphoid stem cell line
	Lymphocytes
Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)	T cells
Erythropoiesis	B cells
Reticulocytes	Natural killer cells
Hemoglobin
ABO blood group system
Rh blood group system

Blood Vessels

Blood circuits	Types of blood vessels
Pulmonary circulation	Know difference between arteries and veins
Systemic circulation	Arteries
Coronary circulation	Elastic arteries (conducting arteries)
Hepatic portal circulation	Muscular arteries (distributing arteries)
Anastomoses (collateral arteries)	Arterioles (resistance vessels)
Arterio-arterial (2 or more arteries supplying blood to the same capillary bed)	Capillaries
Arterial-venous (bypassing capillary beds)	Continuous capillaries
	Fenestrated capillaries
Layers of blood vessel walls	Sinusoid capillaries
Tunica interna (intima)	Veins
Tunica media	Venules
Tunica externa (adventitia)
Vasa vasorum

Major blood vessels of pulmonary circulation	Blood flow to the brain
Pulmonary trunk	Aorta
Pulmonary arteries	Right/left common carotid artery
Pulmonary capillaries	Right/left internal carotid arteries
Pulmonary veins	Vertebral arteries
	Basilar artery
Major arteries of systemic circulation	Circle of Willis (cerebral arterial circle)
Make note of the paired branches vs unpaired arteries and veins	Left/Right middle cerebral arteries
Aorta	Left/Right ophthalmic arteries
Ascending aorta
Arch of the Aorta	Arteries of the upper limbs
Descending aorta	Left/Right subclavian arteries (note the differences in their origins)
Brachiocephalic trunk	Left/Right axillary arteries
Common carotid artery	Left/Right brachial arteries
Internal carotid artery	Left/Right radial arteries
External carotid artery	Left/Right ulnar arteries
Carotid sinus
Common iliac artery

Arteries of abdominal cavity	Veins of the upper limbs
Celiac trunk	Left/Right radial vein
Superior mesenteric artery	Left/Right ulnar vein
Inferior mesenteric artery	Left/Right median cubital vein
	Left/Right brachial vein
Arteries of the lower limbs	Left/Right axillary vein
Left/Right common iliac arteries	Left/Right cephalic vein
Left/Right femoral arteries	Left/Right subclavian vein
Left/Right popliteal arteries	Left/Right brachiocephalic veins
Left/Right anterior tibial arteries	Superior vena cava
Left/Right posterior tibial arteries
Left/Right fibular (peroneal) arteries	Hepatic portal circulation
	Hepatic artery
Veins	Portal vein
Superior vena cava	Hepatic veins
Inferior vena cava	Veins of the lower limbs
	Left/Right fibular (peroneal) veins
Veins of the neck and head	Left/Right posterior tibial veins
Left/Right internal jugular	Left/Right anterior tibial veins
Left/Right external jugular	Left/Right popliteal veins
Left/Right subclavian vein	Left/Right great saphenous veins
Left/Right brachiocephalic veins	Left/Right femoral veins
	Left/Right common iliac veins
	Inferior vena cava

heart

Cardiac muscle histology	Layers of the heart wall
Cardiac myocytes	Pericardium
Striated
Mononucleated
Intercalated discs	Visceral layer (a.k.a. epicardium)
	Epicardium (same as visceral layer of pericardium)
External features of the heart	Myocardium
Base	Endocardium
Apex
Auricles	Internal heart anatomy
Coronary sulcus	Right/Left atria
Anterior interventricular sulcus	Pectinate muscles
Posterior interventricular sulcus	Interatrial septum
	Foramen ovale
Positioning of the heart	Right/Left ventricles
Mediastinum	Interventricular septum
Behind the sternum	Fibrous skeleton
Rotated to the left
*Make sure you know what parts of the heart form anterior, posterior, inferior, right and left surfaces

Heart valves and associated structures	Coronary Circulation
Cusps (leaflets)	Left coronary artery
Right atrioventricular valve – tricuspid valve	Anterior interventricular branch
Left atrioventricular valve – bicuspid (mitral valve)	Circumflex branch
Chordae tendineae	Right coronary artery
Papillary muscles	Posterior interventricular branch
Pulmonary semilunar valve	Marginal branch
Aortic semilunar valve
	Great cardiac vein
Cardiac conduction system	Middle cardiac vein
Sinoatrial (SA) node	Small cardiac vein
Atrioventricular (AV) node	Anterior cardiac veins
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)	Coronary sinus
Left and right bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

Lymphatic System

Main Four Elements of the System	Lymphatic organs
Lymph	Red bone marrow
Lymphocytes	Thymus
Lymphatic vessels	Lymph nodes
Lymphatic organs and tissues	Afferent lymphatic vessels
	Efferent lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic vessels and circulation	Spleen
Lymphatic capillaries	White pulp
Lacteals	Red pulp
Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
Lymph trunks	Lymphatic tissues
Intestinal trunk	Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
Bronchomediastinal trunks	Aggregated lymphatic follicles (Peyer’s Patches)
Subclavian trunks	Tonsils
Jugular trunks	Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
	Palatine tonsils
Thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct)	Lingual tonsils
Right Lymphatic duct

Digestive System

Parts of the digestive tract (top-down)	Layers of the GI tract (from deep to superficial)
Oral cavity (mouth)	Mucosa (digestive epithelium)
Esophagus	Submucosa
Stomach	Muscularis
Duodenum	Serosa/adventitia
Liver	Innervation of the gut
Pancreas	Submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner)
Gallbladder	Myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach)
Jejunum
Ileum	Peritoneum
Colon	Parietal layer
Cecum	Visceral layer
Appendix	Peritoneal cavity
Ascending colon	Greater omentum
Transverse colon	Lesser omentum
Descending colon	Mesentery
Sigmoid colon	Intraperitoneal organs
Rectum	Retroperitoneal organs
Anal canal
Anus

Parts of digestive tract in detail	Teeth (denten)
Mouth	Crown
Buccal (oral) cavity	Neck
Lips (labia)	Root
Uvula	Enamel
Hard palate	Dentin
Soft palate	Pulp cavity
Palatoglossal arch Palatopharyngeal arch	Root canal
Tonsils	Apical foramen
Salivary Glands	Incisors
Parotid glands	Canines
Submandibular glands	Premolars (Bicuspids)
Sublingual glands	Molars (Tricuspids)
Saliva
Tongue	Pharynx
Papillae	Deglutition (swallowing)
Fungiform papillae	Esophagus
Circumvallate (vallate) papillae	Lower esophageal sphincter (lower esophageal valve) (LES)
Filiform papillae
Lingual frenulum

Stomach	Pancreas
Rugae	Pancreatic duct
Lesser curvature	Hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)
Greater curvature	Sphincter of Oddi
	Acini (exocrine cells)
Fundus	Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) (endocrine cells)
Body
Pylorus	Liver
Pyloric sphincter	Right lobe
	Left lobe
Mucosa of the stomach	Quadrate lobe
Gastric glands	Caudate lobe
Gastric pits	Hepatocytes
Parietal cells
Chief cells
G cells

Bile ducts	Large intestine
Right and left hepatic duct	Teniae coli
Common hepatic duct	Haustra
Common bile duct	Appendix
	Cecum
Portal triad of liver lobules	Ileocecal sphincter (Ileocecal valve)
Hepatic artery	Colon
Hepatic portal vein	Ascending colon
Central vein	Transverse colon
Hepatic veins	Descending colon
	Sigmoid colon
Gallbladder	Rectum
Cystic duct	Anal canal
	Anus
Small intestine
Circular folds (plicae circulares)	Blood supply of GI Tract
Villi	Sinusoid capillaries
Lacteals
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Ileocecal sphincter (ileocecal valve)

URINARY

Kidneys	Filtrate pathway (Nephron)
Ureters	Cortical nephron
Urinary bladder	Juxtamedullary nephron
Urethra	Renal corpuscle

Kidney
Fibrous capsule
Perinephric fat	Afferent arteriole
Renal fascia	Efferent arteriole
Renal cortex	Proximal convoluted tubule
Renal medulla	Nephron loop (Loop of Henle)
Renal pyramids
Renal papilla
Renal columns	Distal convoluted tubule
Renal sinus	Collecting duct
Minor calyx	Papillary duct
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Renal hilum
Renal artery
Renal vein

Urinary bladder

Detrusor muscle

Trigone

Internal urethral sphincter

External urethral sphincter

Blood flow through kidney

Renal artery

Segmental arteries

Interlobar arteries

Arcuate arteries

Cortical radiate arteries

Afferent arterioles

Glomerular capillaries

Efferent arteriole

Peritubular/vasa recta capillaries

Interlobular veins

Arcuate veins

Interlobar veins

Renal vein

Inferior vena cava

muscular system

Muscle cell (Myofibers)	Muscles of the head and neck
Sarcolemma	Mouth movement:
Sarcoplasm	Orbicularis oris
Sarcoplasmic reticulum	Zygomaticus major and minor
	Risorius
Connective tissues of the muscle	Mentalis
Endomysium	Depressor labii inferioris
Perimysium	Depressor anguli oris
Epimysium	Levator anguli oris
Muscle fascicles	Buccinator
Tendons	Depressor labii superioris
Aponeuroses
	Eye movement:
Organization of fascicles	Corrugator supercilii
Parallel muscle fibers	Levator palpebrae superioris
Triangular muscle fibers	Orbicularis oculi
Pennate muscle fibers
Unipennate muscle fibers
Bipennate muscle fibers
Multipennate muscle fibers
Circular muscle fibers

Muscles of the eyes and their action

Superior rectus- moves eyeballs superiorly (elevation) and medially (adduction), and rotates them medially (intorsion)

Superior oblique- moves eyeballs inferiorly (depression) and laterally (abduction), and rotates them medially (intorsion)

Levator palpebrae superioris- elevates upper eyelids (opens eyes)

Inferior oblique- moves eyeballs superiorly (elevation) and laterally (abduction) and rotates them laterally (extorsion)

Inferior rectus- moves eyeballs inferiorly (depression) and medially (adduction), and rotates them laterally (extorsion)

Lateral rectus- moves eyeballs laterally (abduction)

Medial rectus- moves eyeballs medially (adduction)

Muscles of respiration	Rotator Cuff Muscle (SITS)
External intercostals	Supraspinatus*
Diaphragm	Infraspinatus*
Scalenes*	Teres minor*
Sternocleidomastoid*	Subscapularis*
Internal intercostals	Teres major*
Rectus abdominis	Coracobrachialis
Internal oblique
External oblique	Muscles of upper limb
Transverse abdominis	Deltoid
Biceps Brachii (long and short head)
Triceps Brachii (medial, lateral, and long head)
Brachialis
Brachioradialis

Joints and Articulations

Joints (Arthroses)	Classification of joints based on range of motion
Fibrous joints	Synarthrosis
Sutures	Amphiarthrosis
Syndesmoses	Diarthroses
Gomphosis
Interosseous membranes

Cartilaginous joints	Classification based on mechanics of movement
Synchondroses	Plane joints
Symphyses	Hinge joints
Pubic symphysis	Pivot joints
Epiphyseal cartilages
	Intervertebral articulations and ligaments
Synovial joints	Intervertebral discs
Synovial cavity	Nucleus pulposus
Synovial membrane	Anulus fibrosus
Synovial fluid	Supraspinous ligament
Articular cartilage	Interspinous ligament
Articular capsule (joint capsule)	Anterior longitudinal ligament
Accessory structures	Posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligaments
Tendons
Bursae
Tendon sheaths
Menisci

Integumentary System

Skin (Cutaneous membrane)	Cells of epidermis
Epidermis	Keratinocytes
Dermis	Melanocytes
Hypodermis- Subcutaneous (subQ) layer	Intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells)
Thin (hairy) skin	Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells)
Thick (hairless) skin
Pigmentation of skin
Melanin	Dermis
Eumelanin	Papillary region
Pheomelanin	Areolar tissue
	Dermal papillae
Layers of epidermis	Reticular region
Stratum basale (germinativum)	Tension lines (lines of cleavage)
Epidermal ridges
Stratum germinativum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum

Accessory structures of the skin	Nails
Hairs	Nail body (plate)
Shaft	Free edge
Hair follicle	Nail root
Hair matrix	Lunula
Papilla of the hair	Hyponychium
Bulb	Nail bed
Hair root plexus	Eponychium (cuticle)
Arrector pili muscle	Nail matrix

Skin Glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Sebum
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Ceruminous glands
Cerumen

Endocrine System

Hypothalamus	Thyroid Gland
“short” vs “long” axons	Left and right lateral lobes
Supraoptic nucleus	Isthmus
Paraventricular nucleus	Follicles
	Follicular cells – cuboidal epithelium
Pituitary gland (Hypophysis)	Thyroglobulin
Sella turcica of sphenoid bone	Parafollicular cells
Infundibulum	Parathyroid Glands
Medial eminence	Chief cells- PTH
Anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)	Oxyphils
Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
Pituicytes	Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands
Herring’s bodies	Adrenal cortex

Blood supply
Hypophyseal portal circulation	Zona reticularis- gonadal steroids
Superior hypophyseal artery	Adrenal medulla
Fenestrated capillaries	Chromaffin cells- epinephrine
Hypophyseal veins
Inferior hypophyseal artery

Pancreas	Other endocrine organs
Islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets)	Thymus
Alpha cells- glucagon	Skin
Beta cells- insulin	Vitamin D
Delta cells- somatostatin	Kidneys
F cells- pancreatic peptide (PP)	Calcitriol
Acinar cells, acini (exocrine)	Testes
	Interstitial cells- testosterone
Pineal Gland
Pinealocytes- melatonin	Ovaries
Calcifications	Follicular cells– estrogens

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Lab Manuals

Notes

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