Back Matter

REFERENCES.

To find the authority for any statement in the text, the reader is to proceed as follows:—Observing the number of the section in which the statement occurs, he will first look out, in the following pages, the corresponding number, which is printed in conspicuous type. Among the references succeeding this number, he will then look for the name of the tribe, people, or nation concerning which the statement is made (the names in the references standing in the same order as that which they have in the text); and that it may more readily catch the eye, each such name is printed in Italics. In the parenthesis following the name, will be found the volume and page of the work referred to, preceded by the first three or four letters of the author’s name; and where more than one of his works has been used, the first three or four letters of the title of the one containing the particular statement. The meanings of these abbreviations, employed to save the space that would be occupied by frequent repetitions of full titles, is shown at the end of the references; where will be found arranged in alphabetical order, these initial syllables of authors’ names, &c., and opposite to them the full titles of the works referred to.

CEREMONIAL INSTITUTIONS.

§ 343.

Australians (Mitch. ii, 68; i, 87; Ang. i, 59)

—Tasmanians (Bon. pp. 3, 37, 226)

—Esquimaux (ref. lost)

—Comanches (Banc. i, 519)

—Araucanians (Smith, 196)

—Bedouins (Bur. —)

—Arabs (Lyon, 53)

—Balonda (Liv. 296)

—Malagasy (Ell. “Hist.” i, 258)

—Samoans (Tur. 289)

§ 344.

Chinese (Will. ii, 69)

—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, —; ii, 369)

—Tongans (Mar. ii, 78, 100)

—Ancient Mexicans (Dur. i, ch. 26)

—Peru (Gar. bk. ii, ch. 12)

—Japanese (Alc. i, 63)

—England (Whar. 469)

—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 216)

—Sandwich Islanders (Ell. “Hawaii,” 393-4)

—Nicaraguans (Ovi. bk. xlii, ch. 2 & 3)

—Peruvians (Acos. bk. v, ch. 25)

—Hebrews (Kue. i, 292-3)

—Mediæval Europe (ref. lost).

§ 345.

Tongans (Mar. i, 146, note)

—Fijians (Wil. i, 233)

—Siamese (La Loub. i, 353)

—Chinese (Will. i, 313)

—Japanese (Stein. —).

§ 346.

Mongol (Timk. i, 196)

—Philippines (Jag. 161)

—Chittagong Hill Tribes (Lew. 118)

—Burmese (Fyt. ii, 69)

—Samoans (Tur. 346)

—Esquimaux (Beech. i, 242)

—New Zealanders (Cook, “Last Voy.” 49)

—Snake Indians (Lew. & Cl. 266)

—Comanches (Marcy, 29)

—Fuegians (Eth. S. “Trans.” i, 263)

—Loango (Pink. Voy. xvi, 331)

—Batoka (Liv. 551)

—Balonda (Liv. 276)

—Loango (Ast. iii, 228)

—Fuegians (U. S. Ex. i, 127)

—Fiji (Wil. i, 37)

—Australians (Mitch. i, 87)

—New Zealanders (Ang. ii, 32-75)

—Central Edition: current; Page: [2] South Africa (Liv. —)

—Shoshones (Banc. i, 438)

—Australians (Ang. i, 59)

—Vaté (Ersk. 334)

—Samoan (Tur. 194)

—Africa (Liv. —)

—Peruvians (Cie. 168)

—Egyptians (Wilk. plates)

—Moslem (Klun. 106)

—Tahitians (Hawk. i, 447)

—Kaffirs (Bar. i, 175)

—Tasmanians (West, ii, 7)

—Arabs (Bak. 86)

—Kamschadales (Krash. 212-3).

§ 347.

Patagonians (Falk. 121)

—Madagascar (Ell. “Hist.” ii, 258)

—Samoans (Tur. 348)

—Fijians (Ersk. 254)

—Ashantees (Dup. 43)

—Yorubas (Lan. i, 125)

—Madagascar (ref. lost)

—China (Staun. 345)

—Chibchas (Sim. 267)

—Samoa (Tur. 314)

—Madagascar (Ell. “Visits,” 127)

—Japanese (Stein. —)

—Chinese (Mil. 94)

—Rome (Beck. 213)

—Assyrians (Raw. i, 503-4)

—Mexico (Her. iii, 203; Torq. bk. ix, ch. 20)

—Nicaragua (Squ. ii, 346)

—Peru (Piz. 225; Xer. 48)

—Chibchas (Pied. bk. i, ch. 5)

—Uganda (Speke, 294)

—Dahomey (Bur. i, 244)

—Abyssinians (Duf. 71; Bru. iv, 454, 417)

—New Zealand (Thom. i, 114)

—Egypt (Eb. i, 352)

—China (Huc, “Trav.” ii, 261; Gutz. ii, 311; Will. i, 331-2; ii, 68-9)

—Japanese (Dick. 79; Mit. ii, 43)

—Chivalry (Scott, 3-4)

—France (Leb. vol. xiii, passim; Cher. 536-7)

—England (Nob. passim)

—Peru (Acos. bk. v, ch. 6)

—Madagascar (Ell. “Hist.” i, 356)

—England (Nob. 46 & passim)

—France (Leb. vol. xiii, passim)

—England (Nob. 315-6).

§ 349.

Vaté (Tur. 393)

—Shoshones (Banc. i, 438)

—Mishmis (Coop. 190)

—Santals (As. S. B. xx, 582)

—Koossas (Lich. i, 288)

—Ashantee (Beech. 211)

—Ceris and Opatas (Banc. i, 581)

—Chichimecs (Banc. i, 629).

§ 350.

Hebrews (Judges vii, 25; 1 Samuel xvii, 54)

—Chichimecs (Banc. i, 629)

—Abipones (Dob. ii, 408)

—Mundrucus (Hen. 475)

—New Zealanders (Thom. i, 130)

—Congo (Tuck. 101)

—Ashantee (Dup. 227)

—Persia (Mor. 186)

—Timour (Gib. ch. lxv)

—Dahomey (Bur. i, 218; Dal. 76)

—Northern Celebes (ref. lost)

—Dyaks (Boyle, 170-1)

—Kukis (As. S. B. ix, 837)

—Borneo (St. John, ii, 27).

§ 351.

Ashantee (Ram. 130)

—Tahitians (Hawk. ii, 161)

—Vaté (Tur. 393)

—Boigu (Roy. G. S. xx, 96)

—Tupis (South. i, 222)

—Caribs (Ed. i, 35)

—Moxos (Hutch. 34)

—Central Americans (Fan. 315)

—Poland (Gib. ch. lxiv)

—Constantine (Gib. ch. xlviii)

—Montenegro (The Times, Dec. 14, 1876).

§ 352.

Mexicans (Nouv. xcix, 134; Saha. bk. ix, c. 15)

—Yucatan (Her. iv, 174)

—Abipones (Dob. ii, 408)

—Shoshones (Lew. & Cl. 309)

—Nagas (As. S. B. ix, 959)

—Mandans (Cat. i, 136)

—Cochimis (Banc. i, 567).

§ 353.

Mexicans (Banc. i, 581)

—Californians (Banc. i, 380)

—Khonds (Macph. 57)

—Egyptians (Dun. i, 131)

—Abyssinians (Bru. vi, 116-17; Heri. 188-9)

—Hebrews (1 Sam. xviii, 25, 27).

§ 354.

Osages (Tylor, “Prim. Cult.” i, 416)

—Ojibways (Hind, ii, 123).

§ 355.

Gauls (Lehuërou, 371; Par. 320, 658)

—Jews (2 Maccabees xv, 30; 2 Sam. iv, 12).

§ 356.

Gauls (Diod. i, 315)

—Timour (Gib. ch. lxv)

—Khonds (Macph. 57)

—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, 488)

—Philistines (1 Sam. xxxi, 10)

—Greeks (Pot. ii, 109-10)

—Fijians (U.S. Ex. iii, ch. lxxx)

—Flemish (Chér. 358)

—French (Leb. vi, 127).

§ 357.

Scotland (Burt. i, 398)

—Khonds (Macph. 46)

—Athenians (Grote, iii, 382)

—Fiji (Wil. i, 31)

—Panthay (Baber)

—Fiji (Ersk. 454)

—Shoshones (Banc. i, 433)

—Chichimecs (Banc. i, 629)

—Hebrews (1 Sam. xi, 1-2)

—Bulgarians (Gib. ch. lv).

§ 358.

Araucanians (Thomp., G. i, 406)

—Bactrians (Dun. i, 174)

—Hebrews (Judges i, 6-7)

—Fiji (Wil. i, 30, 198, 177)

—Charruas (Hutch. 48 et seq.)

—Mandans (ref. lost)

—Tonga (Mar. ii, 210-11)

—Australians (Mitch. ii, 345)

—Hottentot (Pink. Voy. xvi, 141)

—Egypt (Wilk. i, 307)

—Japanese (Busk, 241).

§ 359.

Central Americans (Her. iv, 136)

—Ashantees (Ram. 216)

—Anc. Mexico (Clav. bk. vii, c. 17)

—Honduras (Her. iv, 140)

—Miztecs (Her. iii, 262-3)

—Zapotecas (Her. iii, 269)

—Hebrews (Knobel, 226-7)

—Burmese (Sang. 124)

—Gond (Fors. 164)

—Astrachan (Bell, i, 43)

—Hebrews (2 Kings, xix).

§ 360.

Sandwich Islands (Ell. “Hawaii,” 165-6; Ell. W. ii, 69)

—Australians (Ang. ii, 217; Hay. 103-4)

—Anc. Peruvians (Cie. 177, 181).

§ 361.

Britain (Cox and Jones, 88)

—Kalmucks (Pal. —)

—Chinese (Will. ii, 224)

—Greeks and Romans (Smith, W. s.v. “Coma”)

—Nootkas (Banc. i, 195)

—Caribs (Ed. i, 42)

—Nicaragua (Her. iii, 298)

—Central Americans (Cog. bk. iv, ch. 4)

— Edition: current; Page: [3] Ancient Mexicans (Zur. 111)

—Chibchas (Pied. bk. i, ch. 2)

—Itzaex (Fan. 313)

—Ottomans (Pax. iv, 87)

—Greeks (Beck. 453-55)

—Franks (Guer. “Polyp.” i, 300; Bouq. ii, 49; Greg. bk. iii, ch. 18)

—Japanese (Busk, 144)

—Samoans (Tur. 205-6)

—New Caledonians (Eth. S. “Jour.” iii, 56)

—Europe (Duc. 379)

—Clovis and Alaric (Duc. 383)

—Dacotahs (Lew. & Cl. 64)

—Caribs (Ed. i, 42)

—Hebrews (Leviticus xxi, 5; Jer. xvi, 6)

—Greeks and Romans (Smith, W. s.v. “Coma”)

—Greeks (Pot. ii, 198-9; Soph. 47; Beck. 398; Smith, W. s.v. “Coma”)

—Romans (ref. lost)

—Hebrews (Jer. xli, 5)

—Arabians (Krehl, 32-3)

—Ancient Peru (Acosta, bk. v, ch. 5)

—Tahitians (Hawk. i, 468)

—France (Guizot “Col.” —).

§ 362.

Spoleto (Gib. —)

—Phrygian (Dun. i, 531)

—Mexicans (Brin. 147)

—Hottentots (Kol. i, 112)

—Phœnicians (Mov. i, 362)

—San Salvador (Squ. “Coll.” 87)

—Moses (Exod. iv, 24-26)

—Antiochus (1 Macc. i, 48-60)

—Mattathias (1 Macc. ii, 45-6)

—Hyrcanus (Jos. i, 525)

—Aristobulus (Jos. i, 532)

—Tongans (Mar. ii, 79)

—Berbers (Rohlfs, 45).

§ 363.

Kaffirs (Gard. 264)

—Jews (Jerem. xli, 5)

—Samoans (Tur. 187)

—Central Americans (Mart. 338).

§ 364.

Huns (Jor. 215)

—Turks (Pell. i, 158, note)

—Lacedæmonians (Pot. ii, 204)

—Hebrews (Levit. xix, 28)

—Scandinavians (Heim. i, 224, 225)

—Andamans (Eth. S. “Trans.” ii, 36)

—Abeokuta (Bur. i, 104)

—Cuebas (Banc. i, 753)

—Peruvians (Cie. 311)

—Sandwich Islanders (Ell. W. ii, 152)

—Darian Indians (Banc. i, 771)

—Sandwich Islanders (Ell. “Hawaii,” 166)

—Eastern (reference lost)

—Hebrews (Deut. xxxii, 5; Rev. vii, 2-3; xiv, 1, 9, 10)

—Arabs (Thomson, i, 91)

—Christians (Kal. ii, 429-30)

—Mexico (Torq. bk. ix, ch. 31)

—Angola (Bast. 76)

—Tongans (Mar. ii, 268).

§ 365.

Bechuanas (Lich. ii, 331)

—Damaras (And. 224)

—Congo (Tuck. 80)

—Itzaex (Fan. 313)

—Abipones (Dob. ii, 35).

§ 368.

Ancient Peruvians (Gar. bk. ii, ch. 4).

§ 369.

Mexico (Torq. bk. xiv, ch. 9)

—Chibchas (Sim. 251)

—Yucatan (Landa, § xx)

—Tahitians (Forst. 370)

—Fiji (Wil. i, 28)

—Tahiti (Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, 319)

—Fiji (Ersk. —)

—Malagasy (Drur. 220).

§ 370.

Timbuctoo (Cail. ii, 53)

—Kaffirs (Lich. i, 287, 271)

—Vera Paz (Torq. bk. xi, ch. 19)

—Chibchas (Pied. bk. i, ch. 5)

—Mexicans (Tern. x, 404)

—Peru (Guz. 91)

—Hebrews (2 Chron. ix, 23-4; 1 Sam. x, 27)

—Japan (Dick. 325; Kæm. 49)

—China (Chin. Rep. iii, 110-11)

—Burmah (Yule, 76)

—Merovingians (Bouq. ii, 647)

—England (Rob. 20).

§ 371.

Persia (Mal. ii, 477-8)

—Tonga (Mar. i, 232, note)

—Mexicans (Dur. i, ch. 25; Tern. xvi, 288-9)

—Montezuma (Gal. 117; Tern. x, 405)

—Merovingians and Carolingians (Wai. ii, 557; iv, 91-5-8; Guer. “St. Père,” introd.; Leber, vii, —; Guer. “St. Père,” introd.)

—English (Stubbs, i, 278).

§ 372.

Chibchas (Pied. bk. ii, ch. 4)

—Sumatra (Mars. 211)

—Jummoo (Drew “Jum.” 15)

—Anglo-Saxons (Broom, 27)

—Normans (Moz. s.v. “Orig. Writ.;” Black. iii, 279)

—Kirghis (ref. lost)

—France (Guizot, “Hist.” iii, 260; Cher. s.v. “Epices”)

—English (Rob. 1; Stubbs, i, 384)

—Spain (Rose, i, 79)

—Bechuanas (Burch. i, 544)

—Dahomey (For. i, 34)

—East (Van Len. ii, 592).

§ 373.

Congo (Tuck. 116)

—Tonquin (Tav. description of plates)

—New Caledonians (Tur. 88)

—Veddah (Eth. S. “Trans.” ii, 301)

—Dyaks (Brooke, ii, 73)

—Greeks (Guhl, 283)

—Zulu (Gard. 96)

—Hebrews (Levit. i)

—Greeks (Pot. i, 239)

—Hebrews (1 Sam. xxi, 6)

—England (Hook, 541).

§ 374.

Ancient Mexico (Saha. bk. iii, ch. 1, § 3-4)

—Kukis (As. S. B. xxiv, 630)

—Batlas (Mars. 386)

—Bustars (His. 17)

—Dahomey (Bur. ii, 153; For. i, 174)

—Ashantees (Beech. 189)

—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 271)

—Central America (Ovi. bk. xlii, ch. 2 and 3)

—Greeks (Pot. i, 172, 247)

—Early Christians (Hook, 540-1)

—Mediæval (Guer. “N. Dame,” i, p. xiv).

§ 375.

China (Staun. 351)

—Kukis (But. 94)

—Dahomey (For. ii, 243)

—Germans (Tac. xiv)

—French (Duc. 96; Mons. bk. i, ch. 59).

§ 376.

Australians (Hawk. iii, 634)

—Ostyaks (Bell, ii, 189)

—Julifunda (Park, —)

—North American Indians (Cat. i, 223, note)

—Yucatanese (Landa, § xxiii)

—Japanese (Mit. i, 112, 142)

—Himalayas (Mark. 108)

—Bootan (Turn. 223, 72)

—Rome Edition: current; Page: [4] (Cor. 14-15)

—France (Du M. 115).

§ 379.

Joloffs (Mol. 31)

—Kaffirs (Shoot. 99)

—Ancient Peruvians (Cie. 262; Xer. 68)

—Mexico (Tern. xvi, 333-4)

—Ashantee (Beech. 94-6)

—Dahomey (Bur. i, 296)

—Madagascar (Ell. “Visits,” 127)

—Siam (Bowr. ii, 108)

—Mogul (Tav. ii, 67)

—Jummoo (Drew, “North. Bar.” 47)

—Japan (Kæm. 49, 66, 11)

—France (Tocq. 225).

§ 380.

Spain (Rose i, 119)

—Japan (Kæm. 51; 46).

§ 381.

Wahhabees (Pal. ii, 110)

—Persia (Tav. bk. v, ch. xiv, 235).

—Africa (Grant, 48)

—French (Rules, 150).

§ 383.

Shoshones (Lew. & Cl. 265)

—Batoka (Liv. 551)

—Tonga (Forst. 361)

—Africa (Laird i, 192)

—Peru (Gar. bk. iii, ch. 2; Markham 94).

§ 384.

Chibcha (Sim. 264)

—Borghoo (Lan. ii, 183)

—Asia (Camp. 147; Bowr. ii, 270)

—Polynesia (Cook, “Last Voy.” 304)

—Jews (2 Sam. ix, 6)

—Bithynia (Mon. —)

—Bootan (Turn. 80)

—Coast Negroes (Bos. 317)

—Brass (Laird i, 97)

—Congo (Tuck. 125)

—Niger (All. & T. i, 392)

—Russia (ref. lost)

—China (Will. ii, 68-9)

—Hebrews (Gen. xxxiii, 3; xvii. 17; Dan. ii, 46; iii, 6)

—Mongols (Pall. —)

—Japanese (Kæm. 50).

§ 385.

—Dahomey (Bur. i, 261)

—Mexicans (Dur. i, 207)

—New Caledonians (Ersk. 356)

—Dahomey (Bur. i, 262)

—Siam (Bowr. i, 128)

—Cambodia (Bowr. ii, 31)

—Zulu (Gard. 203)

—Loango (Ast. iii, 221)

—Dahomey (Bur. i, 250; ii, 45)

—Japan (Dick. 30)

—China (Pink. vii, 238)

—Europe (Ste. Pal. ii, 197-8)

—Japanese (Chin. Rep. iii, 200)

—China (Will. ii, 68)

—Soosoos (Wint. i, 123)

—Samoa (Tur. 332)

—Ancient Mexicans (Nouv. xcviii, 200)

—Chinese (Will. ii, 68)

—Congoese (Bast. 143).

§ 386.

Loango (Ast. iii, 228)

—Uganda (Speke, 331)

—Balonda (Liv. 296)

—Karague (Grant, 140)

—Fiji (Wil. i, 35-6)

—Eboe (Laird i, 388)

—Ancient Mexicans (Diaz, ch. 71)

—Abyssinians (Har. iii, 170)

—Malagasy (Drur. 67-8)

—Ancient Peru (Xer. 68)

—Persia (Por. i, 464)

—Tonga (Mar. i, 227 note)

—Arabian (Pax. iv, 43)

—Orientals (ref. lost)

—Mexico (Clav. bk. vi, ch. 8)

—Peru (Acos. bk. v, ch. 4; Gar. bk. ii, ch. 8)

—Greeks (Smith, W. s.v. “Saltatio”)

—Pepin (Bouq. v, 433).

§ 387.

Africa (Bur. “Dah.” i, 259-60; All. & T. i, 345; Liv. 276, 296; All. & T. i, 392)

—Jews (Jos. ii, 287)

—Turkey (White ii, 239; i, 232)

—Jews (1 Kings xx, 32; Josh. vii, 6).

§ 388.

Uganda (Grant, 224)

—Chinese (Doo. i, 121)

—Mongol (Huc, “Chin. Emp.” i, 54)

—Malagasy (Drur. 78)

—Siamese (La Loub. i, 179)

—Unyanyembe (Grant, 52)

—Sumatra (Mars. 281)

—Greeks (ref. lost)

—Siamese (Bowr. i, 128)

—China (Will. ii, 68).

§ 389.

Fijians (Ersk. 297)

—Otaheitans (Hawk. ii, 84)

—Soudan (Tylor, “Early Hist.” 50)

—Uganda (Speke, 374)

—Abyssinia (Har. iii, 171)

—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 352; Forst. 361)

—Gold Coast (Cruic. ii, 282; ref. lost)

—Spain (Ford, “Gatherings,” 249)

—Dahomey (Bur. i, 49)

—Gold Coast (Cruic. ii, 282)

—Ancient America (Anda. 58; Tern. —)

—Burmah (Yule, 79)

—Persia (Mor. 241)

—Ancient Mexico (Diaz, ch. 91)

—Peru (Anda. 58)

—Dahomey (Dal. p. vii)

—France (Com. bk. ii, ch. 3; St. Sim. xi, 378)

—Hebrews (Isa. xxxii, 11)

—East (Pax. iv, 136)

—Peru (Gar. bk. vi, ch. 21)

—Damaras (And. 231)

—Turks (White ii, 96).

§ 390.

Toorkee (Grant, 333)

—Slave Coast (Bos. 318)

—China (Grav, i, 211)

—Mosquitos (Banc. i, 741)

—Arabs (Mal. —; Nieb. ii, 247).

§ 391.

Kamschadales (Krash. 177)

—Uganda (Grant, 228).

§ 392.

Poles (Spen. i, 156-7)

—Turkish (White ii, 303)

—Siam (Bowr. i, 127; La Loub. ii, 178)

—Russia (ref. lost).

§ 393.

Tupis (Stade, 151, 59)

—Africa (Mol. 288)

—Sandwich Is. (Ell. “Hawaii,” 385)

—France (La Sale, 196)

—Spain (Ford, “Handbook,” p. lxi).

§ 394.

France (Cher. ii, 1131)

—Hebrews (2 Sam. xiv, 22; Isaiah xlviii, 20; 2 Kings xvi, 7)

—Europe (Duc. 393)

—Samoan (Tur. 348).

§ 395.

Egypt (ref. lost)

—Siam (Bowr. i, 127)

—Turkey (White ii, 52)

—Bulgarians (Times, 12 Dec. 1876)

—French (Sully —)

—Delhi (Tav. ii, 84-5)

—Russia (ref. lost)

—France (ref. lost)

—Chinese (Gray i, 211)

—India (Pax. ii, 74)

—Persians (Tav. bk. v, ch. iii, 205).

§ 396.

Snakes (Lew. & Cl. 266)

—Araucanians (Smith, 195-6)

—Arabs (Lyon, 53)

—Chinese (Du H. ii, 185)

—France (Mon. —).

§ 397.

Abipones (Dob. ii, 204)

—Samoa (Ersk. 107)

—Javans (Raf. i, 366)

—Mexican Edition: current; Page: [5] (Gal. 28)

—Kaffirs (Shoot. 221)

—Samoa (Ersk. 44)

—Siam (Bowr. i, 276)

—China (Chin. Rep. iv, 157)

—Siam (Bowr. i, 127-9)

—Chinese (Du H. ii, 177)

—Siamese (La Loub. i, 166-7)

—Japanese (Stein. 299-300)

—Germany (Ger. 124; May. i, 395)

—France (Chal. ii, 31)

—Samoa (Tur. 340).

§ 398.

Dacotahs (ref. lost)

—Veddahs (Eth. S. “Trans.” ii, 298)

—China (Chin. Rep. iv, 157).

§ 400.

Tupis (South. i, 222; Stade, 145)

—Creeks (ref. lost)

—Nicaragua (Ovi. bk. xlii, ch. 1)

—Fiji (Wil. i, 55)

—Mexico (Dur. i, 102-3)

—Fiji (ref. lost).

§ 401.

Tupis (South. i, 239)

—Guatemala (Xim. 163, etc.)

—Dahomey (Bur. ii, 407)

—Usambara (Krapf, 395)

—Zulu (Gard. 91; Shoot. 290)

—Kaffir (Shoot. 99)

—Samoa (Ersk. 44)

—Mexicans (Her. iii, 204)

—Chibchas (Her. v, 86)

—Peruvians (Gar. bk. iii, ch. 8)

—Burmah (Daily News, 24 Mar. 1879).

§ 402.

Todas (ref. lost)

—Tartars (Pink. vii, 591)

—Madagascar (Ell. “Hist.” i, 261)

—Dahomey (Bur. i, 262)

—Ancient Mexicans (Mot. 31)

—Kasias (As. S. B. xiii, 620).

§ 403.

China and Japan (Alc. ii, 343)

—Zulus (ref. lost)

—Nicaraguans (Squ. ii, 357-8)

—Dahomey (Bur. i, 273)

—Asia (Tav. ii, 24)

—Zulus (Gard. 91)

—Japanese (Mit. i, 202)

—Siam (Bowr. i, 275)

—China (Huc, i, 268)

—Siam (Pink. ix, 86)

—Russia (Wahl, 35)

—Dyaks (St. John ii, 103)

—Kasias (As. S. B. xiii, 620)

—Bechuana (Thomp. i, 174).

§ 404.

Teutonic (Mul. ii, 280).

§ 405.

King (Mul. ii, 284)

—Abyssinia (Bru. iv, 452)

—France (Chér. 66-7)

—Merovingian (Mich. i, 174, note).

§ 406.

Samoa (Tur. 281)

—Siam (Pink. ix, 584; La Loub. i, 237)

—Chinese (Will. ii, 71; i, 521)

—Rome (Mom. ii, 368-9)

—Mecklenburgh (Spen. i, 44)

—Spain (Ford “Handbook,” p. lxi).

§ 407.

Dahomey (Bur. i, 52)

—Burman (Yule, 194)

—China (Will. i, 317)

—Europe (Ger. 91)

—Russia (Sala, 252).

§ 408.

Ukuni (Grant, 92)

—Zulus (ref. lost)

—Uganda (Speke, 290)

—Chichimecs (Church. iv, 513)

—Yucatanese (Landa, § xxix).

§ 409.

Japan (Busk, 21)

—Madagascar (Ell. “Visits,” —)

—Uganda (Speke, 375)

—Japan (Dick. 49)

—Hebrews (Ew. iii, 73)

—Zeus (Pau. bk. ix, c. 40)

—Franks (Wai. ii, 130; Greg. bk. vii, ch. 33; Leb. xiii, 259-65)

—Araucanians (ref. lost)

—Uganda (Speke, 429)

—France (ref. lost).

§ 410.

Peruvians (Gar. bk. vii, ch. 6; Markham, 54, note)

—Sandwich Is. (Ell. “Hawaii,” 142)

—Fijians (U. S. Ex. iii, 79)

—Chibchas (Sim. 269)

—Mexicans (Clav. bk. vii, chs. 22 & 24).

§ 411.

Thlinkeets (Banc. i, 109)

—China (Du H. i, 278).

§ 412.

Africa (ref. lost; Heug. 92-3)

—Greeks (Guhl, 232)

—Sandwich Is. (Hawk. ii, 192)

—Tonga (Hawk. —)

—Fundah (Laird i, 202)

—Arabs (Pal. —)

—Gaul (Quich. 25-31; 57-66)

—Rome (Guhl, 485)

—Madagascar (Ell. “Hist.” i, 279)

—Siam (La Loub. i, 75)

—Mongol (Bell i, 344)

—France (Le Grand, ii, 184;—ref. lost)

—China (Staun. 244)

—Japan (Kæm. 43).

§ 413.

Guatemala (Ath. p. 1537)

—Chibchas (Ur. 24-5)

—Cimbri (Tac. 15)

—Ashantee (Dup. 71)

—Malagasy (Ell. “Hist.” i, 284)

—Dakotas (Lew. & Cl. 44)

—Kukis (As. S. B. xxiv, 646)

—Dyaks (Boyle, 95)

—New Zealand (Thom. i, 164)

—Mandans (Cat. i, 101)

—Nagas (As. S. B. viii, 464)

—Hottentots (Kol. i, 198)

—Snakes (Lew. & Cl. 315)

—Congo (Tuck. 362)

—Chibchas (Acos. 219; Sim. 253)

—Peru (Gar. bk. iv, ch. 11)

—France (ref. lost)

—New Zealanders (Hawk. iii, 457)

—Astrachan (Bell. i, 43).

§ 414.

Rome (Mom. ii, 335, n.; Guhl, 497-8)

—France (ref. lost).

§ 415.

Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 354)

—Rome (Mom. i, 72)

—Mexicans (Torq. bk. xiv, ch. 4)

—Peru (Gar. bk. i, ch. 213)

—Rome (Guhl, 479)

—Russia (Cust. —; Wag. ii, 21)

—Germany (Spen. ii, 176).

§ 416.

Lombock (Wal. i, 344)

—Burma (Yule, 163)

—Siam (Bowr. i, 125)

—Dacotahs (School. iv, 69)

—Abipones (Dob. ii, 106)

—Mishmis (As. S. B. v, 195-6)

—Bambaras (Cail. i, 377)

—Gold Coast (Bos. 112).

§ 417.

Guatemala (Juar. 194-5)

—Tanna (Tur. 77)

—Mexicans (Dur. i, 55; Her. iii, 198)

—Hottentot (Kol. i, 50-51)

—Egyptians (Wilk. iii, 360-3).

§ 418.

Mexico (Clav. —)

—Dahomey (Dal. 98; Bur. i, 217)

—Japan (Stein. —)

—Burmah (Yule, 139; Sang. 127; Symes —, 185-6).

Edition: current; Page: [6]

§ 419.

Chibchas (Sim. 253)

—Madagascar (Ell. “Hist.” i, 283)

—Romans (Guhl, 513)

—Japan (Kæm. 70)

—China (Will. i, 404)

—Turkey (White, i, 43)

—Siam (Bowr., i, 117)

—Congo (Bast. 57)

—Assyrians (Raw. i, 495)

—India (ref. lost)

—Siam (Bowr. i, 425)

—China (Gutz. ii, 278)

—Java (Raf. i, 312)

—Utlatlan (Torq. bk. xi, ch. 18)

—Dahomey (Waitz, ii, 87)

—Siamese (Bowr. i, 116)

—Joloffs (Bast. 57).

§ 420.

Tasmanians (Bon. “Daily Life,” 64)

—Australia (Sturt, ii, 54)

—Khond (Macph. 56)

—Tahiti (Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, 222)

—Fijians (U. S. Ex. iii, 332; See. 179)

—Chibchas (Sim. 253)

—San Salvador (Her. iv, 149)

—Peru (Acos. bk. iv, ch. 22).

§ 421.

Society Islands (Forst. 271)

—Fijian (Ersk. 430)

—Sumatra (Mars. 47)

—Indians (ref. lost)

—Tahiti (Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, 173)

—Karague (Speke, 210 & 231)

—Tahiti (Cham. s.v. “Ava”)

—Guatemala (Xim. 157).

§ 424.

Fiji (—; Wil. i, 39)

—Darfur (ref. lost)

—Burgundy (Quich. 299)

—France (Ste. Beuve, ref. lost).

§ 425.

New Zealand (Ang. i, 319; Thom. i, 190).

§ 428.

Abyssinia (Bru. vi, 16)

—Mexicans (Cluv. bk. vi, ch. 20).

§ 429.

Fiji (Ersk. 462; Wil. i, 39; i, 37)

—Uganda (Speke, 298; Stan. i, 369; Speke, 256 & 258)

—Siamese (Bowr. i, 434)

—Fiji (U. S. Ex. iii, 326)

—Loango (Ast. iii, 226)

—Ashantee (Cruic. i, 109)

—Siamese (La Loub. i, 186 & 172)

—China (Pink. vii, 265; Huc, “Chin. Empire,” i, 212)

—Japan (Dick. 45)

—Russia (Cust. —)

—Siamese (La Loub. i, 172; Bowr. i, 435)

—Burma (Symes, 244)

—China (Will. i, 509; Huc, “Chin.” ii, 289).

§ 431.

Japan (ref. lost)

—Russia (Cust. —)

—Spain (ref. lost).

§ 432.

China (Will. i, 509).

TITLES OF WORKS REFERRED TO.

(If not otherwise specified, London is to be understood as the place of publication).

Acos.—	Acosta (Jos. de) Historia natural y moral de las Indias. Sevilla, 1590.
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Anda.—	Andagoya (P. de) Proceedings of P. Davila. (Hakluyt Society.) 1865.
And.—	Andersson (C. J.) Lake Ngami. 1856.
Ang.—	Angas (G. F.) Savage life and scenes in Australia and New Zealand. 1847.
As. S. B.—	Asiatic Society of Bengal. Journal. Calcutta, v.y.
Ast.—	Astley (T.) New general collection of voyages and travels. [By J. Green.] 1745-7.
Ath.—	Athenæum for 1856.
Baber—	Baber (E. C.) Notes of a journey through Western Yunnan. (Foreign Office Papers.) 1877.
Bak.—	Baker (Sir S. W.) The Nile tributaries of Abyssinia. 1871.
Banc.—	Bancroft (H. H.) The native races of the Pacific States of North America. 1875-6.
Bar.—	Barrow (Sir J.) Travels into the interior of Southern Africa. 1801-4.
Bast.—	Bastian (A.) Africanische Reisen. Bremen, 1859.
Beck.—	Becker (W. A.) Gallus; or Roman scenes of the time of Augustus. Trans. 1844.
Beck.—	Becker (W. A.) ——— Charicles; illustrations of the private life of the ancient Greeks. Trans. 1854.
Beech.—	Beecham (John) Ashantee and the Gold Coast. 1841.
Beechey—	Beechey (F. W.) Voyage to the Pacific and Behring’s Strait. 1831.
Bell—	Bell (John) Travels from St. Petersburgh to various parts of Asia. Edin. 17.
Black.—	Blackstone (Sir W.) Commentaries of the laws of England. Ed. by R. M. Kerr. 1857.
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Bon.—	Bonwick (J.) Daily life and origin of the Tasmanians. 1870.
Bos.—	Bosman (W.) Description of the coast of Guinea. Trans. 1721.
Bouq.—	Bouquet (Dom. M.) Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France. Paris, 1738-1855.
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Boyle—	Boyle (F.) Adventures among the Dyaks of Borneo. 1865.
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Broom—	Broom (H.) Commentaries on the common law. 1880.
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Burt.—	Burton (J. H.) History of Scotland. Edin. 1867-70.
Bur.—	Burton (Sir R. F.) Mission to Gelele, King of Dahomé. 1864.
Bur.—	Burton (Sir R. F.) Abeokuta and the Cameroon Mountains. 1863.
Bur.—	Burton (Sir R. F.) Pilgrimage to El Medineh and Mecca. 1855-6.
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Busk—	Busk (Mrs.) Manners and customs of the Japanese. 1841.
But.—	Butler (Maj. J.) Travels and adventures in Assam. 1855.
Cail.—	Caillié (R.) Travels to Timbuctoo. Trans. 1830.
Camp.—	Campbell (Gen. John) The wild tribes of Khondistan. 1864.
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Chér.—	Chéruel (A.) Dictionnaire historique de la France. Paris, 1835.
Chin. Rep.—	Chinese Repository. Canton, 1832-44.
Church.—	Churchill’s Collection of Voyages. 1744-46.
Cie.—	Cieza de Leon (P. de) Travels, ad 1532-50. (Hakluyt Soc.) 1864.
Clav.—	Clavigero (Fr. S.) History of Mexico. Trans. 1787.
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Cook—	Cook (Capt. J.) A narrative of second voyage. 1777-8.
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Cox & Jones—	Cox (Rev. Sir G. W.) and Jones (E. H.) Popular romances of the Middle Ages. 1871.
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Smith, W.—	Smith (Dr. W.) Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. 1849.
Soph—	Sophocles. The Electra. Ed. by R. C. Jebb. 1880.
South.—	Southey (R.) History of Brazil. 1810-19.
Speke—	Speke (J. H.) Journal of the discovery of the source of the Nile. 1863.
Spen.—	Spencer (Capt. E.) Germany and the Germans. 1836.
Squ.—	Squier (E. G.) Nicaragua. 1852.
Squ.—	Squier (E. G.) Collection of documents concerning the discovery and conquest of America. New York, 1860.
Stade—	Stade (Hans) Captivity in Brazil. Trans. (Hakluyt Soc.) 1874.
Stan.—	Stanley (H. M.) How I found Livingstone. 1872.
Staun.—	Staunton (Sir G.) Account of embassy to China. 1797.
Stein.—	Steinmetz (A.) Japan and her people. 1859.
Stubbs—	Stubbs (Bp. W.) Constitutional history of England. Oxford, 1874.
Sturt—	Sturt (Capt. Chas.) Two expeditions into the interior of Australia. 1833.
Sully—	Sully (Max. Duc de) Memoirs. Trans. 1774.
Symes—	Symes (M.) Account of embassy to Ava. 1800.
Tac.—	Tacitus (C. C.) Germania. Trans. by John Aikin. 1823.
Tav.—	Tavernier (J. B.) Six voyages through Turkey into Persia and the East Indies. Trans. 1678.
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Thomson—	Thomson (W. M.) The Land and the Book. 1859.
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Edition: current; Page: [13]

REFERENCES.

(For explanation see the first page of References )

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.

§ 437.

Santals (Hunt. “Ann.” i, 248)

—Sowrahs (Shortt. Pt. iii, 38)

—Todas (Hark. 18; Metz, 13; Hark. 17)

—Tipperahs (Hunt. “Stat.” vi, 53)

—Marias [Gonds] (Glas. No. xxxix, 4I)

—Khonds (Macph. vii, 196)

—Santals (Hunt. “Ann.” i, 215-6)

—Lepchas (Eth. Soc. “Jour.” N. S. i, 150)

—Bodo & Dhimals (As. S.B. xviii, 745)

—Carnatics (Hunt. “Dic.” 10)

—Chakmás (Hunt. “Stat.” vi, 48)

—Santals (Hunt. “Ann.” i, 215-6; Dalt. 217)

—Bodo & Dhimals (As. S. B. xviii, 745)

—Lepchas (Hook. i, 175; Eth. Soc. “Jour.” N.S. i, 154)

—New Guinea (D’Alb. 45, 48, 58-9)

—Fijians (ref. lost)

—Dahomey (Bur. i, 195, note; ii, 190, note)

—Mexicans (Tern. x. 212; Clav. bk. vi, ch. 18; Diaz, ch. 208; Her. iii, 208-9)

—Cent. Americans (Landa § xxiv; Gall. i, 104; Her. iii, 223; Pres. bk. i, ch. iv; Her. iv, 174)

—Veddahs (Bail. ii, 228; Ten. ii, 445; Prid. i, 461).

§ 442.

Digger Indians (Kel. i, 252-3)

—Chaco Indians (Hutch. 280)

—Unyoro (Eth. Soc. “Trans.” 1867, 234-5)

—New Zealand (Hawk. iii, 470)

—Beluchces (Eth. Soc. “Jour.” i, 109)

—Greeks (Cur. i, 115-6)

—Carolingians (Dun. i, 101).

§ 443.

Egyptians (Wilk. i, 330-336)

—Roman (Lact. cc. 7, 23, Salv. bk. v)

—France (Guiz. iii, 251-2; Clam. i, 355-438, ii, 160-230, i, pp. xxv-vi)

—Gwalior (“The Statesman,” Aug. 1880, 218-19)

—Japan (ref. lost)

—Byzantium (Gib. iii, 303, ch. liii).

§ 446.

Rome (Duruy iii, 126-7).

§ 448.

Bechuanas (Burch. ii, 532)

—Greeks (Hom. “Iliad,” bk. i)

—Khonds (Macph. 43).

§ 449.

Seminoles and Snakes (School. “I.T.” v. 260)

—Peruvians (Squi. “Peru,” 19; Cie. ch. xiii)

—Equatorial Africa (Grant—)

—Abors (As. S. B. xiv, 426)

—Damaras (ref. lost)

—Kookies (As. S. B. xxiv, 633)

—Mishmees (Coop. 228)

—Bachapins (Burch. ii, 512).

§ 450.

Bushmen (Lich. ii, 194)

—Rock Veddahs (Ten. ii, 440)

—New Zealand (ref. lost)

—S. Americans (Humb. ii, 412)

—Athenians (Gro. iii, 88)

—Romans (Mom. i, 65)

—Greeks (Gro. iii, 77)

—Rome (Coul. “C. Ant.” 146; Mom. i, 67)

—India (Maine, “E. H.” 107)

—Greeks (Gro. ii, 312-3).

§ 451.

Karens (As. S. B. xxxvii, 152)

—Hottentots (Kol. i, 287)

—New Cal. (Tur. 85-6)

—Samoa (Tur. 291)

—Greece (Gro. iv, 430; ii, 359)

—Fúlbe (Bar. ii, 510)

—Damaras (Roy. G. S., 1852, 159)

—Peru (Onde. 152-3).

§ 452.

Patagonians (Falk. 123)

—Chinooks (Kane, 215)

—Abipones (Dob. ii, 105)

—Balonda (Liv. 208)

—Kukis Edition: current; Page: [14] (M’Cull. xxvii, 58)

—American Indians (Morg. 341)

—Britain (Burt. ii, 72; Mart. “Hist.” i, 343)

—Mexicans (Zur. —)

—Peru (Garc. bk. iv, ch. 8, and bk. v, ch. 9)

—Japanese (Dick. 305).

§ 454.

Fuegians ([Hawk.] “Hawkesworth’s Voyages,” ii, p. 58)

—Coroados (Spix. ii, 244).

§ 455.

Bodo and Dhimals (Hodg. 158)

—Lepchas (Eth. Soc. “Jour.” N. S. i, 147)

—Arafuras (ref. lost).

§ 456.

N. A. Indians (Kane, 214-5)

—Nootkas (Banc. i, 195)

—Vera Pax (Xim. 202-3)

—Honduras (Her. iv, 136)

—Dyaks (St. John —).

§ 457.

New Zealanders (Thom. i, 148)

—Sandwich Islands (Ell. “Tour” 397)

—Fiji (Ersk. —)

—Scot. (Maine, “E. I.,” 133)

—British (Pear. i, 12)

—English (Stubbs, ii, 493)

—Scotland (Innes, “Mid. Ages,” 141-2).

§ 458.

Egypt (Shar. i, 189; Ken. ii, 42)

—Rome (Mom. i, 95)

—Germans (Stubbs, i, 34)

—English (Kem. i, 69; Hall. “M. A.” ii, 295)

—Egyptians (Wilk. i, 150, note)

—Roman (Coul., Revue, xcix, 246)

—England (Hall. “M. A.” ch. ii, pt. 1; Ree. i, 34-6).

§ 459.

Danish (Maine, “E. I.” 84-5)

—Med. Eur. (Free. “N. C.” i, 96-7).

§ 460.

Fijians (See. 179; Wilkes, iii, 73-4)

—Sandwich Islanders (Ell. “Tour” 7-8)

—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 16)

—Africa (Rea. 241).

§ 461.

Sandwich Islanders (Ell. “Tour.” 392-3).

§ 462.

China (Gutz. ii, 305-6)

—France (ref. lost; Warn. i, 549-50)

—Hottentots (Thomp. ii, 30)

—Bechuanas (Burch. ii, 347)

—Chinooks (Wai. iii, 338)

—Albania (Boué, iii, 254)

—Birth, &c. (Maine, “E. H.” 134)

—France (A. L. F. ii, 645).

§ 464.

Australians (Sm. i, 103)

—Chippewas, &c. (School. “Travels,” 340-1)

—Cent. Amer. (Banc. i, 702)

—Khonds (Macph. 32 and 27)

—New Zea. (Thom. i, 95)

—Tahitians (Ell. “P. R.” ii, 363)

—Madag. (Ell. “M.” i, 378)

—Phœnicians (Mov. ii, pt. i, 541)

—Greeks (Gro. ii, 92)

—Pr. Ger. (Tac. in Free. “Eng. Const.” 17)

—Iceland (Mall. 291-3)

—Swiss (Free. “E. C.” pp. 1-7)

—Old Eng. (Free. “E. C.” 60).

§ 466.

Greenlanders (Crantz, i, 164-5)

—Australians (Sturt, —)

—Salish (ref. lost; Dom. ii, 343-4)

—Bodo and Dhimals (Hodg. 159)

—Australians (Grey, ii, 240)

—Snakes (L. and C. 306)

—Chinooks (L. and C. 443)

—Dakotas (School. “I. T.” ii, 182)

—Creeks (School. “I. T.” i, 275)

—Khirgiz (Wood, 338)

—Ostyaks (“Rev. Sib.” ii, 269)

—Nagas (But. 146)

—Kor. Hottentots (Thomp. ii, 30)

—Kaffirs (Lich. i, 286-7).

§ 467.

Tupis (Sou. i, 250)

—Juangs (Dalt. 156)

—Kor. Hottentots (Thomp. ii, 30)

—Kaffirs (Shoo. 102)

—Damaras (ref. lost)

—Araucanians (Smith, 243)

—Dyaks (Broo. i, 129)

—Malagasy (Ell. “H. M.” i, 146)

—Savages (Lubb. 445).

§ 468.

Arafuras (Kolff, 161)

—Khirgiz (Mich. —)

—Sumatrans (Mars. 217)

—Madag. (Ell. “Hist. Madag.” i, 377)

—East Africans (Bur. “C. A.” ii, 361)

—Javans (Raff. i, 274)

—Sumatra (Mars. 217)

—Ashantee (Beech. 90-1).

§ 469.

Congo (Pink. xvi, 577)

—Dahomans (Bur. i, 263).

§ 471.

Nicobarians (Bast. iii, 384)

—Haidahs (Banc. i, 168)

—Californians (Banc. i, 348)

—Navajos (Banc. i. 508)

—Angamies (As. S. B. xxiv, 650)

—Lower Californians (Banc. i, 565)

—Flatheads (Banc. i, 275)

—Sound Indians (Banc. i, 217)

—Lower Californians (Banc. i, 565)

—Chippewayans (Frank. 159)

—Abipones (Dob. ii, 102)

—Bedouins (Ram. 9).

§ 472.

Khonds (Camp. 50)

—Cent. India (Fors. 9)

—Esquimaux (ref. lost)

—Fuegians (Fitz. ii, 179)

—Rock Veddahs (Ten. ii, 440)

—Dyaks (ref. lost)

—Caribs (Edw. i, 49)

—Bushmen (Lich. ii, 194)

—Tasmanians (Lloyd, 56; Dove, i, 253)

—Tapajos (Bates 222-3)

—Bedouins (Bur. “El Med.” iii, 44)

—Greece (Gro. ii, 87)

—Scot. (Martin, M. 101)

—Snake Indians (L. and C. 306)

—Creeks (School. “I. T.” v, 279)

—Comanches (School. “I. T.” ii, 130)

—Coroados (Spix, ii, 234)

—Ostyaks (“Rev. Sib.” ii, 269)

—Tacullies (Banc. i, 123)

—Tolewas (Banc. i, 348)

—Spokanes (ref. lost)—6)

—Navajos (Banc. i, 508)

—Dōrs (Heug. 195)

—Arabs (Burck. i, 300)

—Sumatra (Mars. 211).

§ 473.

Australians (Eth. Soc. Trans., N. S., iii, 256)

—Comanches Edition: current; Page: [15] (School. “I. T.” i, 231)

—Flatheads (Banc. i, 275)

—Dyaks (Low, 209; St. John —)

—Caribs (Edw. i, 49)

—Abipones (Dob. ii, 103)

—Egypt (Tay. 16)

—Rome (Mom. i, 79)

—Germans (Sohm i, 9)

—French (Ranke, i, 75).

§ 474.

Thlinkeets (Banc. iii, 148)

—Fuegians (Fitz. ii, 178)

—Tasmanians (Bon. 175)

—Haidahs (Banc. iii, 150)

—Dakotas (School, “I. T.” iv, 495)

—Amazulu (Call. 340, note 86)

—Obbo (Bak. i, 318-9)

—Mexicans (Banc. iii, 295; Clav. bk. vii, ch. 7)

—Chibchas (Pied. bk. ii, ch. 7)

—Egypt (Brug. i, 406)

—Jews (Sup. Rel. i, 117-18).

§ 475.

Egypt (Shar. ii, 2)

—Coroados (Spix, ii, 244-5)

—Santals (Hunt. “Ann.” i, 216-7)

—Khonds (Macph. 47).

§ 476.

Haidahs (Banc. i, 167)

—Fiji (See. 232)

—Tahitians (Ell. “P. R.” ii, 346; Hawk. ii, 121)

—Madagascar (Ell. “H. M.” i, 342-3)

—Congoese (ref. lost)

—Coast Negroes (ref. lost)

—Inland Negroes (ref. lost)

—Peru (Gom. ch. 124; Garc. bk. iv, ch. 9)

—Egypt (Wilk. i, 161 note; 162 note)

—Ceylon (Ten. i, 497; ii, 459)

—New Caledonia (ref. lost)

—Madagascar (Ell. “H. M.” i, 342)

—Abyssinia (Bru. iv, 488)

—Timmanees (Wint. i, 124)

—Kaffir (Arb. 149)

—Aragon (Hall. ii, 43-4).

§ 477.

Amazulu (Call. 208; 390)

—Kukis (As. S.B. xxiv, 625)

—Tahitians (Ell. “P.R.” ii, 341)

—Tonga (Mar. ii, 76)

—Peru (Garc. bk. i, ch. 23)

—Egyptians (Wilk. i, 321-2 and note; Brug. ii, 35-36)

—Aryans (Gro. i, 618)

—Chibchas (Sim. 261-2).

§ 478.

Chinooks (L. and C. 443; Wai. iii, 338)

—Patagonians (Falk. 121)

—Orinoco Indians (ref. lost)

—Borneo (Low, 183)

—Sabines (ref. lost)

—Germans (Dunh. i, 17)

—Dyaks (Boy. 183)

—Kalmucks (Pall. i, 527)

—Araucanians (Thomps. i, 405)

—Kaffirs (Lich. i, 286)

—Greeks (Glad. iii, 10-11)

—Karens (As. S.B. xxxvii, 131)

—Congo (Bast. “Af. R.” 58)

—Yariba (Lan. ii, 223)

—Ibu (All. and T. i, 234)

—Kukis (But. 91)

—Greeks (Glad. iii, 51-2)

—Rome (ref. lost)

—Europe (ref. lost)

—French (Hall. ch. i)

—Merovingians (Wai. ii, 45-6, —)

—France (Méray, 45; Boss. ii, 56; St. Sim. iii, 69).

§ 479.

Zulus (Eth. Soc. “Trans.” N.S., v, 291)

—Bheels (Mal. “C. I.” i, 551)

—Loango (Ast. iii, 223; Pink. xvi, 577)

—East Africa (Bur. “C. A.” ii, 361)

—Msambara (Krapf, 384 note)

—Dahome (Bur. i, 226)

—Malagasy (Ell. “H. M.” i, 341)

—Sandwich Islands (Ell. “Tour,” 401)

—Siam (Bowr. i, 422-3)

—Burmah (Sang. 58)

—China (Gutz. ii, 251)

—Japan (Ad. i, 11).

§ 480.

Tonga (Ersk. 126)

—Gondar (Har. iii, 10, 34)

—Bhotan (Ren. 16-17)

—Japan (Ad. i, 74, 17; Tits. 223; Ad. i, 11, 70)

—Merovingian (Egin. 123-4).

§ 483.

Arafuras (Kolff, 161)

—Todas (Eth. Soc. “Trans.” N. S., vii, 241)

—Bodo and Dhimáls (As. S.B. xviii, 708)

—Papuans (Kolff. 6 Earl —)

—Bodo and D. (ref. lost)

—Lepchas (Eth. Soc. “Jour.” July, 1869)

—Nagas (As. S. B. xxiv, 608-9; ix, 950)

—N. A. Indians (School. “I. T.” ii, 183)

—Comanches (School. “I. T.” ii, 130; Banc. i, 509)

—Central America (Squi. “Nic.” ii, 340-1)

—Nagas (As. S. B. xxiv, 607)

—Africa (Bur. “Abeo.” i, 276).

§ 485.

Greece (Toz. 284-5; Herm. 14; Gro. ii, 103)

—Scotland (Ske. iii, 323-4)

—Crete (Cur. i, 182; 178-9)

—Corinth (Gro. iii, 2)

—Sparta (Gro. ii, passim)

—Latins (Mom. i, 30; 80; 87; 84).

§ 486.

Venice (Sis. i, 300-313)

—Netherlands (Gra. 10, 11, 20; Mot. i, 38)

—Switz. (Vieus. 39)

—Grisons (May, i, 355)

—San. Mar. (Bent. 808-15).

§ 487.

Ital. Repub. (Sis. [Lard.] 21; Sis. i. 371; Sis. [Lard.] 22; 83).

§ 488.

Sparta (ref. lost; Gro. ii, 90)

—Rome (Mom. ii, 326)

—Ital. Repub. (Hall. i, 368; Sis. [Lard.] 280)

—Holland (May, ii, 17-18)

—Berne (May i, 373)

—Venice (Sis. [Lard.] 121)

—Greece (Gro. iii, 25; Cur. i, 250)

—Romans (Macch. iii, 429)

—Ital. Repub. (Sis. [Lard.] 80)

—Athens (Gro. iii, 181-5)

—Rome (Mom. bk. i., ch. 4, passim)

—Italian Repub. (May, i, 281-2).

§ 490.

Samoa (Tur. 284)

—Fulahs (L. and O. ii, 85)

—Mandingo (Park i, 15).

§ 491.

Italian Rep. (Sis. [Lard.] 21-2)

—Poles (Dunh. 278; 285)

—Hungarians (Lévy, 165)

—Germans (Stubbs, i, 63)

—Merov. (Rich. 119-20)

—Appenzal (Lav. 65)

—Uri (Free. Edition: current; Page: [16] “E. C.” 7)

—Scandinavia (C. and W., i, 157-8; ref. lost)

—Tatars (Gib. ii, 16)

—Sparta (Gro.—).

§ 492.

Kaffirs (Lich. i, 286)

—Bechuanas (Moff. 66)

—Wanyamwezi (Bur. “C. A.” ii, 362)

—Ashantee (Beech. 91)

—Mexico (Zur. 106; Clav. bk. vii, ch. 13)

—Vera Paz (Tor. bk. xi, ch. 20)

—Poland (Dunh. 278, 279-80)

—Germans (Hall. ii, 93)

—France (ref. lost)

—Madag. (Ell. “H. M.” ii, 252)

—Hebrews (1 Samuel, ch. xv)

—Tahitians (Ell. “P. R.” ii, 489)

—Mexicans (Saha. bk. viii, ch. 24)

—Egypt (Wilk. i, 159)

—France (Roth, 317-20).

§ 493.

Denmark (C. and W. i, 262-3)

—France (Rich. 119-20)

—Madag. (Ell. “H. M.,” i, 378)

—England (Free. “E. C.” 60).

§ 494.

Egypt (Wilk. i, 160 note)

—Persia (Raw. iii, 223)

—China (Will. i, 324)

—France (Boss. ii, 56, 113, v, 4; Pul. i, 8-9; St. Sim. iii, 69)

—Rome (Mom. i, 71-2; iii, 361)

—Poland (Dunh. 282).

§ 496.

Scandinavia (C. and W., i, 158)

—Hungary (Patt. i, 66; 253)

—Rome (Dur. iii, 376-8).

§ 498.

Greece (Gro. iii, 124-5; iv, 169)

—Italy (Sis. [L.] 23; 291)

—Spain (Dunh. iv, 158)

—England (Hume, ii, 54).

§ 499.

Spain (Hall. ii, 7-8)

—France (ref. lost)

—Scotland (Burt. ii, 85).

§ 500.

Scandinavia (Mall. 291-5)

—France (Mor. 379-80)

—England (Stubbs, i, 448-9)

—Holland (Mot. i, 35)

—Anglo-Sax. (Stubbs, i, 192)

—Spain (Dunh. iv, 158)

—England (Stubbs, i, 450).

§ 501.

England (Hume, i, 466-7; Stubbs, i, 137)

—France (Hall. i, 230)

—Spain (Hall. ii, 25, 29)

—France (Dar. “Ad.” ii, 57-8; Clam. ii, 3-4; Dar. “Ad.” i, 78)

—Scotland (Innes, “Leg. An.,” 116).

§ 502.

France (Ord. ii, 201)

—Hungary (Lévy, 165)

—Scotland (Innes, “Leg. An.,” 119)

—England (Hume, —).

§ 504.

Egypt (Wilk. iii, 371)

—Persia (Raw. iii, 221)

—England (Kem. ii, 105-11)

—Hebrews (Ew. iii, 266-7)

—Rome (Dur. iii, 175)

—France (Gon. —)

—Eggarahs (All. and T. i, 327)

—Mizteca (Her. iii, 265).

§ 505.

Normans and Old English (Stubbs, i, 390)

—Scot. (Innes, “Mid. Ages,” 120-1)

—Russia (Fowl. i, 379)

—France (Jer. ii, 158-9; Kit. iii, 210)

—England (Turn. vi, 132).

§ 508.

Tahiti (Ell. “P. R.” ii, —)

—England (Kem. ii, 142)

—France (Gui. iii, 233-4)

—Mexico, &c. (Zur. 66-7)

—Chibchas (Acos. 188-90)

—Med. Europe (Maine, “V. C.” 235-6).

§ 509.

England (Free. “N. C.” i, 80; Fis. 301; Hall. “M. A.” ch. viii).

§ 510.

Feudal (Maine, “E. I.” 77)

—France (Mau. cvii, 584)

—Persians (Raw. iii, 418; 426)

—Rome (Dur. v, 83-4)

—France (Thie. i, 365-6; Cher. “Hist.” ii, 138-9)

—England (Hall. “C. H.” ch. xii).

§ 511.

Bedouins (Burck. “Notes” 5; Pal. “Ency. Brit.” ii, 249)

—Irish (Maine, “E. I.” 105-6)

—Albania (Boué, ii, 86; iii, 359)

—England (You. 147).

§ 512.

Mexico (Zur. 50-62)

—Russia (Lav. 8, 9)

—Teutons (Stubbs, i, 56; Cæs. vi, 22; Kem. i, 56-7)

—Bakwains (Liv. 14)

—Japan (Alc. ii, 241)

—Franks (Kem. i, 238)

—England (Thor. i, 274; 386; 450)

—Russia (Kou. 229).

§ 513.

England (Kem. i, 240-3; Stubbs,—)

—Peru (Pres. 72)

—Mexico (Clav. bk. vii, ch. 5; Gom. —)

—Egypt (Heer. ii, 139)

—Greece (Herm. 10)

—China (Will. i, 388)

—India (Gho. passim)

—Scandinavia (ref. lost; Bren. lxviii)

—England (Bren. lxix-lxx.)

§ 516.

Siam. (Loub. i. 237)

—Ashante (Beech. 129)

—Fulahs (L. and O. ii, 87)

—Rome (Mom. i. 99-100).

§ 517.

Suevi Stubbs, i, 15).

§ 518.

Guaranis (Waitz, iii, 422)

—Nicaragua (Squi. “Nic.” ii, 342)

—New Zealand (ref. lost)

—Bedouins (Burck. —)

—Tahiti (Forst. 377)

—Hebrews (2 Sam. xxi, 17)

—Carolingian (Wai. iv, 522)

—Japan (Ad. i, 15)

—Peru (Pres. 35).

§ 519.

Hottentots (Kol. i, 85)

—Malagasy (Ell. “H. M.” ii, 253)

—Chibchas (Sim. 269)

—Rome (Coul. “C. A.” 158)

—Germans (Stubbs, i, 34)

—Old England (Kem. i. 69)

—France (Kit. i, 399; Froiss. i, 168)

—Sparta (Gro. —)

—Rome (Mom. i, 98-9).

§ 520.

France (Ranke, i, 83).

§ 522.

Chinooks (Waitz, iii, 338)

—Arabs (Bur. “El Med.” iii, 47)

—Italy (Sis. [L.] 90)

—France (Maine, Fort. Rev. 614)

—England (Ree, i, 153-4)

—France (Gui. —).

§ 523.

Hottentots (Kol. i, 294-6)

—Greece (Gro. ii, 99-100)

—Rome (Mom. i, 159)

—Germans Edition: current; Page: [17] (Tac. cap. xi, xii)

—Danes (C. and W. i, 263)

—Irish (Les. xvii, 312).

§ 524.

Hebrews (Deut. xxi, 19)

—Romans (Mom. i, 158)

—France (Join. 10-11)

—Carolingian (Mor. 379-80; Sohm, i, § 16)

—Frieslanders (ref. lost)

—Holland (Lav. 282-3).

§ 525.

Zulus (Arb. 140)

—Eggarahs (All. and T. i, 326)

—Germans (Tac. c. 7)

—Scandinavia (Grimm, i, 93).

§ 526.

Peru (Her. iv, 337)

—Germany (Dunh. l, 120)

—France (Bay. i, 70-1)

—Scotland (Innes, “L. A.” 221)

—England (Stubbs, i, 443, 673)

—France (Hall, i, 239).

§ 527.

Bedouins (“Ram. in Syria,” 9)

—Mexicans (Dur. i, 216)

—Athens (Cur. ii, 450)

—France and Germany (Black. iii, 41)

—France (Duc. 11-12; A. L. F., v, 346-7; Dar. “Ad.” —)

—England (Fis. 238; Stubbs, ii, 292).

§ 528.

Court, &c. (Maine, “E. I.” 289).

§ 529.

Sandwich I. (Ell. 399)

—Bechuanas (ref. lost)

—Karens (As. S. B. xxxvii, 131)

—France (Kœnigs. 186).

§ 530.

Scandinavia (Mall. 117)

—Egypt (Rec. ii, 11; xii, 48)

—Peru (Santa C. 107; Gar. bk. i, ch. 23)

—Tahitians (Ell. “P.R.” ii, 235)

—Todas (Metz, 17-18)

—Hebrews (2 Sam. v. 22-25)

—India (Maine, “A. L.” 18)

—Greece (Gro. ii, 111-2; Herm. 48)

—France (Hinc. ii, 201).

§ 531.

Assyrians (Lay. ii, 473-4)

—Greeks (Tie. 217; Coul. 221)

—Egypt (Wilk. i, 164).

§ 532.

Zulus (Arb. 161 note)

—Peru (ref. lost)

—Mexicans (Tern. x, 78)

—Japan (ref. lost)

—France (Greg. bk. vii, ch. 21)

—Peruvians (Garc. bk. ii. ch. 12)

—Japan (Alc. i, 63)

—Rome (Mom. i, 159)

—Salic (Gui. i, 464)

—Scotland (Innes, “Mid. Ages,” 197)

—England (Stubbs, i, 211).

§ 533.

Chippewayans (School. “I. T.” v, 177)

—Shoshones (Banc. i, 435)

—Haidahs (Banc. i, 168)

—Sandwich I. (Ell. “Tour,” 400)

—Greece (Gro. ii, 107, 110, 129)

—Rome (Maine, “A. L.” 372; Mom. ii, 130)

—Basutos (Arb. 37)

—Abyssinia (Par. ii, 204-5)

—Sumatra (Mars. 249)

—Dakotas (School. “I. T.” ii, 185)

—N. Americans (Kane, 115)

—Dakotas (Morg. 331)

—Araucanians (Thomps. i, 405).

§ 536.

Bushmen (Lich. ii, 194)

—Chippewayans (Banc. i, 118)

—Arawaks (Roy. G. S. ii, 231).

§ 537.

Ahts (Banc. i, 191)

—Comanches (School. “I. T.” i, 232)

—Brazilians (Roy. G. S. ii, 195-6)

—Chippewayans (School. “I. T.” v, 177)

—Bedouins (ref. lost).

§ 538.

Rechabites, &c. (Ew. iv, 79-80; Kue. i, 181-2)

—Dakotas (School. “I. T.” ii, 185)

—Comanches (School. “I. T.” ii, 131)

—Iroquois (Morg. 326)

—Bechuanas (Burch. ii, 531)

—Damaras (And. 114-15)

—Kafirs (Shoot. 16)

—Koosas (Lich. i, 271)

—New Zealanders (Thom. i, 96)

—Sumatrans (Mars. 244-5)

—Mexicans (Sart. 68)

—Damaras (And. 147)

—Todas (Marsh. 206)

—Congo (Pink. xvi, 168)

—Slavs (Lav. 185)

—Swiss (Lav. 82)

—Hebrews (Mayer, i, 362 note)

—Rome (Mom. i, 160, 193)

—Teutons (Stubbs, i, 56).

§ 539.

Drenthe (Lav. 282)

—Ardennes (Lav. 301)

—Lombardy (Lav. 215)

—France (Lav. 212)

—Abyssinia (Bruce, iv, 462)

—Kongo (Ast. iii, 258)

—Mexico (Tern. x, 253-4)

—Iceland (Mall. 289)

—Swiss (Lav. 83).

§ 540.

Slavs (Lav. 189; 194-5)

—Lombardy (Lav. 216).

§ 542.

Dakotas (School. “I. T.” iv, 69)

—Abipones (Dob. ii, 106)

—Patagonians (Falk. 123)

—Greece (Gro. ii, 84; 85)

—Germans (Tac. xv)

—England (Dyer 3)

—Guaranis (Wai. iii, 422)

—Rome (Mom. —).

§ 543.

Loango (Pink. xvi, 577)

—Tongans (Mar. i, 231 note)

—Cashmere (Drew 68-70)

—Kaffirs (Shoot. 104)

—Sandwich Islands (Ell. “Tour,” 292)

—Mexico (Zur. 250-1)

—Yucatan (Landa § xx)

—Guatemala, &c. (Zur. 407)

—Madagascar (Ell. “M.” i, 316)

—Fiji (See. 232)

—Tahiti (Ell. “P. R.” ii, 361).

§ 544.

England (Stubbs ii, 612-3).

§ 545.

Quanga and Balonda (Liv. 296, 307)

—Bhils (Mal. i, “C. I.” 551-2; 185)

—Mexico (Clav. bk. vii, ch. 37)

—Greece (Glad. iii, 62; Pot. 90)

—England (Ling. iii, 7).

§ 557.

France (Dar. “Cl. Ag.” 537).

§ 558.

Americans (Hearne, 151)

—Dahomey (Bur. i, 220-5; 226; Dalz. 175; Bur. i, 52, note)

—Peru (Gar. bk. ii, chap. xv; bk. vi, chap. viii; bk. v, chap. xi)

—Egypt (Shar. i, 188; Brug. i, 51; Shar. i, 182)

—Sparta (Gro. vol. ii, pt. ii, chap. vi)

—Russia (Cust. ii, 2; Wal. 289; Cust.—; Bell, ii, 237).

Edition: current; Page: [18]

§ 559.

Rome (Dur. iii, 155-60; iii, 183-7, 9; iii, 173-4; iii, 172-3; iii, 176)

—Italy (Sis. [Lard.] 8-9).

§ 560.

Greeks (Gro. ii, 88)

—Japan (Mit. i, 32-3)

—France (Corn. xxvii (1873), 72)

—Montenegro (Boué, ii, 86)

—Dahomey (For. i, 20)

—Sparta (Thirl. i, 329)

—Merovingian (Amp. ii, 305; reg. lost)

—Dahomey (Bur. ii, 248)

—Japan (M. and C., 34)

—Egypt (Wilk. i, 189)

—Persia (Raw. iii, 242)

—Araucanians (Thomps. i, 406)

—Fiji (Ersk. 464)

—Dahomey (Dalz. 69)

—Egypt (Brug. i, 53).

§ 573.

Todas (Shortt, pt. i, 9)

—Pueblos (Banc. i, 546)

—Karens (Gov. Stat. 64; McM. 81)

—Lepchas (Hook. i, 129-30; Eth. Soc. “Jour.” N. S. i, 150-1)

—Santáls (Hunt. “Ann.” —; “Stat.” xiv, 330)

—Shervarog (Shortt, pt. ii, 7; 42)

—Todas (Shortt, pt. i, 7-9; Hark. 16-17)

—Arafuras (Kolff. 161-3)

—England (Hall., chap. viii)

—France (Lev. ii, 48)

—England (Free. “Sk.” 232; Bage. 281)

—France (Taine, passim)

—England (Mart. “Intro.” 17; Buck. vol. ii, ch. 5; Pike, ii, 574).

§ 574.

Bode and D. (As. S. B. xviii, 745-6)

—Lepchas (Eth. Soc. “Jour.” N. S. i, 152)

—Santál (Hunt. “Ann.” i, 209; As. S.B. xx, 554)

—Jakuns (Fav. ii, 266-7)

—Bode and D. (As. S.B. xviii, 745)

—Neilgherry H. (Ouch. 69)

—Lepchas (Eth. Soc. “Jour.” N. S. i, 150)

—Jakuns (Fav. ii, 266)

—Arafuras (Kolff. 161-3)

—Lepchas (Eth. Soc. “Jour.” N. S. i, 150-1; Hook. i, 176)

—Santáls (Hunt. “Ann.” i, 217)

—Hos (Dalt. 206)

—Todas (Shortt, pt. i, 1)

—Shervaroy H. (Shortt, —)

—Jakuns (Fav. ii, 266)

—Malacca (Jukes, 219-20)

—Bodo and D. (As. S.B. xviii, 745)

—Santál (Hunt. “Ann.” i, 209-10)

—Lepchas (Hook. i, 176, 129)

—Jakuns (Fav. ii, 266)

—Arafuras (Kolff. 163-4)

—Lepchas (Hook. i, 134)

—Santáls (Hunt. “Ann.” 208)

—Bodo and Dhimals (As. S.B. xviii, 708)

—Santál (Hunt. i, 217)

—Bodo and Dhimals (As. S.B. xviii, 744)

—Todas (Eth. Soc. “Trans.” vii, 254).

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Other Notes:

The two parts of which this volume consists having been separately published, each with its preface, it seems most convenient here simply to reproduce the two prefaces in place of a fresh one for the entire volume.

In his Early History of Mankind (2nd ed. pp. 51-2), Mr. Tylor thus comments on such observances:—“The lowest class of salutations, which merely aim at giving pleasant bodily sensations, merge into the civilities which we see exchanged among the lower animals. Such are patting, stroking, kissing, pressing noses, blowing, sniffing, and so forth. . . . Natural expressions of joy, such as clapping hands in Africa, and jumping up and down in Tierra del Fuego, are made to do duty as signs of friendship or greeting.” But, as indicated above, to give “pleasant bodily sensations” is not the aim of “the lowest class of salutations.” Mr. Tylor has missed the physio-psychological sources of the acts which initiate them.

Mr. Ernest Satow, writing from Japan to suggest some corrections, says this cry should be “shita ni, shita ni, Down! Down! (i.e. on your knees).”

Concerning Dickson’s statement, here quoted, Mr. Ernest Satow writes that this board (long since extinct) was double. The differentiation in the functions of its divisions was but partial however; for while one regulated the propitiation of the gods, the other, beside regulating secular propitiations, performed propitiations of the dead Mikados, who were gods.

While this chapter is standing in type, I have come upon a passage in Bancroft, concerning the Indians of the Isthmus of Darien fully verifying the general interpretation given. He says:—“Every principal man retained a number of prisoners as bondsmen; they . . . were branded or tattooed with the particular mark of the owner on the face or arm, or had one of their front teeth extracted.”

For the use of coarse and dingy fabrics in mourning by Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans, and of inferior clothing by numerous peoples, two causes, both resulting from ghost-propitiation, appear to act separately or jointly. One is the sacrifice of clothes, often the best, at the grave of the dead man, of which instances were given in § 103; and in further exemplification of which may be named Mr. Willard’s account of a funeral in a Californian tribe, the Sen-él, among whom, by a man, a “quite new and fine” coat, and by women, “their gaudiest dresses” were thrown on the pyre; or the account by Young of the Blackfeet, who, on such occasions, divested “themselves of clothing even in the coldest weather.”—(Dr. H. C. Yarrow’s Introduction to the Study of Mortuary Customs among the North American Indians, pp. 55 and 67.) For, if, to propitiate the ghost, the best clothing is sacrificed, the implication is that inferior or inadequate clothing remains for use. Hence comes “the chief mourner being clad in moss” among the Santee Indians (p. 38). The more obvious and still-continuing motive is that grief is inconsistent with wearing the best, which is usually the gayest, clothing. Thus we read that among the Choctaws the “widow wholly neglects her toilet,” and that among the Chippewas she is “not permitted to wear any finery” for twelve moons (Yarrow, pp. 92-3). In a letter of a deceased relative of mine, dated 1810, I find an instructive example of the way in which natural feeling prompts this putting on of inferior clothes. Speaking of a conversation held with a pedler concerning an eccentric but benevolent man, the writer describes the pedler as praising him and saying, “he thought he should put on his worst clothes when he died.” That is, not being able to afford mourning, he proposed to revert to this primitive method of showing sorrow.

Though the disputes respecting the origins of sire and sieur have ended in the conclusion that they are derived from the same root, meaning originally elder, yet it has become clear that sire was a contracted form in use earlier than sieur (the contracted form of seigneur), and hence acquired a more general meaning, which became equivalent to father. Its applicability to various persons of dignity besides the seigneur, is evidence of its previous evolution and spread; and that it had a meaning equivalent to father, is shown by the fact that in early French, grant-sire was an equivalent for grand-père, and also by the fact that sire was not applicable to an unmarried man.

What the social man, even of advanced race, is capable of, has been again shown while these lines are standing in type. To justify the destruction of two African towns in Batanga, we are told that their king, wishing to have a trading factory established, and disappointed with the promise of a sub-factory, boarded an English schooner, carried off Mr. Govier, the mate, and refusing to release him when asked, “threatened to cut the man’s head off”: a strange mode, if true, of getting a trading factory established. Mr. Govier afterwards escaped; not having been ill-treated during his detention. Anchoring the Boadicea and two gunboats off Kribby’s Town (“King Jack’s” residence), Commodore Richards demanded of the king that he should come on board and explain: promising him safety, and threatening serious consequences in case of refusal. Not trusting the promise, the king failed to come. Without ascertaining from the natives whether they had any reason for laying hands on Mr. Govier, save this most improbable one alleged by our people, Commodore Richards proceeded, after some hours’ notice, to clear the beach with shells, to burn the town of 300 houses, to cut down the natives’ crops, and to destroy their canoes; and then, not satisfied with burning “King Jack’s” town, went further south and burnt “King Long-Long’s” town. These facts are published in the Times of September 10, 1880. In an article on them, this organ of English respectability regrets that “the punishment must seem, to the childish mind of the savage, wholly disproportionate to the offence:” implying that to the adult mind of the civilized it will not seem disproportionate. Further, this leading journal of ruling classes who hold that, in the absence of established theological dogmas, there would be no distinction between right and wrong, remarks that “if it were not for this dark shadow cast over it by this loss of life” [of two of our men], “the whole episode would be somewhat humorous.” Doubtless, after the “childish mind of the savage” has accepted the “glad tidings” brought by missionaries of “the religion of love,” there is humour, somewhat of the grimmest, perhaps, in showing him the practice of this religion by burning his house. Comments on Christian virtues, uttered by exploding shells, may fitly be accompanied by a Mephistophelian smile. Possibly the king, in declining to trust himself on board an English ship, was swayed by the common Negro belief that the devil is white.

The behaviour of Arab boatmen on the Nile displays, in a striking way, this inability to act together. When jointly hauling at a rope, and beginning to chant, the inference one draws is that they pull in time with their words. On observing, however, it turns out that their efforts are not combined at given intervals, but are put forth without any unity of rhythm. Similarly when using their poles to push the dahabeiah off a sand-bank, the succession of grunts they severally make, is so rapid that it is manifestly impossible for them to give those effectual united pushes which imply appreciable intervals of preparation. Still more striking is the want of concert shown by the hundred or more Nubians and Arabs employed to drag the vessel up the rapids. There are shoutings, gesticulations, divided actions, utter confusion; so that only by accident does it at length happen that a sufficient number of efforts are put forth at the same moment. As was said to me, with some exaggeration, by our Arab dragoman, a travelled man—“Ten Englishmen or Frenchmen would do the thing at once.”

While writing I find, in the recently-issued “Transactions of the Anthropological Institute,” proof that even now in England, the professional classes are both taller and heavier than the artizan classes.

While I am writing, the just-issued third volume of Mr. Skene’s Celtic Scotland, supplies me with an illustration of the process above indicated. It appears that the original Celtic tribes which formed the earldoms of Moray, Buchan, Athol, Angus, Menteith, became broken up into clans; and how influential was the physical character of the country in producing this result, we are shown by the fact that this change took place in the parts of them which fell within the highland country. Describing the smaller groups which resulted, Mr. Skene says:—“While the clan, viewed as a single community, thus consisted of the chief, with his kinsmen to a certain limited degree of relationship; the commonality who were of the same blood, who all bore the same name, and his dependents, consisting of subordinate septs of native men, who did not claim to be of the blood of the chief, but were either probably descended from the more ancient occupiers of the soil, or were broken men from other clans, who had taken protection with him. . . . Those kinsmen of the chief who acquired the property of their land founded families. . . . The most influential of these was that of the oldest cadet in the family which had been longest separated from the main stem, and usually presented the appearance of a rival house little less powerful than that of the chief.”

As bearing on historical interpretations at large, and especially on interpretations to be made in this work, let me point out further reasons than those given by Grote and others for rejecting the tradition that the Spartan constitution was the work of Lykurgus. The universal tendency to ascribe an effect to the most conspicuous proximate cause, is especially strong where the effect is one of which the causation is involved. Our own time has furnished an illustration in the ascription of Corn-law Repeal to Sir Robert Peel, and after him to Messrs. Cobden and Bright: leaving Colonel Thompson un-named. In the next generation the man who for a time carried on the fight single-handed, and forged sundry of the weapons used by the victors, will be unheard of in connexion with it. It is not enough, however, to suspect that Lykurgus was simply the finisher of other men’s work. We may reasonably suspect that the work was that of no man, but simply that of the needs and the conditions. This may be seen in the institution of the public mess. If we ask what will happen with a small people who, for generations spreading as conquerors, have a contempt for all industry, and who, when not at war, pass their time in exercises fitting them for war, it becomes manifest that at first the daily assembling to carry on these exercises will entail the daily bringing of provisions by each. As happens in those pic-nics in which all who join contribute to the common repast, a certain obligation respecting quantities and qualities will naturally arise—an obligation which, repeated daily, will pass from custom into law: ending in a specification of the kinds and amounts of food. Further, it is to be expected that as the law thus arises in an age when food is coarse and unvaried, the simplicity of the diet, originally unavoidable, will eventually be considered as intended—as an ascetic regimen deliberately devised. [When writing this I was not aware that, as pointed out by Prof. Paley in Fraser’s Magazine, for February, 1881, among the Greeks of later times, it was common to have dinners to which each guest brought his share of provisions, and that those who contributed little and consumed much were objects of satire. This fact increases the probability that the Spartan mess originated as suggested.]

I should have thought it needless to insist on so obvious a truth had it not been that even still there continues this identification of things so utterly different. Within these few years has been published a magazine-article by a distinguished historian, describing the corruptions of the Roman Republic during its latter days, with the appended moral that such were, and are, likely to be the results of democratic government!

Reference to the passage since made shows not only this initial relation, but still more instructively shows that at the very beginning there arises the question whether protection shall come first and payment afterwards, or payment first and protection afterwards. For the passage continues: “Once a man after this fashion making a complaint, when the Maharajah was taking the rupee, closed his hand on it, and said, ‘No, first hear what I have to say.’ ”

A friend who has read this chapter in proof, points out to me passages in which Brentano draws from these parallelisms a like inference. Referring to the traits of certain fully-developed gilds, he says:—“If we connect them with what historians relate about the family in those days, we may still recognize in them the germ from which, in later times, at a certain stage of civilization, the Gild had necessarily to develop itself . . . the family appears as the pattern and original type, after which all the later Gilds were formed.”

In our own case the definite ending of these tenures took place in 1660; when, for feudal obligations (a burden on landowners) was substituted a beer-excise (a burden on the community).

This chapter was originally published in the Contemporary Review for Sept., 1881. Since that date a further movement of German society in the same general direction has been shown by the pronounced absolutism of the imperial rescript of Jan., 1882, endorsing Prince Bismarck’s scheme of State-socialism.