Chapter L

Social Achievement in the United States

The main point is that human welfare is a compound of achievement in each of these divisions and subdivisions of effort, and that no estimate of a social situation is complete that leaves any portion of either division of achievement out of the account.

It is thus assumed that the whole exhibit presents a series of problems of proportion and correlation. No claim is made that the conspectus is itself a sufficient correlation of the topics suggested. They are presented merely as a tentative catalogue, as a preliminary survey, not as a theory of relative values.

Conspectus of the Social Situation

As given in the present state of achievement and in unsolved technical problems

Grand Divisions

1. Achievement in Promoting Health.
2. Achievement in Producing Wealth.
3. Achievement in Harmonizing Human Relations.
4. Achievement in Discovery and Spread of Knowledge.
5. Achievement in the Fine Arts.
6. Achievement in Religion.

Division I. Achievement in Promoting Health

1. Public sanitation and hygiene, including systems of quarantine, isolation and colonization (for lepers, epileptics, etc.).
2. Preventive and curative medicine and surgery, including the apparatus of hospitals, dispensaries, ambulances, " first aid" instruction to police, ctc.
3. Safeguards against accidents and protection in dangerous occupations.
4. Fire and police protection in general.
5. Development of dietetics and prevention of adulteration of food.
6. Protection against disease germs in food.
7. Improved dwellings and workshops.
8. Topographical arrangements of cities, especially extension of workmen's dwellings into suburbs.
9. Water, light, and transportation supply.
10. Parks, playgrounds, sewerage, baths, outings.
11. Promotion of temperance.
12. Control of sexual vice, and treatment of its consequences.
13. Shortening the labor day.
14. Dress reform.
15. Cooking schools.
16. Disposal of the dead.
17. Disposal of garbage and sewage.
18. Physical culture, gymnastics, health resorts.
19. Athletic sports.

Division II. Achievement in Producing Wealth

1. Two Points of View.
1. Achievement in each industry
2. Achievement in each country
   i. e., the composite view must include total achievement in all industries in all countries. Another double view-point is:
1. Achievement in production merely
2. Achievement in accumulation
2. Certain Forms of Achievement Common to All Industries
1. Improved tools and machinery.
2. In use of waste and by-products.
3. Increase in amount of capital invested in machinery.
4. Greater skill in laborers.
5. Improved managerial ability.
6. Improved processes of production.
7. Standardizing of weights and measures.
8. Improved industrial organizations.
1. In division of labor.
2. In size of plant.
3. In co-ordination with other industries; e. g., fuel, ore, transportation, and factory in hands of one organization.
9. Localization of industry.
1. With respect to nearness of raw material.
2. With respect to nearness of labor.
3. With respect to nearness to market.
10. Increased regularity of production.
11. New uses for materials and products.
12. Improved means of storing and preserving products.
13. Achievement in the development of motor power.
14. Bounties, tariffs, subsidies, patents, etc., as stimuli of production.
3. Achievement in the Principal Industries
1. Extractive industry.
1. Agriculture and grazing.
2. Stock-breeding.
3. Fisheries.
4. Forestry.
5. Exploitation of mineral resources, including oil and gas.
6. Quarrying.
7. Irrigation.
8. Work of agricultural experiment stations.
1. Extent of each crop or output.
2. Achievement in preserving sources of supply
3. Achievement in the peculiar technique of the industry.
2. Manufactures.
1. Food
1. Milk.
2. Breakfast foods.
3. Slaughtering and meat-packing.
4. Butter, cheese, and oleo.
5. Canning and preserving
6. Salt
7. Beet sugar.
8. Rice
9. Cottonseed products.
10. Alcoholic liquors.
11. Malt liquors.
12. Tobacco.
13. Ice.
14. Glucose.
2. Textiles.
3. Wood. [Including metallurgical progress and new uses for mineral products.]
4. Metals. [see above]
5. Chemicals.
6. Vehicles.
7. Clay, glass, and stone products.
8. Explosives and firearms.
3. Achievement in all branches of engineering, except as more properly discussed in Division I.
4. Achievement in the building arts.
5. Achievement in the handicrafts.
6. Transportation.
1. Marine.
1. Structure of vessels.
2. Charts, lighthouses, life-saving stations, and other protections of navigation.
3. The Weather Bureau.
2. Land.
1. Railroads.
2. Urban transit.
3. Autos and other vehicles.
4. Improved highways.
5. Improved water-ways.
7. Means of communication.
1. Postal systems.
2. Telegraph and telephone systems.
3. Minor improvements; e. g., tubular posts, messenger service, organization of news service, etc.
8. Achievement in the art of printing and in methods of publication.
9. Achievement in trade and commerce.
1. Improvement in machinery for bringing buyer and seller together; produce exchanges, etc.
2. Conmercial banking and credit.
3. Savings institutions.
4. Insurance.
5. International commerce.
6. Domestic commerce.
10. Shipbuilding.

Division III. Achievement. In Harmonizing Human Relations

i. e., in adjusting relations of groups to groups and of individuals to individuals in the process of securing proportional shares in political, industrial, and social opportunity; i. e., achievement in harmonizing claims respecting. primarily—

1. Political Rights.
2. Industry and Property.
3. Opportunities for Culture¹

These may be indicated more in detail as follows, viz.:

1. Political Achievement
1. Between nations within the international-law group
1. Achievement in definition of rights through alliances, treaties, spheres of interest, mediation, arbitration, etc.
2. Achievement in securing international peace, and in improving articles of war.
2. Between the international-law group and other peoples
1. Administration of dependencies.
2. International status of non-civilized peoples.
3. Adjustment of political balance between minor political units and the central power (local self-government)
4. Achievement in admission of individuals and classes to civic rights.
5. Achievement in civic organization.
1. Responsibilities of ministries.
2. Enhanced representative character of parliaments.
3. Enlistment of expert service in administration (including all branches civil and military).
4. Improvements in fiscal systems.
5. Improvements in currency systems.
6. Improvements in status of aliens and in naturalization laws.
7. Movements aimed at further civic progress largely by voluntary. initiative.
1. Agitation for extension of constitutional guarantees (in various countries of the world).
2. Organization of political parties.
3. Agitation for minor political reforms.
1. In principle of representation, e. g., minority representation.
2. In control of nominations and elections.
3. In popular check upon legislation (initiative and referendum).
4. Enlargement of areas of uniform regulations (in continental Europe imperial federation, in Great Britain colonial federation, in the United States uniform legislation of states, etc.).
5. In extension of the merit system.
6. Good-government clubs of the various types.
7. Associations for promoting international peace.
2. Achievement in Harmonizing Industrial and Property Interests
1. Primarily by law
1. Improved legal status of various kinds of property; partnerships, corporations, franchises, etc.
2. Removal of artificial barriers to enterprise (international and domestic); i. e., increased freedom of industry and migration.
3. Labor laws.
4. Homestead laws.
5. Laws protecting seamen.
6. Arbitration laws.
7. Simplification of procedure.
8. Checks on oppressive power of capitalistic or labor organizations.
9. Governmental pensions and insurance.
10. Governmental supervision of industrial and commercial enterprise, including departments of agriculture, commerce, transportation, bureaus of labor, etc.
11. State ownership of industries.
12. Improvements in status of married women and of children, both as to property and as to industry.
13. Municipal pawn-shops.
14. Asset banking.
15. Improvement in legal status of professional and personal service.
    1. Clergymen.
    2. Lawyers.
    3. Teachers.
    4. Physicians.
    5. Dentists.
    6. Pharmacists.
    7. Artists.
    8. Clerks and other salaried employees.
    9. Domestic servants.
2. By voluntary action.
1. Capitalistic and labor organizations.
2. Organizations among farmers.
3. Same among farm laborers.
4. Proft-sharing and other forms of partnership between labor and capital.
5. Improved forms of labor contract—the sliding scale, etc.
6. Private pension systems.
7. Private insurance systems.
8. Organization in other occupations; i. e. forestry, mining, fisheries, etc.
9. Progress in apprentice systems.
10. Organizations of professional and other occupations.
3. Achievement in Harmonizing Culture Interests

(Using the term "culture" to include all interests not more conveniently classified under political rights, property, or industry.)

1. Primarily legal.
1. Marriage and divorce laws.
2. Laws affecting freedom of thought, research, speech, publication, teaching, and worship.
3. Laws removing culture disabilities from individuals and classes.
4. Public institutions for culture.
1. Churches.
2. Schools of all grades and types scheduled in Division IV, Part II.
3. Libraries and reading-rooms.
4. Art galleries.
5. Theaters.
6. Concerts.
7. Recreation halls and grounds.
8. Baths.
5. Laws aimed at improvement of rural social conditions
2. Primarily Voluntary
1. Organizations for protection of the family.
2. Private foundations for the different cultural purposes scheduled above.
3. Women's clubs.
4. Municipal, national, and international missions.
5. Social settlements.
6. Neighborhood guilds.
7. Municipal improvement associations.
8. Child-saving.
9. Children's aid societies.
10. Forms of social intercourse and recreation.

In addition to the three main divisions of human relations thus outlined we must schedule:

4. Achievement in Treatment of the Subsocial Classes
1. Dependents.
2. Defectives.
3. Delinquents.

In this case, as with A, B, and C above, we must examine, first, the legal, second, the voluntary systems and efforts which aim to prevent, to restrain, and to cure the development of these classes.

Division IV. Achievement in Knowledge

Part I: Achievement in Discovery

1. General Questions
1. What discoveries and inventions have been made?
2. What improvements have been made in the methods of research?
3. What improvements have been made in the apparatus of research?
4. What improvements have been made in the organization of research?
5. What gains have been made in providing financial means for research?
6. What rewards and other incentives are available for discovery and invention?
2. Achievement in the Sciences
1. The inorganic sciences.
2. The organic sciences.
3. The psychological sciences, including child-study and pedagogy.
4. The linguistic sciences.
5. Literary criticism and interpretation.
6. The archxological sciences.
7. The historical sciences.
8. The economic sciences.
9. The statistical sciences.
10. The administrative sciences.
11. The sociological sciences.
12. Philosophy.
13. Ethics.
14. Theology.
15. The technological sciences.

Part II: Achievement in Making Knowledge Accessible

1. Education, Public and Private.
1. Achievement in the different forms of education
1. Intellectual Education
1. Kindergarten and primary
2. Secondary
3. Higher
4. Professional
2. Moral education
3. Religious education.
4. Aesthetic education.
5. Physical education.
6. Manual training.
7. Trade and craft education.
8. Education of defectives.
2. Achievement of different educational institutions
1. Universities and professional schools.
2. Colleges.
3. Secondary schools.
4. Chautauquas.
5. Primary schools, including kindergartens.
6. University extension.
7. Trade schools.
8. Evening schools.
9. Sunday schools.
10. Literary clubs.
11. Schools for defectives.
2. Other Means of Education
1. Museums.
2. Art galleries.
3. Libraries.
4. Lecture platform.
5. Expositions.
6. The press
1. The periodical press.
1. Achievement of different classes of periodicals: newspapers, magazines, including periodical scientific publications, trade journals, fraternal periodicals, including labor papers, religious papers.
2. Progress toward low-priced periodicals.
3. Improvement in the quality of periodical literature.
2. Books and pamphlets
7. The learned societies.
8. The pulpit as an educational force.
9. Improved postal, telegraph, and telephone facilities as factors in the spread of knowledge.
10. Governmental bureaus for the collection and spread of knowledge.
11. International commerce in knowledge.
12. Comparison of educational institutions of different nations.
3. Achievement in Educational Technique
1. In pedagogical methods.
2. In pedagogical apparatus, textbooks, etc.
3. In co-ordination of educational institutions
4. In progress toward rational co-ordination of studies.
5. In educational finances.
6. In administration of educational institutions.
7. In compulsory education.

Division V. Achievement in Aesthetic Creation and in Popular Appreciation of Art Products

1. Literature
2. Sculpture
3. Painting
4. Music
5. Architecture
6. Landscape Architecture
7. The Minor Arts

Division VI. Achievement in Religion

1. In defining standards of religious authority.
2. In shifting center of religious interests from another life to present life.
3. In enlarged religious tolerance, with distinction between religion and theology.
4. In definite religious tendencies, promoted by the example of eminent religious men of the century; e. g., Pope Leo XIII, Cardinal Newman, Phillips Brooks, Spurgeon, Moody, General Booth, etc., etc.
5. In federation of religious effort.
6. In religious extension.
7. In local, national, and international enlargement of the sphere of religious activities.

The problem of understanding our social situation may be expressed as the problem of making a better outline than the above of the facts that have a bearing upon individual and social welfare at the present moment. The problems of social technology are presented by the several situations discovered in such survey, and considered as partially realized satisfactions of human interests.

Notes

1. In this schedule the term "culture" is used in the more popular sense; not in contrast with "civilization," as above, p. 59 et passim. ↩