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Human Anatomy Lab Manual: Vocabulary

Human Anatomy Lab Manual
Vocabulary
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table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright
  4. Table Of Contents
  5. About the Publisher
  6. About This Project
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. Lab 1: Anatomical Language
    1. Lab 1: Anatomical Language
    2. Pre-Lab 1
    3. Lab Activities
    4. Post-Lab 1 Questions
  9. Lab 2: Bones and Bone Markings
    1. Lab 2: Bones and Bone Markings
    2. Pre-Lab 2
    3. Lab Activities
    4. Post-Lab 2 Questions
  10. Lab 3: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
    1. Lab 3: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
    2. Pre-Lab 3
    3. Lab Activities
    4. Post-Lab 3 Questions
  11. Lab 4: Brain and Cranial Nerves
    1. Lab 4: Brain and Cranial Nerves
    2. Pre-lab 4
    3. Lab Activities
    4. Post-Lab 4 Questions
  12. Lab 5: Special Senses
    1. Lab 5: Special Senses
    2. Pre-lab 5
    3. Lab Activities
    4. Post-Lab 5 Questions
  13. Lab 6: Respiratory System
    1. Lab 6: Respiratory System
    2. Pre-Lab 6
    3. Lab Activities
    4. Post-Lab 6 Questions
  14. Lab 7: The Cardiovascular system
    1. Lab 7: The Cardiovascular system
    2. Pre-lab 7
    3. Lab Activities
    4. Post-Lab 7 Questions
  15. Lab 8: Digestive System
    1. Lab 8: Digestive System
    2. Pre-Lab 8
    3. Lab Activities
    4. Post-Lab 8 Questions
  16. Lab 9: Urinary and Reproductive Systems
    1. Lab 9: Urinary and Reproductive Systems
    2. Pre-lab 9
    3. Lab Activities
    4. Post-Lab 9 Questions
  17. Lab 10: The Muscular and Integumentary systems
    1. Lab 10: The Muscular and Integumentary systems
    2. Pre-Lab 10
    3. Lab Activities
    4. Post-Lab 10 Questions
  18. Vocabulary
    1. Vocabulary
  19. Image Credits

Vocabulary

Anatomical Language

Body Planes Anatomical regions
Frontal (Coronal)Cephalic
TransverseOcular
SagittalAuricular (Otic)
Buccal
Directional termsNasal
Anterior (Ventral)Oral
Posterior (Dorsal)Axillary
ProximalCubital
DistalAntecubital
SuperiorCarpal (Carpus)
InferiorPalmar
LateralThoracic
MedialAbdominal Umbilical
DeepLumbar
SuperficialInguinal
ParietalPubic
VisceralGluteal
Patellar
Abdominal regionsPopliteal
Right hypochondriacCrural
EpigastricSural
Left hypochondriacTarsal (Tarsus)
Right lumbarPedal
UmbilicalPlanter
Left lumbar
Right iliac
Hypogastric (Pelvic)
Left iliac

TISSUEs

Basic tissue types Connective tissues
EpithelialConnective tissue cells:
ConnectiveFibroblasts
MuscleMacrophages
NervousPlasma cells
Mast cells
Epithelial TissuesAdipocytes
Classification of Epithelial tissue:
*Based on arrangement of layers*Connective tissue fibers:
SimpleCollagen fibers
PseudostratifiedElastic fibers
StratifiedReticular fibers
*Based on cell shapes*Extracellular matrix:
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
*Based on function* 
Covering and lining
Glandular
            Endocrine glands
            Exocrine glands
Absorptive
Transitional epithelium

Bones and Bone Markings

Classification of the bones Axial skeleton skull
Long boneFrontal bone
Short boneParietal bone
Flat boneTemporal bone
Irregular bone
Sesamoid bone
Bone histology and formation Occipital bone
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossificationForamen Magnum
Osteoprogenitor cellsEthmoid bone
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Spongy BoneSphenoid bone
            TrabeculaeSella turcica
Compact boneZygomatic bone
            OsteonMandible
            LamellaeMaxilla
            LacunaePalatine bone
Nasal bone
Parts of the bone Vomer
EpiphysisLacrimal bone
MetaphysisHyoid bone
Epiphyseal Line/ Plate
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Endosteum
Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
Red bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow

Special features of the skull 
Zygomatic archThoracic Cage
            Zygomatic process of temporal boneSternum
            Temporal process of zygomatic boneRibs
Sutures
            Coronal suturesClavicle
            Sagittal sutures
Scapula
Vertebral column Acromion
*Parts of the typical vertebra*Glenoid cavity
Body of the vertebraeCoracoid process
Vertebral foramenSupraspinous fossa
LaminaInfraspinous fossa
Spinous processHumerus
Transverse processHead
Trochlea
Regions of the vertebral columnCapitulum
Cervical region (recognize atlas and axis vertebral)Medial epicondyle
Transverse foramen (in cervical vertebrae only)Lateral epicondyle
Atlas (C1)Coronoid fossa
Axis (C2)Olecranon fossa
Dens of axis
Thoracic region
Lumbar region
Sacrum
Coccyx
Intervertebral foramen
Intervertebral disc

UlnaFemur
Olecranon (Olecranon process)Head of femur
Coronoid processNeck of femur
Trochlear notchGreater trochanter
HeadLesser trochanter
Lateral condyle
RadiusMedial condyle
Head
Styloid processPatella
  
CarpalsTibia
MetacarpalsMedial malleolus
Phalanges
 Fibula
Hip bonesHead
IliumLateral malleolus
IschiumTarsals
 Metatarsals
Pubic archPhalanges
Pubic symphysis 
AcetabulumBlood Supply
Periosteal arteries/veins
Nutrient artery/veins

SPINAL CORD AND  PERIPHERAL NERVES

Coverings of the spinal cordExternal anatomy of the spinal cord
Vertebral columnAnterior (ventral) median fissure
Spinal meningesPosterior (dorsal) median sulcus
            Dura mater
            Arachnoid materCross section of the spinal cord
                        Subarachnoid spaceGrey matter
Pia materPosterior (dorsal) gray horn
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)Anterior (ventral) gray horn
Epidural spaceLateral gray horn
White matter
Spinal cordPosterior (dorsal) white columns
Spinal cord segmentsLateral white columns
            Cervical segmentsAnterior (ventral) white columns
            Thoracic segmentCentral canal
            Lumbar segment:
            Sacral segment
Cervical enlargement
Lumbar enlargement
Conus medullaris
Filum terminale
Cauda equina

Plexuses and peripheral nerves Spinal nerves
Cervical plexusAnterior (ventral) root
            C1-C5Posterior (dorsal) root
            Phrenic nervePosterior (dorsal) root ganglion
Brachial PlexusSpinal nerve
            C5-C8, T1Rami communicantes
            Median nerve
            Radial nerveNumber of spinal nerves
            Ulnar nerveCervical nerves (8)
Lumbar plexusThoracic nerves (12)
            L1-L4Lumbar nerves (5)
Sacral plexusSacral nerves (5)
            L4-L5, S1-S4Coccygeal nerves (1)
            Sciatic nerve
            Tibial nerve
            Common fibular nerve
Dermatomes

Brain and Cranial Nerves

Nervous system divisionsBrain Anatomy
Central nervous systemCerebrum
Peripheral nervous system            Frontal lobe
Somatic nervous system            Temporal lobe
Autonomic nervous system            Parietal lobe
Sympathetic            Occipital lobe
ParasympatheticInsula
Corpus callosum
Sensory = afferentBasal Nuclei
Motor = efferent
Limbic System
Grey matter            Amygdala
White matter            Hippocampus
Gyrus pl. gyri            Cingulate gyrus
Central sulcus
Cerebellum
MeningesCerebellar hemispheres
Dura materVermis
Folia
Arbor vitae
Falx cerebri
Diencephalon
Hypothalamus
Arachnoid materThalamus
Pia materEpithalamus
Pineal gland
Ventricles            Pituitary gland
Lateral ventricles (2)Infundibulum
Interventricular foramenMedial eminence
Third ventricleBrain stem
Cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of midbrain)Medulla oblongata
Fourth ventriclePons
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)Midbrain
Choroid plexuses             Cerebral peduncles
            Tectum
             Corpora quadrigemina
             Superior and inferior colliculi
             Reticular formation

Cerebral Cortex Organization
Primary sensory cortex – postcentral gyrus
Primary motor cortex – precentral gyrus
Primary visual cortex – occipital lobe
Primary auditory cortex – temporal lobe
Broca’s speech area – for making speech
Wernicke’s area – for understanding speech
Cranial Nerves and their function
I.               Olfactory – sensory
II.              Optic- sensory
III.            Occulomotor- motor + parasympathetic
IV.            Trochlear- motor
V.             Trigeminal – motor + sensory, mostly sensory
VI.            Abducens- motor
VII.          Facial – motor + sensory + parasympathetic, mostly motor
VIII.         Vestibulocochlear (acoustic)- sensory
IX.            Glossopharyngeal- motor + sensory + parasympathetic
X.              Vagus- motor + sensory + parasympathetic, mostly parasympathetic
XI.            Spinal accessory – motor
XII.           Hypoglossal- motor

Somatic Nervous System

SensationSomatic motor pathways (to voluntary muscles)
Perception2-neuron pathway
Sensory modalitySensory tracts
Medial-lateral rulePosterior (dorsal) columns (fine touch and vibration)
First synapse in the medulla oblongata
Somatic Sensory PathwaysCrosses to the other side in the medulla
First order neuronsGracile fasciculus
Second order neuronsCuneate fasciculus
Third order neuronsSpinothalamic tracts
First synapse in the spinal cord at the level of entry
Dorsal root ganglionCrosses to the other side at the level of entry
Posterior gray hornsLateral spinothalamic tract (pain and temperature)
ThalamusAnterior spinothalamic tract (crude touch)
Primary somatosensory areaSpinocerebellar tracts (unconscious)
Sensory homunculusPosterior spinocerebellar tract
Anterior spinocerebellar tract
Conscious motor tracts
Corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract)
Lateral corticospinal tract
Anterior corticospinal tract
Corticobulbar tracts
Upper motor neurons
            Pyramidal cells in precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)
            Pyramids of medulla
Decussation of pyramids (most fibers cross to the other side)
1st synapse in spinal cord at the level of exit
Lower motor neurons
Motor homunculus
Internal capsule
Subconscious motor tracts
Rubrospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract

Autonomic Nervous System Word List

Preganglionic neuronSympathetic division
Autonomic ganglionLateral horns T1 to L2
Postganglionic neuronSympathetic ganglia
Preganglionic vs postganglionic fibersSympathetic trunk
Dual innervationPrevertebral ganglia
Adrenal Medulla
Autonomic Plexuses 
Cardiac plexusParasympathetic (cranio-sacral) division
Celiac (solar) plexusVagus nerve
Superior mesenteric plexusSacral parasympathetic neurons
Inferior mesenteric plexusParasympathetic ganglia in the walls of the target organs
Renal plexus
Hypogastric plexus

Special Senses

EyeballMuscles of the eye
Anterior cavity (has 2 chambers)Superior rectus
            Aqueous humorInferior rectus
Posterior cavity (not chamber! See powerpoint.)Lateral rectus
            Vitreous humorMedial rectus
LensSuperior oblique
Fibrous TunicInferior oblique
ScleraPalpabrae
CorneaConjunctiva
Vascular TunicLacrimal glands
IrisEar
PupilExternal (outer) ear
Ciliary bodiesMiddle ear
ChoroidInner ear
Neural TunicExternal ear
RetinaAuricle
Macula luteaExternal auditory (acoustic) meatus (canal)
Fovea centralisTympanic membrane
Optic disc (blind spot)Ceruminous glands
Layers of the retina from outside of the eyeball to the inside)Middle Ear
Photoreceptors: Rods and ConesAuditory ossicles
Bipolar cellsStapes
Ganglion cellsIncus
Axons form optic nerve (CN II)Malleus
Horizontal cellsOval window
Amacrine cellsAuditory (Eustachian) tube
Inner ear- bony labyrinthOlfaction
Semicircular canalsOlfactory epithelium
VestibuleOlfactory receptor cells
CochleaOlfactory nerve CN I
PerilymphCribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
Olfactory foramina
Inner ear- membranous labyrinthOlfactory bulb
Semicircular canalsOlfactory tract
Ampulla
CupulaTaste
Urticle5 primary tastes: sour, sweet, bitter, salt, umami
SacculeTaste buds
CochleaLingual papillae on the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, epiglottis
EndolymphFiliform papillae
MaculaeFungiform papillae
OtolithsCircumvallate papillae
Scala mediaInnervated by
Scala tympaniCN VII
Organ of CortiCN IX
CN X

Respiratory System Word List

Upper respiratory systemTrachea and bronchial tree
NoseTracheal cartilages
RootCarina
BridgePrimary (main) bronchi (L/R)
ApexSecondary (lobar) bronchi
naris (narises)Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
Nasal CavityBronchioles
Nasal Conchae (superior, middle, inferior)Terminal bronchioles
Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, inferior)Respiratory bronchioles
PharynxAlveolar ducts
NasopharynxAlveolar sacs
OropharynxAlveoli
LaryngopharynxType I Alveolar Cells
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)Type II Alveolar Cells
Surfactant
Lower respiratory system 
LarynxLung external features
EpiglottisSuperior Lobe
Vocal cordsInferior Lobe
GlottisMiddle Lobe
Larynx cartilagesCardiac Notch
Thyroid cartilageHorizontal fissure
Cricoid cartilageOblique fissure
Cuneiform cartilageApex of lung
Corniculate cartilageBase of lung
Arytenoid cartilageHilum
Coverings of lungsMuscles of Exhalation
Parietal pleuraInternal Intercostal Muscles
Visceral pleuraExternal oblique
Pleural cavityInternal oblique
Transverse abdominis
Primary muscles of inhalationRectus abdominis
Diaphragm 
External intercostal musclesBlood Supply to respiratory system
Accessory Muscles of Inhalation**Note the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation **
ScalenesSystemic circulation
SternocleidomastoidBronchial arteries
Coverings of lungsBronchial veins
Parietal pleuraPulmonary circulation
Visceral pleuraPulmonary trunk
Pleural cavityPulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins

Blood Components

Blood componentsThrombocytes (Platelets)
Blood plasmaThrombopoiesis
Plasma proteinsMyeloid stem cell
            AlbuminsMegakaryocyte
            Globulins
            FibrinogenLeukocytes (White blood cells)
SerumMyeloid stem cell line
Formed elements   Granular leukocytes
            Erythrocytes     Neutrophils
Leukocytes     Eosinophils
Platelets     Basophils
     Agranular leukocytes
Blood Cell FormationMonocytes
Hemopoiesis (Hematopoiesis)Macrophages
Red bone marrow
Pluripotent stem cellsLymphoid stem cell line
    Lymphocytes
Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)         T cells
Erythropoiesis         B cells
Reticulocytes         Natural killer cells
Hemoglobin
ABO blood group system
Rh blood group system

Blood Vessels

Blood circuitsTypes of blood vessels
Pulmonary circulation**Know difference between arteries and veins**
Systemic circulationArteries
Coronary circulationElastic arteries (conducting arteries)
Hepatic portal circulationMuscular arteries (distributing arteries)
Anastomoses (collateral arteries)Arterioles (resistance vessels)
Arterio-arterial (2 or more arteries supplying blood to the same capillary bed)Capillaries
Arterial-venous (bypassing capillary beds)      Continuous capillaries
      Fenestrated capillaries
Layers of blood vessel walls      Sinusoid capillaries
Tunica interna (intima)Veins
Tunica media      Venules
Tunica externa (adventitia)
Vasa vasorum

 

Major blood vessels of pulmonary circulationBlood flow to the brain
Pulmonary trunkAorta
Pulmonary arteriesRight/left common carotid artery
Pulmonary capillariesRight/left internal carotid arteries
Pulmonary veinsVertebral arteries
 Basilar artery
Major arteries of systemic circulationCircle of Willis (cerebral arterial circle)
**Make note of the paired branches vs unpaired arteries and veins**Left/Right middle cerebral arteries
AortaLeft/Right ophthalmic arteries
Ascending aorta
Arch of the AortaArteries of the upper limbs
Descending aortaLeft/Right subclavian arteries (note the differences in their origins)
Brachiocephalic trunkLeft/Right axillary arteries
Common carotid arteryLeft/Right brachial arteries
Internal carotid arteryLeft/Right radial arteries
External carotid arteryLeft/Right ulnar arteries
Carotid sinus
Common iliac artery

 

Arteries of abdominal cavityVeins of the upper limbs
Celiac trunkLeft/Right radial vein
Superior mesenteric arteryLeft/Right ulnar vein
Inferior mesenteric arteryLeft/Right median cubital vein
Left/Right brachial vein
Arteries of the lower limbsLeft/Right axillary vein
Left/Right common iliac arteriesLeft/Right cephalic vein
Left/Right femoral arteriesLeft/Right subclavian vein
Left/Right popliteal arteriesLeft/Right brachiocephalic veins
Left/Right anterior tibial arteriesSuperior vena cava
Left/Right posterior tibial arteries
Left/Right fibular (peroneal) arteriesHepatic portal circulation
 Hepatic artery
VeinsPortal vein
Superior vena cavaHepatic veins
Inferior vena cavaVeins of the lower limbs
Left/Right fibular (peroneal) veins
Veins of the neck and headLeft/Right posterior tibial veins
Left/Right internal jugularLeft/Right anterior tibial veins
Left/Right external jugularLeft/Right popliteal veins
Left/Right subclavian veinLeft/Right great saphenous veins
Left/Right brachiocephalic veinsLeft/Right femoral veins
Left/Right common iliac veins
Inferior vena cava

heart

Cardiac muscle histologyLayers of the heart wall
Cardiac myocytesPericardium
Striated
Mononucleated
Intercalated discsVisceral layer (a.k.a. epicardium)
Epicardium (same as visceral layer of pericardium)
External features of the heartMyocardium
BaseEndocardium
Apex
AuriclesInternal heart anatomy
Coronary sulcusRight/Left atria
Anterior interventricular sulcusPectinate muscles
Posterior interventricular sulcusInteratrial septum
Foramen ovale
Positioning of the heartRight/Left ventricles
MediastinumInterventricular septum
Behind the sternumFibrous skeleton
Rotated to the left
*Make sure you know what parts of the heart form anterior, posterior, inferior, right and left surfaces
Heart valves and associated structuresCoronary Circulation
Cusps (leaflets)Left coronary artery
Right atrioventricular valve – tricuspid valveAnterior interventricular branch
Left atrioventricular valve – bicuspid (mitral valve)Circumflex branch
Chordae tendineaeRight coronary artery
Papillary musclesPosterior interventricular branch
Pulmonary semilunar valveMarginal branch
Aortic semilunar valve
Great cardiac vein
Cardiac conduction systemMiddle cardiac vein
Sinoatrial (SA) nodeSmall cardiac vein
Atrioventricular (AV) nodeAnterior cardiac veins
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)Coronary sinus
Left and right bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

Lymphatic System

Main Four Elements of the SystemLymphatic organs
LymphRed bone marrow
     LymphocytesThymus
Lymphatic vesselsLymph nodes
Lymphatic organs and tissues      Afferent lymphatic vessels
       Efferent lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic vessels and circulationSpleen
Lymphatic capillaries      White pulp
      Lacteals       Red pulp
Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
      Lymph trunksLymphatic tissues
      Intestinal trunkMucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
      Bronchomediastinal trunksAggregated lymphatic follicles (Peyer’s Patches)
      Subclavian trunksTonsils
      Jugular trunks     Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
     Palatine tonsils
Thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct)      Lingual tonsils
Right Lymphatic duct

Digestive System

Parts of the digestive tract (top-down)Layers of the GI tract (from deep to superficial)
Oral cavity (mouth)Mucosa (digestive epithelium)
EsophagusSubmucosa
StomachMuscularis
DuodenumSerosa/adventitia
Liver*Innervation of the gut *
PancreasSubmucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner)
GallbladderMyenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach)
Jejunum
IleumPeritoneum
ColonParietal layer
CecumVisceral layer
AppendixPeritoneal cavity
Ascending colonGreater omentum
Transverse colonLesser omentum
Descending colonMesentery
Sigmoid colonIntraperitoneal organs
RectumRetroperitoneal organs
Anal canal
Anus

 

Parts of digestive tract in detailTeeth (denten)
MouthCrown
Buccal (oral) cavityNeck
Lips (labia)Root
UvulaEnamel
Hard palateDentin
Soft palatePulp cavity
            Palatoglossal arch

Palatopharyngeal arch

Root canal
TonsilsApical foramen
Salivary GlandsIncisors
Parotid glandsCanines
Submandibular glandsPremolars (Bicuspids)
Sublingual glandsMolars (Tricuspids)
Saliva
Tongue Pharynx
PapillaeDeglutition (swallowing)
Fungiform papillaeEsophagus
Circumvallate (vallate) papillaeLower esophageal sphincter (lower esophageal valve) (LES)
Filiform papillae
Lingual frenulum

StomachPancreas
RugaePancreatic duct
Lesser curvatureHepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)
Greater curvatureSphincter of Oddi
Acini (exocrine cells)
FundusPancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) (endocrine cells)
Body
PylorusLiver
Pyloric sphincterRight lobe
 Left lobe
Mucosa of the stomachQuadrate lobe
Gastric glandsCaudate lobe
Gastric pitsHepatocytes
Parietal cells
Chief cells
G cells

Bile ductsLarge intestine
Right and left hepatic ductTeniae coli
Common hepatic ductHaustra
Common bile ductAppendix
Cecum
Portal triad of liver lobules Ileocecal sphincter (Ileocecal valve)
Hepatic arteryColon
Hepatic portal veinAscending colon
Central veinTransverse colon
Hepatic veinsDescending colon
Sigmoid colon
GallbladderRectum
Cystic ductAnal canal
Anus
Small intestine 
Circular folds (plicae circulares)Blood supply of GI Tract
VilliSinusoid capillaries
Lacteals
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Ileocecal sphincter (ileocecal valve)

URINARY

KidneysFiltrate pathway (Nephron)
UretersCortical nephron
Urinary bladderJuxtamedullary nephron
UrethraRenal corpuscle
Kidney 
Fibrous capsule
Perinephric fatAfferent arteriole
Renal fasciaEfferent arteriole
Renal cortexProximal convoluted tubule
Renal medullaNephron loop (Loop of Henle)
Renal pyramids
            Renal papilla
Renal columnsDistal convoluted tubule
Renal sinusCollecting duct
Minor calyxPapillary duct
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Renal hilum
Renal artery
Renal vein

Urinary bladder
Detrusor muscle
Trigone
Internal urethral sphincter
External urethral sphincter
 
Blood flow through kidney
Renal artery
Segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries
Arcuate arteries
Cortical radiate arteries
Afferent arterioles
Glomerular capillaries
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular/vasa recta capillaries
Interlobular veins
Arcuate veins
Interlobar veins
Renal vein
Inferior vena cava

muscular system

Muscle cell (Myofibers)Muscles of the head and neck
SarcolemmaMouth movement:
SarcoplasmOrbicularis oris
Sarcoplasmic reticulumZygomaticus major and minor
Risorius
Connective tissues of the muscle Mentalis
EndomysiumDepressor labii inferioris
PerimysiumDepressor anguli oris
EpimysiumLevator anguli oris
Muscle fasciclesBuccinator
TendonsDepressor labii superioris
Aponeuroses
Eye movement:
Organization of fasciclesCorrugator supercilii
Parallel muscle fibersLevator palpebrae superioris
Triangular muscle fibersOrbicularis oculi
Pennate muscle fibers
            Unipennate muscle fibers
            Bipennate muscle fibers
            Multipennate muscle fibers
Circular muscle fibers

 

Muscles of the eyes and their action
Superior rectus- moves eyeballs superiorly (elevation) and medially (adduction), and rotates them medially (intorsion)
Superior oblique- moves eyeballs inferiorly (depression) and laterally (abduction), and rotates them medially (intorsion)
Levator palpebrae superioris- elevates upper eyelids (opens eyes)
Inferior oblique- moves eyeballs superiorly (elevation) and laterally (abduction) and rotates them laterally (extorsion)
Inferior rectus- moves eyeballs inferiorly (depression) and medially (adduction), and rotates them laterally (extorsion)
Lateral rectus- moves eyeballs laterally (abduction)
Medial rectus- moves eyeballs medially (adduction)

 

Muscles of respirationRotator Cuff Muscle (SITS)
External intercostalsSupraspinatus*
DiaphragmInfraspinatus*
Scalenes*Teres minor*
Sternocleidomastoid*Subscapularis*
Internal intercostalsTeres major*
Rectus abdominisCoracobrachialis
Internal oblique
External obliqueMuscles of upper limb
Transverse abdominisDeltoid
Biceps Brachii (long and short head)
Triceps Brachii (medial, lateral, and long head)
Brachialis
Brachioradialis

Joints and Articulations

Joints (Arthroses)Classification of joints based on range of motion
Fibrous jointsSynarthrosis
SuturesAmphiarthrosis
SyndesmosesDiarthroses
Gomphosis
Interosseous membranes
Cartilaginous jointsClassification based on mechanics of movement
SynchondrosesPlane joints
SymphysesHinge joints
Pubic symphysisPivot joints
Epiphyseal cartilages
Intervertebral articulations and ligaments
Synovial jointsIntervertebral discs
Synovial cavityNucleus pulposus
Synovial membraneAnulus fibrosus
Synovial fluidSupraspinous ligament
Articular cartilageInterspinous ligament
Articular capsule (joint capsule)Anterior longitudinal ligament
Accessory structuresPosterior longitudinal ligament
            Ligaments
            Tendons
            Bursae
Tendon sheaths
            Menisci

Integumentary System

Skin (Cutaneous membrane)Cells of epidermis
EpidermisKeratinocytes
DermisMelanocytes
Hypodermis- Subcutaneous (subQ) layerIntraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells)
Thin (hairy) skinTactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells)
Thick (hairless) skin

Pigmentation of skin

 
MelaninDermis
            EumelaninPapillary region
            PheomelaninAreolar tissue
 Dermal papillae
Layers of epidermisReticular region
Stratum basale (germinativum)Tension lines (lines of cleavage)
Epidermal ridges
Stratum germinativum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
Accessory structures of the skinNails
HairsNail body (plate)
ShaftFree edge
Hair follicleNail root
Hair matrixLunula
Papilla of the hairHyponychium
BulbNail bed
Hair root plexusEponychium (cuticle)
Arrector pili muscleNail matrix
Skin Glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Sebum
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Ceruminous glands
Cerumen

Endocrine System

HypothalamusThyroid Gland
“short” vs “long” axonsLeft and right lateral lobes
Supraoptic nucleusIsthmus
Paraventricular nucleusFollicles
Follicular cells – cuboidal epithelium
Pituitary gland (Hypophysis)Thyroglobulin
Sella turcica of sphenoid boneParafollicular cells
InfundibulumParathyroid Glands
Medial eminenceChief cells- PTH
Anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)Oxyphils
Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
PituicytesAdrenal (Suprarenal) Glands
Herring’s bodiesAdrenal cortex
Blood supply 
Hypophyseal portal circulationZona reticularis- gonadal steroids
Superior hypophyseal arteryAdrenal medulla
Fenestrated capillariesChromaffin cells- epinephrine
Hypophyseal veins
Inferior hypophyseal artery

 

PancreasOther endocrine organs
Islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets)Thymus
            Alpha cells- glucagonSkin
            Beta cells- insulinVitamin D
            Delta cells- somatostatinKidneys
            F cells- pancreatic peptide (PP)Calcitriol
Acinar cells, acini (exocrine)Testes
 Interstitial cells- testosterone
Pineal Gland 
Pinealocytes- melatoninOvaries
CalcificationsFollicular cells– estrogens

Annotate

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