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General Biology II: 6.4 Transcription: from DNA to mRNA

General Biology II
6.4 Transcription: from DNA to mRNA
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table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright
  4. Table Of Contents
  5. Reference Information
  6. The Process of Science
  7. 3. Biological Molecules
  8. 4. Structure of DNA
  9. 5. DNA Replication
  10. 6. Protein Synthesis
    1. 6.1 What are proteins and what do they do?
    2. 6.2 What is a gene?
    3. 6.3 How do genes direct the production of proteins?
    4. 6.4 Transcription: from DNA to mRNA
    5. 6.5 Eukaryotic RNA Processing
    6. 6.6 Translation
    7. 6.7 The Genetic Code
    8. Optional Section - Micropigs
  11. 7. Mutations
    1. How Gene Mutations Occur
    2. Intro to Genetic Disorders
    3. Do all gene affect health and development?
    4. Types of Mutations
    5. Changes in Numbers of Genes
    6. Changes in Chromosome Number
    7. Complex Multifactorial Disorders
    8. Genetic Predispositions
    9. Genetics and Statistics
  12. Gene Regulation
    1. 8.1 Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Gene Expression
    2. 8.2 What is the epigenome?
    3. 8.3 Alternative RNA splicing
  13. 9. Biotechnology
    1. 9.1 Manipulating Genetic Material
    2. 9.2 Cloning
    3. 9.3 Genetic Engineering
    4. 9.4 Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture
    5. 9.5 Genomics and Proteomics
    6. 9.6 Applying Genomics
    7. 9.7 Proteomics
  14. 10. Cell Division - Binary Fission and Mitosis
    1. 10.1 Prokaryotic Cell Division
    2. 10.2 Eukaryotic Cell Division
    3. 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
    4. 10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
  15. 11. Meiosis
    1. 11.1 Sexual Reproduction
    2. 11.2 Overview of Meiosis
    3. 11.3 Interphase
    4. 11.4 Meiosis I
    5. 11.5 Meiosis II
    6. 11.6 Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
    7. 11.7 Errors in Meiosis
  16. 12. Patterns of Inheritance
    1. 12.1 Mendelian Genetics
    2. 12.2 Garden Pea Characteristics Revealed the Basics of Heredity
    3. 12.3 Phenotypes and Genotypes
    4. 12.4 Monohybrid Cross and the Punnett Square
    5. 12.5 Laws of Inheritance
    6. 12.6 Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance
    7. 12.7 Multiple Alleles
    8. 12.8 Sex-Linked Traits
    9. 12.9 Linked Genes Violate the Law of Independent Assortment
    10. 12.10 Epistasis
  17. Genetics: Dog Coat Color
    1. Introduction to Genetics
    2. Pedigrees and Punnett Squares
    3. Black fur color: a dominant trait
    4. Yellow fur color: a recessive trait
    5. Epistasis: the relationship between black, brown, and yellow fur
    6. Brindle color: partial dominance and epistasis
    7. Incomplete dominance: when traits blend
    8. White spotting: When there's more than two alleles
    9. Hemophilia: a sex-linked disorder
    10. Overall phenotypes: putting it all together
    11. Additional complexity
    12. It's not all in the genes

6.4 Transcription: from DNA to mRNA

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes perform fundamentally the same process of transcription, with the important difference of the membrane-bound nucleus in eukaryotes. With the genes bound in the nucleus, transcription occurs in the nucleus of the cell and the mRNA transcript must be transported to the cytoplasm. The prokaryotes, which include bacteria and archaea, lack membrane-bound nuclei and other organelles, and transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Transcription requires the DNA double helix to partially unwind in the region of mRNA synthesis. The DNA sequence onto which the proteins and enzymes involved in transcription bind to initiate the process is called a promoter. In most cases, promoters exist upstream of the genes they regulate. The specific sequence of a promoter is very important because it determines whether the corresponding gene is transcribed all of the time, some of the time, or hardly at all.

DNA transcription
Figure 2: The initiation of transcription begins when DNA is unwound, forming a transcription bubble. Enzymes and other proteins involved in transcription bind at the promoter.

Transcription always proceeds from one of the two DNA strands, which is called the template strand. The mRNA product is complementary to the template strand and is almost identical to the other DNA strand, called the non-template strand, with the exception that RNA contains a uracil (U) in place of the thymine (T) found in DNA. An enzyme called RNA polymerase proceeds along the DNA template adding nucleotides by base pairing with the DNA template in a manner similar to DNA replication.

transcription
Figure 3: During elongation, RNA polymerase tracks along the DNA template, synthesizes mRNA in the 5′ to 3′ direction, and unwinds then rewinds the DNA as it is read.

Once a gene is transcribed, the RNA polymerase needs to be instructed to dissociate from the DNA template and liberate the newly made mRNA.

In a prokaryotic cell, by the time transcription ends, the transcript would already have been used to begin making copies of the encoded protein because the processes of transcription and translation can occur at the same time since both occur in the cytoplasm (Figure 4). In contrast, transcription and translation cannot occur simultaneously in eukaryotic cells since transcription occurs inside the nucleus and translation occurs outside in the cytoplasm.

polyribosome
Figure 4: Multiple polymerases can transcribe a single bacterial gene while numerous ribosomes concurrently translate the mRNA transcripts into polypeptides. In this way, a specific protein can rapidly reach a high concentration in the bacterial cell.

References

Unless otherwise noted, images on this page are licensed under CC-BY 4.0 by OpenStax.

OpenStax, Biology. OpenStax CNX. May 27, 2016 http://cnx.org/contents/s8Hh0oOc@9.10:TkuNUJis@3/Transcription

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Copyright © 2016 by Lisa Bartee and Christine Anderson. Mt Hood Community College Biology 102 by Lisa Bartee and Christine Anderson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
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