Mathilde Loiselle, M.Sc. Candidate and Sébastien Lord, Ph.D., University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada

Abstract

Enhancing walkability of public space for the elderly living in suburban areas often means intervening in environments that are of low density, where functions are highly segregated and where walking infrastructures are lacking in quality or simply don’t exist. While many studies demonstrated that high density, mix land use, and walking facilities tend to support walking among all ages, how can suburban stakeholders plan effective urban interventions to support walking among the elderly? Based on available documentation, this study identifies the most relevant criteria to locate and shape interventions meant to enhance walkability of public spaces for the elderly living in existing suburbs. Based on these criteria, the study then proposes interventions for the specific suburban neighborhood of Cartier in Greater Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

This second phase of the study involves mixed methods in order to capture the point of view of seniors and develop concrete design criteria. Walking interviews and focus group are used to validate and bring precision to the process and criteria identified in the first phase. To enhance the walkability of suburban public space for the elderly, the results of this study suggest that accessibility to leisure destinations as well as attractiveness of the path are the most relevant criteria. According to those findings, interventions planned to enhance walkability of suburbs towards the elderly should take into primary account preferences related to leisure and path attractiveness. If recreation is only a part of senior suburbanites’ activities, in suburbs it’s a significant walking opportunity, which can lead to other openings if walking conditions are favourable. The study also concludes to the importance of involving older people in intervention processes to increase the walkability of the suburbs.

Background

The slow pace of walking and the challenge of distance have led many studies to focus on criteria that assure the quality of walking environments, especially in old age or for other specific socio-economic profiles. These studies conclude in the importance of high density, mix land use, and walking facilities to support the decision to walk among all ages (Frank et al., 2005 et 2009 ; Cerin et al. 2006 ; Leslie et al. 2005 ; Saellens, Sallis et Frank, 2003; INSPQ). Recognizing the relevant contribution of these findings to guide new urban projects and retrofitting initiatives on low-density areas, they are of little help to provide guidelines to enhance the walkability of most low-density areas for which no specific retrofitting project is being planned. Facing the aging of the population and considering the benefits of walking on health, autonomy and social inclusion of the elderly, it appears relevant to us to find solutions to enhance the quality of the walking environments for low-density areas. Taking into account the specific morpho-functional context of the suburbs, the present study thus identifies the most relevant criteria to locate and shape interventions meant to enhance walkability of public spaces for the elderly.

Facing the difficulty to enhance simultaneously whole walking facilities on sprawled territories, suburban local/municipal administrations would benefit by targeting strategic urban interventions which are likely to have structuring impacts on walkability for large part of their territory. According to this hypothesis, a previous research realized by the Observatory of Sustainable Mobility at University of Montréal (Loiselle et al., 2018) suggests a method that allows planning interventions in suburbs at the scale of the neighborhood and linking urban interventions to local areas of interest for walking. On a similar basis, Lavadinho suggests a pearl necklace strategy to guide urban interventions in suburbs (Lavadinho, 2011). As a continuation of these works, our research focuses specifically on the urban intervention criteria to be favoured as part of an approach focused on improving walking environments in low-density areas for the elderly.

Based on the works cited above and considering suburban morpho-functional context, the elders’ walking needs and preferences and the relevant walkability criteria, we propose an exploratory urban intervention procedure declined in three main steps. The development of this exploratory procedure is based on a literature review ad our previous works. These three steps aim to:

1. Identify local areas of interest for seniors in territory of intervention.

2. Connect local areas of interest identified previously by the deployment of a structuring path.

3. Locate and design urban interventions to consolidate effectively the structuring path.

1. Local areas of interest: seniors’ walking needs and preferences in the suburbs

The first step of the exploratory procedure is to identify local areas of interest for seniors. “Already known” as destinations of interest for walking, these areas serve as a starting point for the deployment of a structuring walking network meant to enhance walkability of the suburb.

Seniors’ preferences for suburban walking environments

With aging, the pressure of physical environment tends to increase, which may result in decreasing elderly action space (Lawton & Nahemow, 1973; S. Lord, Després, & Ramadier, 2011). Some researchers have demonstrated the increasing importance of public space to assure elders’ inclusion and opportunities to socialize as they advance in age (Bigo, 2018). These transformations make seniors’ proximity space more significant, as well as the quality of walking environments. In the suburban context where functional destinations are mostly separated from residential areas and involving car-dependent mobility, seniors’ walking motives appear to be determined predominantly by leisure means like physical activity or socialization (Sébastien Lord & Negron-Poblete, 2014; Troped et al., 2016). In line with those findings, in a research led in Britain, Sugiyama and Ward Thomson (2008) concluded in the importance of parks as a destination of interest for senior pedestrians. In the suburbs, each neighborhood is likely to have different areas of interest for the elderly according to its attractors and history. Then identification of these areas of interest, in addition to well-known key destinations (commercial, services, food, etc.), should lead to the location of the favoured walking destinations by the elderly suburbanites held in that neighborhood.

2. The structuring path: determinant criteria

International research offers a vast and detailed picture of criteria to assure the walkability of public space. The hierarchy of these criteria depends on the context in which we intervene and, often, on the targeted people by urban interventions. In order to operationalize those criteria, walkability audits like the Pedestrian Environment Data Scan (PEDS) (Clifton, Smith, & Rodriguez, 2007), the Senior Walking Audit Tool (SWAT) (Negron-Poblete & Lord, 2014)¹ and the Senior Walking Environmental Audit Tool (SWEAT) (Cunningham, Michael, Farquhar, & Lapidus, 2005) have been developed as tools to evaluate, at walker scale, the quality of walking environments. They include criteria such as width of the sidewalks, cleanliness, and street intersection crossing devices. Useful for informing urban intervention at a micro level, that of the pedestrian, these tools are however too specific and detailed to inform urban intervention at the scale of an entire neighborhood. In contrast, other approaches on walkability are based on geographic data such as population and residential density (Robitaille, 2014). They offer interesting macro analysis to guide new urban developments and or urban intervention for built environment for which a retrofitting project could be considered. Therefore, they do not provide criteria specific enough to guide urban intervention at the scale of pedestrians in a neighborhood, which is of interest here.

Aside from the environmental characterization audits, the theoretical model proposed by Alfonzo (2005) allows a transversal reading of the criteria related to walkability, making possible its use on a meso or district scale. Alfonzo proposes a hierarchy of walking needs to be considered for enhancing quality of walking environments: (1) feasibility, (2) accessibility, (3) safety, (4) comfort and (5) pleasurability. According to this model, the needs related to lower levels of the pyramid must be answered in order for an intervention to have an impact on any need of higher levels.

Figure 1 : Hierarchy of walking needs, Alfonzo (2005)

The hierarchy of walking needs proposed by Alfonzo offers a framework to locate the structuring path meant. These paths allow to connect the areas of interest for pedestrian seniors in a favourable walking network. In the process of locating such paths, the street segments of a neighborhood with high overall quality according to the five levels of the Alfonzo pyramid will thus be favoured over those that pose safety issues or a lower level of comfort, safety or accessibility.

The involvement of the elderly

As for the identification of the areas of interest for the elderly, seniors’ consultation can be helpful in ensuring that planned interventions truly reflect their needs and preferences. According to several researches, the walker's perception has a significant impact on his experience of the walking environment, and therefrom on his decision to walk or not (Alfonzo, 2005; Brookfield, Ward-Thomson, & Scott, 2017; Ewing & Handy, 2009; Lavadinho, 2011; S. Lord, Cloutier, Garnier, & Christoforou, 2018; Sébastien Lord & Negron-Poblete, 2014; Thomas, 2004; Troped et al., 2016). Thus, one’s perception would act as a lens and alter his interpretation of the quality of walking environment according to his personal and cultural experience. In reaching the development of an effective approach to improve the walkability environments for the elderly, these findings lead us to conclude that it’s relevant to involve seniors in the process. Among other contributions, their involvement should allow us to take into account the experiential dimensions of walking environments.

3. Interventions: location and design

The identification of both the areas of interest and structuring paths allow us to locate street segments on which urban interventions are likely to have the greatest impact to enhance the walkability of a neighborhood. This third step of the procedure aims to identify the shape and specific location of the proposed interventions to consolidate effectively this walking path. Literature informs us on optimal length between areas of interest for the average pedestrian. A five minutes walk would be acceptable between two normal destinations and a ten minutes walk would be appropriate to reach a destination of high attractiveness (MFE, 2002). The research on walkability for the elderly also suggests that a maximum distance of 250 metres between resting areas would be desirable for the elderly (Negron-Poblete & Lord, 2014). These findings provide us with criteria to locate intervention but do not inform us on the shape these urban interventions should take to enhance fruitfully the walking environments for the elderly. The second part of our research aims to clarify this third stage, particularly in regard to the intervention criteria to be favoured according to the context.

Methods

A first part of our research consisted in the elaboration of an exploratory strategy to enhance quality of walking environment for seniors in low-density built environments. Based on a literature review conducted in the previous section, this exploratory part serves as a base for the second part presented here. By applying this preliminary strategy to a specific suburban area, this second part of the study aims to bring precision to the third step of the approach by identifying the criteria of walkability to be favoured to guide urban intervention. It also aims to validate the approach as a whole, including the validation of the first two steps of the approach. The second stage of our study focuses on the Cartier district of Laval, a suburban area of the agglomeration of Montreal in Quebec, Canada. In order to achieve these objectives, the methods used include the walking interview and the focus group to get the perspective of older people directly in the field.

The study area

The study area is Cartier district located in Laval, a Post-War suburb part of the Greater Montreal region. The area is characterized by low density and the separation of residential functions from commercial functions, characteristics that are representative of these suburbs. The area benefits from a multimodal regional transport infrastructure, notable landscape features, and many green spaces, as well as significant residential complexes for seniors. It presents destinations and strategic attractions at the regional level as well as a variety of walking ambiance.

The preliminary structuring path

In line with the approach developed in the first part previously discussed, this step of the research identifies procedure / components of structuring walking routes for the neighborhood under study. This preliminary structuring path serves as a basis for the following steps.

Walking interviews

The walking interview is a favoured method used in our work. By immersing the participant into the walking experience, it gives access to the sensitive dimension of the walking environment as perceived by the participant. Thus, the walking experience is not reported a posteriori, by the memory and souvenirs, but a data that is collected in situ. With a length of 2.2 km, the route includes different street segments in terms of ambiance, type of destinations, and built/functional environment.

Focus group

The focus group is a method used to validate and clarify the results obtained during the walking interviews. A professional designer has been invited to join the group to contribute to the discussion and to support elderly suburbanites in the formulation of their ideas. A participant's notebook is used as a visual help that allows to collect some individual answers in order to check the group influence on the participants’ point of view.

Participants

Two types of participants were invited to join in research: (1) seniors aged 65 and over living in the study area, and (2) a professional designer. Seniors were solicited through two local organizations that provide services to the elderly and helped to convey the invitation. The ability to walk in public space for 2.2 km is an added criterion for senior participants. The professional designer was solicited by email, via his professional email.

Results

The first two steps of the approach developed in the previous section were initially applied to the Cartier area in Laval. Figure 2 illustrates these preliminary results.

Figure 2 : Step 1 and 2 of the preliminary approach applied to the Cartier Section in Laval.

The first objective for this second part of the research being to bring precision to the 3^rd step of this approach, the results of this 3^rd step will be discussed in the following pages.

Walking interviews

The walking interviews were conducted individually with six seniors living in the Cartier area in Laval. The walking interviews were conducted on three consecutive days. The weather was favourable and similar on each of these days. The duration of the interviews was between 35 and 75 minutes depending on the participants. In the form of an exploratory interview, participants were invited to describe their appreciation of the walking environment. Along the way, participants were free to share about other aspects of walking evoked by the experience of the walking interview. Thus, they referred to their preferences, the places they value for walking when they get around, and what motivates them to walk, with no consideration needed for the walking environments covered as part of the interview. When compiling data, those relating to places outside walking interview were identified separately from those useful for assessing the quality of covered walking environments. Three types of data were compiled: (1) walkability criteria, (2) areas of interest and barriers to walking in the Cartier area, and (3) walking motives for the elderly. All criteria related to walkability mentioned by the participants were organized according to the Alfonzo model, in accordance with the conceptual framework. To facilitate the analysis, the route has been divided into zones that present similar attributes from an experiential point of view.

Focus group

Each senior who took part in the walking interview was then invited to join a focus group. Five out of six participants joined it. The focus group aimed to validate results obtained during walking interviews and to specify certain data such as the location of areas of interest for the elderly and the hierarchy of the criteria related to walkability mentioned by participants. The results from walking interviews and focus group are presented jointly in the following sections.

1) Criteria related to walkability

The figure 3 illustrates the results obtained from the senior participants ‘objective analysis of the walking environments covered during walking interviews. Table 1 presents the criteria related to walkability mentioned by the participants for each street segments of the route and their recurrence.

Figure 3: Summary map of the senior participants ‘objective analysis of the walking environments covered during the walking interviews.

Table 1: Detailed results of the senior participants ‘objective analysis of the walking environments covered during the walking interviews.

2) Areas of interest and barriers to walking for the elderly

Figure 4 illustrates every area of interest and barrier to walking identified by participants during either the walking interviews or the focus group. The figure also indicates the number of participants who mentioned that area or barrier. The legend that follows presents the criteria related to walkability to which the participants referred when describing these elements.

Figure 4: Location of areas of interest and walking barriers present in the Cartier sector according to the participants and criteria of walkability evoked

3) Walking motives for the elderly

The motives for walking that were reported by participants, either during the walking interviews or the focus group, were all related to leisure motives. Among them, physical activity (6) and opportunities to meet people (4) were the most frequently mentioned. The attractiveness and diversity offered by the walking environment, relaxation, animations encountered and the sense of belonging or familiarity with the place are also cited as motives for more than one participant.

The following section discusses the contribution of these results to enhance walkability of suburban areas for the elderly.

Conclusive discussion

The suburbs, as discussed in the first part, present several challenges for walking because of the segregation of functions that characterizes them as well as the distance that often separates its destinations. The scale is consistent with the mandatory use of the car for any type of displacement. Based on reviewed scientific literature, we have found that many seniors living in suburbs walk, but they do so mainly for recreational motives. On that same basis, we also come to the evidence that walking contributes to the health and inclusion of the elderly. Therefore, we highlight major difficulties encountered by suburb administrations who wish to intervene to enhance quality of their walking environments for the elderly. The extend of sprawled territories and funding challenge to retrofit large parts of territory pose barriers to urban interventions improving walking facilities. Building on this acquaintance, our research aimed at developing an urban intervention strategy which would be simple and operational for local/municipal administrations wishing to enhance the quality of their walking environments for the elderly. Our results suggest that intervention should be planned at the scale of the neighborhood, prioritizing the networking of the local/micro areas of interest for the elderly. These results are in line with the approaches proposed previously by Lord and Negron (2014) and Lavadinho (2011). Our findings also suggest that interventions aimed at improving the quality of walking environments for seniors living in suburbs should initially aim to improve the walkability criteria associated with the pleasure of walking. The results ultimately lead us to recommend consultation with seniors in an early stage of the intervention process to improve its effectiveness both in the implementation of urban interventions and in its contribution to the quality of walking environments.

The Neighborhood scale

Senior suburbanites participants to the research are unanimous on their main walking motives: they walk for leisure reasons. As a result, the walking route is selected according to the attractiveness of the components it presents. The walking environment, that is inviting and appealing, must include attractive destinations for the elderly. To be effective, these attractive destinations must also be known from the senior walker. Any intervention aimed at increasing walkability of a suburban environment for the elderly should ensure the presence of leisure destinations of interest to seniors, ensure that they are accessible and connected to the community environment in which they fit.

Walkability criteria relative to pleasure as motives, comfort as structuring criteria

Leisure walking motives appear in the results as intimately related to the participant's appreciation of the walking environment. Thus, when asked to describe the walking environments that they favour when they walk, the participants associate mainly walkability criteria related to pleasure according to Alfonzo's model. They also tend to ignore or minimize the impact of components of those walking environments that do not meet some walkability criteria relative to comfort. An interesting addition to this finding is that in most cases, the participant did complain about these comfort related criteria when asked to give his/her objective appreciation of walking environment encountered during the walking interview. This leads us to conclude in the importance of walkability criteria related to pleasure in the decision process of walking or not. It also leads us to conclude in the importance of walkability criteria relative to comfort to assure the connection between the attractive areas. If this connection makes sense with regard to roads previously discussed for higher walkability, such walking for leisure could lead to more functional destinations, and lead to favour walking for reasons other than leisure, even in the suburbs.

The involvement of the elderly

The results show, in a third step, the relevance of involving seniors in the early stage of urban intervention in order to know their preferences in connection with existing and desirable destinations. Here this contribution is not much of criteria which should be retained for a good walkability, but rather in their configuration on the territory and their relative importance for the context of intervention. Indeed, a bench can take all its meaning in a park, and the same bench to be an inconvenient elsewhere (i.e. place without interest), even to be a nuisance (i.e. sidewalk too narrow). The elders’ contribution should inform us on the local areas of interest for the elderly held in their neighborhood as well as on the most accurate route for the structuring path. Their knowledge of environment has been complemented to both the objective walkability evaluation and from scientific literature.

Limits and perspectives

A first limitation of our study is tied to the limited number of senior participants. Only six seniors took part in walking interviews and five joined the focus group. The number of participants is partly explained by the choice of research method which involves a considerable investment of time for all parties. However, the walking interview enriches the discussion from experiential dimensions in which participants are immersed throughout the interview. This richness is particularly useful for developing design criteria, which is not the case for broader and quantified approaches.

A second limitation of our study is concerned by the place of residence of four out of the six senior participants who live in the same senior residential complex located in the Cartier area of Laval. Such residential complexes offer a diversity of services which allow residents to fulfill most of their functional needs at home. This characteristic of their residential situation might influence their walking motives and thus, impact our results. The results from the two senior participants who lived in their individual house, however, did not present significant difference from the results obtained from the seniors living in this residential complex. Other research in these perspectives should be carried out, particularly in connection to sustained development of residential complexes for seniors in the suburbs.

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