C. Plinius Secundus to his friend Titus Vespasian

Whether the world be finite, and whether there be more than one world

Of the form of the world

Of its nature; whence the name is derived

Of the elements and the planets

Of God

Of the nature of the stars; of the motion of the planets

Of the eclipses of the moon and the sun

Of the magnitude of the stars

An account of the observations that have been made on the heavens by different individuals

On the recurrence of the eclipses of the sun and the moon

Of the motion of the moon

Of the motions of the planets and the general laws of their aspects

Why the same stars appear at some times more lofty and at other times more near

Why the same stars have different motions

General laws of the planets

The reason why the stars are of different colours

Of the motion of the sun and the cause of the irregularity of the days

Why thunder is ascribed to Jupiter

Of the distances of the stars

Of the harmony of the stars

Of the dimensions of the world

Of the stars which appear suddenly, or of comets

Their nature, situation, and species

The doctrine of Hipparchus about the stars

Examples from history of celestial prodigies; Faces, Lampades, and Bolides

Trabes Cælestes; Chasma Cæli

Of the colours of the sky and of celestial flame

Of celestial coronæ

Of sudden circles

Of unusually long eclipses of the sun

Many suns

Many moons

Daylight in the night

Burning shields

An ominous appearance in the heavens, that was seen once only

Of stars which move about in various directions

Of the stars which are named Castor and Pollux

Of the air, and on the cause of the showers of stones

Of the stated seasons

Of the rising of the dog-star

Of the regular influence of the different seasons

Of uncertain states of the weather

Of thunder and lightning

The origin of winds

Various observations respecting winds

The different kinds of winds

The periods of the winds

Nature of the winds

Ecnephias and Typhon

Tornadoes; blasting winds; whirlwinds, and other wonderful kinds of tempests

Of thunder; in what countries it does not fall, and for what reason

Of the different kinds of lightning and their wonderful effects

The Etrurian and the Roman observations on these points

Of conjuring up thunder

General laws of lightning

Objects which are never struck

Showers of milk, blood, flesh, iron, wool, and baked tiles

Rattling of arms and the sound of trumpets heard in the sky

Of stones that have fallen from the clouds. The opinion of Anaxagoras respecting them

The rainbow

The nature of hail, snow, hoar, mist, dew; the forms of clouds

The peculiarities of the weather in different places

Nature of the earth

Of the form of the earth

Whether there be antipodes?

How the water is connected with the earth. Of the navigation of the sea and the rivers

Whether the ocean surrounds the earth

What part of the earth is inhabited

That the earth is in the middle of the world

Of the obliquity of the zones

Of the inequality of climates

In what places eclipses are invisible, and why this is the case

What regulates the daylight on the earth

Remarks on dials, as connected with this subject

When and where there are no shadows

Where this takes place twice in the year and where the shadows fall in opposite directions

Where the days are the longest and where the shortest

Of the first dial

Of the mode in which the days are computed

Of the difference of nations as depending on the nature of the world

Of earthquakes

Of clefts of the earth

Signs of an approaching earthquake

Preservatives against future earthquakes

Prodigies of the earth which have occurred once only

Wonderful circumstances attending earthquakes

In what places the sea has receded

The mode in which islands rise up

What islands have been formed, and at what periods

Lands which have been separated by the sea

Islands which have been united to the main land

Lands which have been totally changed into seas

Lands which have been swallowed up

Cities which have been absorbed by the sea

Of vents in the earth

Of certain lands which are always shaking, and of floating islands

Places in which it never rains

The wonders of various countries collected together

Concerning the cause of the flowing and ebbing of the sea

Where the tides rise and fall in an unusual manner

Wonders of the sea

The power of the moon over the land and the sea

The power of the sun

Why the sea is salt

Where the sea is the deepest

The wonders of fountains and rivers

The wonders of fire and water united

Of Maltha

Of naphtha

Places which are always burning

Wonders of fire alone

The dimensions of the earth

The harmonical proportion of the universe

Introduction

The boundaries and gulfs of Europe first set forth in a general way

Of Spain generally

Of Bætica

Of Nearer Spain

Of the province of Gallia Narbonensis

Of Italy

Of the ninth region of Italy

The seventh region of Italy

The first region of Italy; the Tiber; Rome

The third region of Italy

Sixty-four islands, among which are the Baleares

Corsica

Sardinia

Sicily

Magna Græcia, beginning at Locri

The second region of Italy

The fourth region of Italy

The fifth region of Italy

The sixth region of Italy

The eighth region of Italy; the Padus

The eleventh region of Italy; Italia Transpadana

The tenth region of Italy

Istria, its people and locality

The Alps, and the Alpine nations

Liburnia and Illyricum

Dalmatia

The Norici

Pannonia

Mœsia

Islands of the Ionian Sea and the Adriatic

Epirus

Acarnania

Ætolia

Locris and Phocis

The Peloponnesus

Achaia

Messenia

Laconia

Argolis

Arcadia

Attica

Bœotia

Doris

Phthiotis

Thessaly Proper

Magnesia

Macedonia

Thrace; the Ægean Sea

The islands which lie before the lands already mentioned

Crete

Eubœa

The Cyclades

The Sporades

The Hellespont.—The lake Mæotis

Dacia, Sarmatia

Scythia

The islands of the Euxine. The islands of the northern ocean

Germany

Ninety-six islands of the Gallic ocean

Britannia

Gallia Belgica

Gallia Lugdunensis

Gallia Aquitanica

Nearer Spain, its coast along the Gallic ocean

Lusitania

The islands in the Atlantic ocean

The general measurement of Europe

The two Mauritanias

Numidia

Africa

The Syrtes

Cyrenaica

Libya Mareotis

The islands in the vicinity of Africa

Countries on the other side of Africa

Egypt and Thebais

The River Nile

The cities of Egypt

The coasts of Arabia, situate on the Egyptian Sea

Syria

Idumæa, Palæstina, and Samaria

Judæa

Decapolis

Phœnice

Syria Antiochia

The remaining parts of Syria

The Euphrates

Syria upon the Euphrates

Cilicia and the adjoining nations

Isauria and the Homonades

Pisidia

Lycaonia

Pamphylia

Mount Taurus

Lycia

Caria

Lydia

Ionia

Æolis

Troas and the adjoining nations

The islands which lie in front of Asia

Cyprus

Rhodes

Samos

Chios

Lesbos

The Hellespont and Mysia

Phrygia

Galatia and the adjoining nations

Bithynia

The islands of the Propontis