KISLEV: Exodus 27:20ย andย Leviticus 24:2
ืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืืชืืช
ืฉืืืช ืืดื:ืืณ
ืึฐืึทืชึธึผึื ืชึฐึผืฆึทืึถึผึฃืื ืึถืชึพืึฐึผื ึตึฃื ืึดืฉึฐืืจึธืึตึื ืึฐืึดืงึฐืึจืึผ ืึตืึถึืืึธ ืฉึถืึฃืึถื ืึทึฅืึดืช ืึธึืึฐ ืึธึผืชึดึืืชย ืึทืึธึผืึืึนืจ ืึฐืึทืขึฒืึนึฅืช ื ึตึืจ ืชึธึผืึดึฝืืื
ืืืงืจื ืืดื:ืืณ
ืฆึทึื ืึถืชึพืึผึฐื ึตึฃื ืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตึื ืึฐืึดืงึฐืึจืึผ ืึตืึถึืืึธ ืฉืึถึฃืึถื ืึทึฅืึดืช ืึธึืึฐ ืึผึธืชึดึืืชย ืึทืึผึธืึืึนืจ ืึฐืึทืขึฒืึนึฅืช ื ึตึืจ ืชึผึธืึดึฝืืื
(cf. https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/67172?lang=bi on Exod 27:20, Lev 24:2)
Syntactic ambiguity
The festival of Chanukaย begins on the 25th day of Kislev, commemorating the rededication of the Jerusalem Temple, in 164 BCE, made possible by the victory of the Maccabees in their revolt against the Seleucids. Another name for Chanuka is the Festival of Lightsย (see Josephus Antiquities of the Jews ยง325 = 12:7). The Talmud recounts a miracle (bShabbat 21b), in which a one-day supply of pure olive oil, which had been spared from the defilement that Antiochus IVโs army had inflicted on the oil supply, was used to light the Temple Menorah and miraculously lasted eight daysโthe amount of time needed to produce fresh pure olive oil. To commemorate the holiday, I have chosen an ambiguity related to the requirements for the production of the pure olive oil required for the Sanctuary. The ambiguous expression occurs in two verses in Torah: Exodus 23:20 and Lev 24:2:
ืฉึถืึฃืึถื ืึทึฅืึดืช ืึธึืึฐ ืึธึผืชึดึืืช ืึทืึธึผืึืึนืจ
ืึฐืึทืชึธึผึื ืชึฐึผืฆึทืึถึผึฃืื ืึถืชึพืึฐึผื ึตึฃื ืึดืฉึฐืืจึธืึตึื ืึฐืึดืงึฐืึจืึผ ืึตืึถึืืึธ ืฉึถืึฃืึถื ืึทึฅืึดืช ืึธึืึฐ ืึธึผืชึดึืืช ืึทืึธึผืึืึนืจ ืึฐืึทืขึฒืึนึฅืช ื ึตึืจ ืชึธึผืึดึฝืืื
Modern English Translations:
Alhatorah.org:
And you, you shall command the Children of Israel and they shall take to you pure pressed olive oil for the light, to raise up the lamp continually.
KJV (biblegateway.com): ย And thou shalt command the children of Israel, that they bring thee pure oil olive beaten for the light, to cause the lamp to burn always.
NRSVUE (biblegateway.com): โYou shall further command the Israelites to bring you pure oil of beaten olivesย for the light, so that a lamp may be set up to burn continually.โ
JPS (2006; sefaria.org): You shall further instruct the Israelites to bring you clear oilย of beaten olivesย for lighting, for kindling lamps regularly.
Everett_Fox, The_Five_Books_of_Moses; (1995; sefaria.org) Now you, command the Children of Israel, that they may fetch you oil of olives, clear, beaten,ย for the light, to draw up a lampwick, regularly. ย *beaten:ย Crushed until the substance is pure.
ืฉืืืช ืืดื:ืืณ
ืึฐืึทืชึธึผึื ืชึฐึผืฆึทืึถึผึฃืื ืึถืชึพืึฐึผื ึตึฃื ืึดืฉึฐืืจึธืึตึื ืึฐืึดืงึฐืึจืึผ ืึตืึถึืืึธ ืฉึถืึฃืึถื ืึทึฅืึดืช ืึธึืึฐ ืึธึผืชึดึืืชย ืึทืึธึผืึืึนืจ ืึฐืึทืขึฒืึนึฅืช ื ึตึืจ ืชึธึผืึดึฝืืื
ืืืงืจื ืืดื:ืืณ
ืฆึทึื ืึถืชึพืึผึฐื ึตึฃื ืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตึื ืึฐืึดืงึฐืึจืึผ ืึตืึถึืืึธ ืฉืึถึฃืึถื ืึทึฅืึดืช ืึธึืึฐ ืึผึธืชึดึืืชย ืึทืึผึธืึืึนืจ ืึฐืึทืขึฒืึนึฅืช ื ึตึืจ ืชึผึธืึดึฝืืื
LXX
ฮฬฬฮฝฯฮตฮนฮปฮฑฮน ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฯ ฮนฬฮฟฮนอฯ ฮฯฯฮฑฮทฮป ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮปฮฑฮฒฮตฬฯฯฯฮฑฬฮฝ ฮผฮฟฮน ฮตฬฬฮปฮฑฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮตฬฮปฮฑฬฮนฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮธฮฑฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮบฮตฮบฮฟฮผฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮตฮนฬฯ ฯฯอฯ ฮบฮฑฯ อฯฮฑฮน ฮปฯ ฬฯฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮดฮนฮฑฬ ฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟฬฯ.
Targum Onkelosย (3rd century; ืืืืืจืช ืืืงืืืงืกืย (CC BY-SA 3.0) ืืืืืกืกืช ืขื ืืืคืืก ืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืชืื)
ืชืจืืื ืืื ืงืืืก
ืึฐืึทืชึฐึผ ืชึฐึผืคึทืงึตึผืื ืึธืช ืึฐึผื ึตื ืึดืฉึฐืืจึธืึตื ืึฐืึดืกึฐึผืืึผื ืึธืึฐ ืึฐืฉึทืื ืึตืืชึธื ืึธึผืึฐืึธื ืึธึผืชึดืืฉึธืื ืึฐืึทื ึฐืึธืจึธื ืึฐืึทืึฐืึธืงึธื ืึผืึนืฆึดืื ึทืึธึผื ืชึฐึผืึดืืจึธื.
Targum Onkelos for Lev 24:2 is equivalent for this expression:
ืคึทึผืงึตึผืื ืึธืช ืึฐึผื ึตื ืึดืฉึฐืืจึธืึตื ืึฐืึดืกึฐึผืืึผื ืึธืึฐ ืึฐืฉึทืื ืึตืืชึธื ืึธึผืึฐืึธื ืึธึผืชึดืืฉึธืื ืึฐืึทื ึฐืึธืจึธื ืึฐืึทืึฐืึธืงึธื ืึผืึนืฆึดืื ึทืึธึผื ืชึฐึผืึดืืจึธื
Targum Yerushalmi (Neofiti)
ืชืจืืื ืืจืืฉืืื (ื ืืืืคืืื)
ืืืช ืชืคืงื ืืช ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืกืืื ืืืืชืื ืืืืชื ืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืชืืฉ ืืื ืืจืืชื ืืืกืืจื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืชืืืจื.
Targum Neofiti for Lev 24:2 is equivalent for this expression:
ืคืงื ืืชื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืกืืื ืืืืชืื ืืืืชื ืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืชืืฉ ืืื ืืจืืชื ืืืกืืจื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืชืืืจื.
ืชืจืืื ืืจืืฉืืื (ืืื ืชื)
ืืื ืช ืชืคืงื ืืช ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืกืืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืชืืฉื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืืืงื ืืืฆืื ืื ืชืืืจื.
ืื ืืืช ื:ื.
ืฉืึฐืืฉืึธื ืึตืืชึดืื, ืึผืึธืึถื ืฉืึฐืืฉืึธื ืฉืึฐืืฉืึธื ืฉืึฐืึธื ึดืื.
ืึทืึผึทืึดืช ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื, ืึฐืึทืจึฐืึผึฐืจืึน ืึฐืจึนืืฉื ืึทืึผึทืึดืช ืึฐืืึนืชึตืฉื ืึฐื ืึนืชึตื ืึฐืชืึนืึฐ ืึทืกึผึทื. ืจึทืึผึดื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืกึฐืึดืืืึนืช ืึทืกึผึทื. ืึถื ืจึดืืฉืืึนื. ืึธืขึทื ืึผึฐืงืึนืจึธื, ืจึทืึผึดื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืึผึทืึฒืึธื ึดืื. ืึถื ืฉืึตื ึดื.
ืึธืึทืจ ืึฐืึธืึทื ืึฐืึธืขึทื, ืึถื ืฉืึฐืึดืืฉืึดื.
ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึทืึผึฐื ืึนืจึธื, ืึฐืึทืฉึผืึฐืึธืจ ืึทืึผึฐื ึธืืึนืช.
ืึทืึผึทืึดืช ืึทืฉึผืึตื ึดื ืึฐืึทืจึฐืึผึฐืจืึน ืึฐืจึนืืฉื ืึทืึผึทื, ืึฐืืึนืชึตืฉื ืึฐื ืึนืชึตื ืึฐืชืึนืึฐ ืึทืกึผึทื. ืจึทืึผึดื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืกึฐืึดืืืึนืช ืึทืกึผึทื, ืึถื ืจึดืืฉืืึนื.
ืึธืขึทื ืึผึฐืงืึนืจึธื, ืจึทืึผึดื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืึผึทืึฒืึธื ึดืื, ืึถื ืฉืึตื ึดื.
ืึธืึทืจ ืึฐืึธืึทื ืึฐืึธืขึทื, ืึถื ืฉืึฐืึดืืฉืึดื.
ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึทืึผึฐื ืึนืจึธื, ืึฐืึทืฉึผืึฐืึธืจ ืึทืึผึฐื ึธืืึนืช.
ืึทืึผึทืึดืช ืึทืฉึผืึฐืึดืืฉืึดื, ืขืึนืึฐื ืึน ืึฐืชืึนืึฐ ืึทืึผึทืึดืช ืขึทื ืฉืึถืึผึดืึฐืงึถื, ืึผืึทืขึฒืึตืืึผ ืึผืึฐื ึทืึผึฐืืึน ืึฐืจึนืืฉื ืึทืึผึทื, ืึฐืืึนืชึตืฉื ืึฐื ืึนืชึตื ืึฐืชืึนืึฐ ืึทืกึผึทื. ืจึทืึผึดื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืกึฐืึดืืืึนืช ืึทืกึผึทื, ืึถื ืจึดืืฉืืึนื.
ืึธืขึทื ืึผึฐืงืึนืจึธื, ืจึทืึผึดื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืึผึทืึฒืึธื ึดืื, ืึถื ืฉืึตื ึดื.
ืึธืึทืจ ืึฐืึธืึทื ืึฐืึธืขึทื, ืึถื ืฉืึฐืึดืืฉืึดื. ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึทืึผึฐื ืึนืจึธื, ืึฐืึทืฉึผืึฐืึธืจ ืึทืึผึฐื ึธืืึนืช:
Sefaria.org translation + headings:
There are threeย harvests of olivesย each year, and in eachย of them, threeย different grades of oilsย are produced.
1st olive harvest
How is the first oliveย harvest processed?
One picksย the ripe olives at the top of the oliveย tree, as those are the first to ripen, and crushesย them in a mortar and placesย them insideย the bottom of a wicker basketย that has many small holes in it. The oil will then drip from the olives through those holes into a vessel placed underneath the basket. Rabbi Yehuda says:ย One positions the olives on the walls, surrounding the basket.ย This produces more refined oil, as the dregs stick to the walls of the basket. This is the firstย grade of oil produced from the first harvest.
After the oil ceases to seep from the crushed olives, one then presses down withย a wooden beamย upon them, causing additional oil to flow from the basket into the vessel. Rabbi Yehuda says:ย The excessive pressure produced by pressing down with a beam would cause some of the flesh of the olives to get mixed in with the oil, compromising its quality. Rather, one applies pressure byย placing stonesย upon the olives. This is the secondย grade of oil.
One then groundย the olives with a millstone and pressed downย with a beam on those olives to extract any remaining oil; this is the thirdย grade of oil.
The firstย grade is fit forย kindling the Candelabrum,ย which requires: โRefined olive oilโ (Leviticus 24:2), and the restย are fit forย use in meal offerings.ย
2nd olive harvest
How is the secondย olive harvest processed? One picksย the crop of olives that is accessible while one is standing on the rooftop.ย This was the second lot of olives to ripen.
And one crushesย it in a mortar and placesย those olives intoย a wicker basket,ย allowing the oil to drip through the holes into a vessel underneath. Rabbi Yehuda says:ย One positions the olives on the walls, surrounding the basket. Thisย is the firstย grade of oil from the second harvest.
Oneย then presses downย upon those olives withย a wooden beam,ย thereby producing more oil. And Rabbi Yehuda says:ย One applies pressure only byย placing stonesย upon them. Thisย is the secondย grade of oil.
One then groundย the olives with a millstone and pressed downย upon them with a beam, thereby extracting any remaining oil; thisย is the thirdย grade of oil. The firstย grade is fit forย kindling the Candelabrum, and the restย are fit forย use in meal offerings.
3rd olive harvest
How is the thirdย olive harvest processed? This harvest consists of all the olives that still remain on trees.
One packs it into a vat [oteno] inย the building that houses the olive press [beit habbad]ย where it remains until it softens, andย then one raisesย it upย to the roof and dries it on the rooftopย to remove the foul-smelling liquid secreted from the olives while in the vat. Then, one crushesย the olives in a mortar and placesย them intoย a wicker basket,ย allowing the oil to drip through the holes into a vessel underneath. Rabbi Yehuda says:ย One positions them on the walls, surrounding the basket. Thisย is the firstย grade of oil.
Oneย then presses downย on those olives withย a wooden beam,ย thereby producing more oil. And Rabbi Yehuda says:ย One applies pressure only byย placing stonesย upon them. Thisย is the secondย grade of oil.
One would then grindย the olives with a millstone and press downย upon them with a beam, thereby extracting any remaining oil; thisย is the thirdย grade of oil.
The firstย grade is fit forย kindling the Candelabrum, and the restย are fit forย use in meal offerings.
ืกืคืจื ืึดึผืึผืึผืจึธื ืึถืึฑืึนืจ ืคึธึผืจึธืฉึธืื ืื
ืดืึฐืึดืงึฐืืึผ ืึตืึถืืึธืด โ ืึทืชึธึผื ืึดึผืึฐืึธึผืจ ืึทืึธึผืึธืจ. ืดืฉึถืืึถื ืึทืึดืชืด โ ืึนื ืฉึถืืึถื ืฉึปืืึฐืฉึฐืืึดืื, ืึนื ืฉึถืืึถื ืึฑืืึนืึดืื, ืึนื ืฉึถืืึถื ืฆึฐื ืึนื ืึนืช, ืฉึถืืึถื ืึทืึดืช ืึดืึตึผืืชืึน. ืึดืึธึผื ืึธืึฐืจืึผ: ืฉึฐืืึนืฉึธืื ืึตืืชึดืื ืึผืึธืึถื ืฉึฐืืึนืฉึธืื ืฉึฐืืึธื ึดืื, ืึทืึดืช ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื, ืึฐืึทืจึฐืึฐึผืจืึน ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉื ืึทืึทึผืึดืช, ืึฐืืึนื ึฐืกึธื ืึฐืึตืืช ืึทืึทึผื, ืึฐืืึนืึฒื ึธื ืึธึผืจึตืึทืึดื, ืึฐื ืึนืชึฐื ึธื ืึทึผืกึทึผืึดึผืื, ืึฐืืึนืขึฒื ึธื ืึทึผืงึผืึนืจึธื, ืึทืึผืึนืฆึตื ืึตืึถื ืจึดืืฉืืึนื. ืึผืคืึนืจึฐืงึธื ืึฐืืึนืึฒื ึธื ืฉึฐืื ึดืึธึผื, ืึทืึผืึนืฆึตื ืึตืึถื ืฉึตืื ึดื. ืึธืึทืจ ืึฐืึธืึทื ืึฐืึธืขึทื, ืึถื ืฉึฐืืึดืืฉึดืื. ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึทืึฐึผื ืึนืจึธื, ืึฐืึทืฉึฐึผืืึธืจ ืึทืึฐึผื ึธืืึนืช. [ื] ืึทืึดืช ืึทืฉึตึผืื ึดื, ืึฐืึทืจึฐืึฐึผืจืึน ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉื ืึทืึทึผื, ืึฐืืึนื ึฐืกึธื ืึฐืึตืืช ืึทืึทึผื, ืึฐืืึนืึฒื ึธื ืึธึผืจึตืึทืึดื, ืึฐื ืึนืชึฐื ึธื ืึทึผืกึทึผืึดึผืื, ืึฐืืึนืขึฒื ึธื ืึทึผืงึผืึนืจึธื, ืึทืึผืึนืฆึตื ืึตืึถื ืจึดืืฉืืึนื. ืึผืคืึนืจึฐืงึธื ืึฐืืึนืึฒื ึธื ืฉึฐืื ึดืึธึผื, ืึทืึผืึนืฆึตื ืึตืึถื ืฉึตืื ึดื. ืึธืึทืจ ืึฐืึธืึทื ืึฐืึธืขึทื, ืึถื ืฉึฐืืึดืืฉึดืื. ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึทืึฐึผื ืึนืจึธื, ืึฐืึทืฉึฐึผืืึธืจ ืึทืึฐึผื ึธืืึนืช. [ื] ืึทืึดืช ืึทืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื, ืขืึนืึฐื ืึน ืึทืึทึผืึดืช ืขึทื ืฉึถืืึดึผืึฐืงึถื, ืึผืึทืขึฒืึตืืึผ ืึฐืขืึนืฉึตืืืึผ ืชึฐึผืืึผืจึธื ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉื ืึทืึทึผืืณ ืึฐืืึนื ึฐืกึธื ืึฐืึตืืช ืึทืึทึผื, ืึฐืืึนืึฒื ึธื ืึธึผืจึตืึทืึดื, ืึฐื ืึนืชึฐื ึธื ืึทึผืกึทึผืึดึผืื, ืึฐืืึนืขึฒื ึธื ืึทึผืงึผืึนืจึธื, ืึทืึผืึนืฆึตื ืึตืึถื ืจึดืืฉืืึนื. ืึผืคืึนืจึฐืงึธื ืึฐืืึนืึฒื ึธื ืฉึฐืื ึดืึธึผื, ืึทืึผืึนืฆึตื ืึตืึถื ืฉึตืื ึดื. ืึธืึทืจ ืึฐืึธืึทื ืึฐืึธืขึทื, ืึถื ืฉึฐืืึดืืฉึดืื. ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึทืึฐึผื ืึนืจึธื, ืึฐืึทืฉึฐึผืืึธืจ ืึทืึฐึผื ึธืืึนืช. [ื] ืจึทืึดึผื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ: ืึนื ืึธืึธื ืืึนืึฒื ึธื ืึธึผืจึตืึทืึดื, ืึถืึธึผื ืืึนืชึฐืฉึธืื ืึทึผืึทึผืึฐืชึถึผืฉึถืืช, ืึฐืึนื ืึธืึธื ืืึนืขึฒื ึธื ืึทึผืงึผืึนืจึธื, ืึถืึธึผื ืึทืึฒืึธื ึดืื, ืึตืื ืึน ื ืึนืชึตื ืึถืช ืึทืึถึผืึถื ืึฐึผืชืึนืึฐ ืึทืกึทึผื, ืึถืึธึผื ื ืึนืชึฐื ืึน ืกึฐืึดืืืึนืช ืึทืกึทึผื ืึฐืงืึนืึตืึท ืึดืชึผืึนืึฐ ืึทืกึทึผื. [ื] ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืฉึถืืึธึผืจึดืืฉืืึนื, ืึตืื ืึฐืึทืขึฐืึธื ืึดืึถึผื ึผืึผ. ืึทืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืฉึถืืึธึผืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึฐืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืฉึถืืึทึผืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืฉึธืืึดืื. ืึทืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื ืฉึถืืึธึผืจึดืืฉืืึนื, ืึทืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืฉึถืืึทึผืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืึฐืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืฉึถืืึทึผืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื ืฉึธืืึดืื. ืึทืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื ืฉึถืืึทึผืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืึฐืึทืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืฉึถืืึทึผืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื ืฉึธืืึดืื. ืึทืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื ืฉึถืืึทึผืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื, ืึตืื ืึฐืึทืึธึผื ืึตืืึถื ึผืึผ. [ื] ืดืึธืึฐืด โ ืฉึถืืึฐึผืึตื ื ึธืงึดื. ืดืึธึผืชึดืืชืด โ ืจึทืึดึผื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ: ืึตืื ืึน ืืึนืึตืจ ืดืึธึผืชึดืืชืด ืึถืึธึผื ืึธืชึดืืฉื.
'Olive oil' โ Not sunflower oil, not walnut oil, not sesame oil; olive oil from its olives. From here they said: Three olives, and in them three kinds of oil: the first olive, one crushes its head on the olive tree, collects it in a container, grinds it in the mill, and puts it in baskets. The first oil that comes out from them is for the menorah, and the rest is for meal offerings. The second olive, one crushes its head on the roof, collects it in a container, grinds it in the mill, and puts it in baskets. The first oil that comes out from them is for the menorah, and the rest is for meal offerings. The third olive, one crushes its head in the house until it rots, then he lifts it up and makes it into a mash on the roof, collects it in a container, grinds it in the mill, and puts it in baskets. The first oil that comes out from them is for the menorah, and the rest is for meal offerings. Rabbi Yehuda says: He did not grind it in a mill but pressed it with stones. He did not put the bread inside the basket but put the basket around it and crushed from within the basket. The first of the first olives, there is nothing above it. The second of the first and the first of the second are similar. The third of the first, the second of the second, and the first of the third are similar. The third of the second and the second of the third are similar. The third of the third, there is nothing below it. "'Pure' โ that it should be clean. 'Crushed' โ Rabbi Yehuda says: It does not say 'crushed' but 'pressed.'"
Babylonian Talmud, b.Menahot 86a
ืื ืืืช ืคื.
ืืชื ืืณย ืฉืืฉื ืืืชืื ืื, ืืืื ืฉืืฉื ืฉืืฉื ืฉืื ืืโฆ
ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืขื, ืื ืฉืืืฉื. ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืืืช.
ืืืณย ืืืืขืื ืืื ืืืจืืจื ืชื ื ืื ืืืืืื ืชื ื.
ืชื ืฉืืข ืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืืช ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืช ืจืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืช ืืืื ืกื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืจืืืื ืื ืืชื ื ืืกืืื ืฉืื ืืืืฆื ืืื ื ืื ืืื ืจืืฉืื. ืืขื ืืงืืจื ืฉืื ืืืืฆื ืืื ื ืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืืืืจ ืืคืจืง ืืื ืืืขื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืืช ืฉื ื. ืืืืช ืฉืืืฉื ืขืืื ื ืืืืช ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืงื ืืืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืื ืืขืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืื ืชืืจื ืขื ืฉืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืกื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืจืืืื ืื ืืชื ื ืืกืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืฆื ืืื ื ืื ืืื ืจืืฉืื. ืืขื ืืงืืจื ืฉืื ืืืืฆื ืืื ื ืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืคืจืง ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืขื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืืืช. ืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืจืืืื ืืื ืืืชืฉื ืืืืชืฉืช ืืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืงืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืชื ื ืืกืืื ืืื ืืชืื ืกืืืืืช ืืกื.
ืื ืืืคื ืงืฉืื ืืืชืฉ ืื ื ืจืื ืืืืื ืืื ืชืื ืืกื ืืชืื ืืจืื ื.
ืืื ืชื ื ืกืืจ ืื ืืืชืื ืืืื ืืคืืื ืขืืื ืืืื:
ืืชื ืืณย ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืืขืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืจืืฉืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืฉื ื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉื ื ืฉืืฉื ื ืืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืฉืืืฉื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉืืฉื ื ืืืฉื ื ืฉืืฉืืืฉื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉืืฉืืืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ื.
ืืฃ ืื ืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืขื ื ืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืื ืื ืืจื ืฉืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืขืื ื ืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืื ืืืช ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืขื ื ืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืชืืืื ืืืืจ (ืฉืืืช ืื, ื) ืื ืืชืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช.
MISHNAโฆ
GEMARA:ย A dilemma was raised beforeย the Sages: What is the correct text of the mishna? Do we learnย that one picksย the olives at the top [megargero],ย i.e., one selects those that are ripe, orย do we learnย that one allowsย all the olives to ripen [megalgelo],ย and then picks them all?
The Gemara answers: Comeย and hearย the resolution to this dilemma from that which is taughtย in a baraita. The verse states that the olive oil used for the kindling of the Candelabrum is to be: โRefined oil of an oliveโย (Exodus 27:20), which is interpreted to mean that the olives should be so ripe that the oil drips fromย them while they are still hanging on their olive tree,ย without them needing to be pressed. From hereย the Sages saidย that for the first oliveย harvest, one allowsย all the olives to ripen [megalgelo],ย picks the entire crop and brings it into the olive press, andย he grinds it with a millstone and places it inย wicker baskets, and this oil that would flow from it would beย the firstย grade of oil.
The baraitaย continues: Then one presses downย upon the olives withย a wooden beam.ย As for the oil that flows from it, this would beย the secondย grade of oil. And then one would removeย the crushed olives from the baskets and grindย them, and press downย upon them with a beam or stones, thereby extracting any remaining oil; this would beย the thirdย grade of oil. The firstย grade is fit forย kindling the Candelabrum, and the restย are fit forย use in meal offerings. Andย the same process was similarlyย used for the second oliveย harvest.
The baraitaย continues: Andย for the third oliveย harvest, the entire crop is packed into a vat inย the building that houses the olive press,ย where it remains until it softens, andย then one raisesย it up to the roof and makes itย into a sort of heap,ย wide at the bottom and narrow at the top, and leaves it there until the fluidย it produced while in the vat flows away. Andย then one brings it to the olive press and grinds it with a millstone and places it intoย wicker baskets.ย As for the oil that wouldย then flow from it, this would beย the firstย grade of oil.
Then one presses downย upon it withย a wooden beam.ย As for the oil that wouldย then flow from it, this would beย the secondย grade of oil. And then one would removeย the crushed olives from the baskets and grindย them, and press downย upon them with a beam or stones, thereby extracting any remaining oil; this would beย the thirdย grade of oil. The firstย grade is fit forย kindling the Candelabrum, and the restย are fit forย use in meal offerings.
The baraitaย concludes: Rabbi Yehudaย disagrees with the Rabbis and says: One does not grindย the crop of olives with a millstone; rather, one crushes it in a mortar. And one does not press downย upon the olives withย a wooden beam; rather,ย one presses on them with stones. And one does not placeย the olives intoย the bottom of theย wicker baskets; rather,ย one positions them on the inner walls of the basket, all around the basket.ย In this baraita, the term: One allows all the olives to ripen [megalgelo], is used.
Having resolved the dilemma based on the baraita, the Gemara now clarifies the ruling of the mishna in light of it. The Gemara asks: Thisย mishna itselfย is difficult,ย as the first tannaย teaches that the olives should be crushed. From the baraitaย it is evident that whoseย opinion is it that the olives are crushed? It isย the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda.ย Yet, when the first tannaย states that the olives are placed insideย the bottom of the basket,ย and not on its walls, we arrive atย the opinion of the Rabbisย who disagree with Rabbi Yehuda in the baraita.
The Gemara explains: This tannaย of the mishna holds in accordance withย the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda with regard to oneย issue, i.e., the need to crush the olives, but disagrees with him with regard to anotherย issue, i.e., he holds that the olives should be placed inside the basket, not on its walls.
MISHNA:ย Having enumerated the nine grades of oils in the previous mishna, this mishna proceeds to rank them by their quality: As for the firstย grade of oil that isย produced from the firstย harvest, there is none superior to it. The secondย grade of oil that isย produced from the firstย harvest and the firstย grade of oil that isย produced from the secondย harvest are of equalย quality; there is no reason to choose one over the other. The thirdย grade of oil that isย produced from the firstย harvest and the secondย grade of oil that isย produced from the secondย harvest and the firstย grade of oil that isย produced from the thirdย harvest are of equalย quality. The thirdย grade of oil that isย produced from the secondย harvest and the secondย grade of oil that isย produced from the thirdย harvest are of equalย quality. As for the thirdย grade of oil that isย produced from the thirdย harvest, there is none inferior to it.
Also,ย with regard to all the meal offerings, it was logical that they should requireย the highest quality of refined olive oil,ย just like the Candelabrum. Because ifย the Candelabrum, whoseย oil is not to be consumedย on the altar, requires refined olive oil,ย then meal offerings, whichย are to be consumedย on the altar, is it not logical that they should require refined olive oil?ย To dispel this notion, the verse states: โRefined poundedย olive oil for illuminationโย (Leviticus 24:2), which indicates that the high-quality, refined, pounded oil is required for the Candelabrum, but there is noย need for refined poundedย olive oil for meal offerings.
?Seems to support: READING B, with both adjectives modifying โoilโโ pure pressed oil. ย
[ืฉืื ืืืช ืื] ืืชืืช
Disambiguation strategy: realia, agricultural practice and halakha concerning quality gradations of olive oil. Lexical determination that โpureโ designates highest grade.
Babylonian Talmud, b.Menahot 86b
ืชื ื ืจืื ื (ืฉืืืช ืื, ื) ืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืงื ืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืชืืช ืืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืชืืฉ
Koren-Steinsaltz translation:
The Sages taughtย in a baraitaย with regard to the verse cited in the mishna: The word โrefinedโย means nothing other than cleanย oil, which flows by itself from the olives without applying any pressure. Rabbi Yehuda saysย that the word โpoundedโย means nothing other thanย olives crushedย with a mortar, but not with a millstone.
Tanhumaย (6th-7th century) cites Babylonian Talmud, b.Menahot 86a
ืชื ืืืืย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย
Citesย ย b.Menahot 86a.
ืึฐืึดืงึฐืืึผ ืึตืึถืืึธ โย โฆ ืฉึธืื ืึผ ืจึทืึผืึนืชึตืื ืึผ ืฉึฐืืึนืฉึธืื ืึตืืชึดืื ืึผืึธืึถื ืฉึฐืืึนืฉึธืื ืฉึฐืืึนืฉึธืื ืฉึฐืืึธื ึดืื. ืึทืึทึผืึดืช ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึฐืึทืจึฐืึฐึผืจืึน ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉื ืึทืึทึผืึดืช, ืึผืึนื ึฐืกืึน ืึฐืึตืืช ืึทืึทึผื, ืืึนืึฒื ืึน ืึธึผืจึตืึทืึดื ืึฐื ืึนืชึฐื ืึน ืึทึผืึตึผืึดืื, ืืึนืขึฒื ืึน ืึทึผืงึผืึนืจึธื ืึฐืืึนืฆึตื ืึตืึถื ืจึดืืฉืืึนื. ืคึผืึนืจึฐืงืึน ืึฐืืึนืขึฒื ืึน ืฉึฐืื ึดืึธึผื ืึฐืืึนืฆึตื ืึตืึถื ืฉึตืื ึดื. ืึธืึทืจ ืึธืึทื ืึฐืึธืขึทื, ืืึนืฆึตื ืึตืึถื ืฉึฐืืึดืืฉึดืื. ืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึทืึฐึผื ืึนืจึธื, ืึฐืฉึตืื ึดื ืึทืึฐึผื ึธืืึนืช. ืึทืึทึผืึดืช ืึทืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืึฐืึทืจึฐืึฐึผืจืึน ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉื ืึทืึทึผื ืึฐืืึนื ึฐืกืึน ืึฐืชืึนืึฐ ืึตึผืืช ืึทืึทึผื, ืืึนืึฒื ืึน ืึธึผืจึตืึทืึดื ืึฐื ืึนืชึฐื ืึน ืึทึผืกึทึผืึดึผืื, ืืึนืขึฒื ืึน ืึทึผืงึผืึนืจึธื, ืึทืึผืึนืฆึตื ืึตืึถื ืจึดืืฉืืึนื. ืคึผืึนืจึฐืงืึน ืึฐืืึนืขึฒื ืึน ืฉึฐืื ึดืึธึผื, ืึทืึผืึนืฆึตื ืึตืึถื ืฉึตืื ึดื. ืึธืึทืจ ืึฐืึธืึทื ืึฐืึธืขึทื, ืึทืึผืึนืฆึตื ืึตืึถื ืฉึฐืืึดืืฉึดืื. ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึทืึฐึผื ืึนืจึธื ืึฐืึทืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืึทืึฐึผื ึธืืึนืช. ืึทืึทึผืึดืช ืึทืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื, ืืึนืขึฒื ืึน ืึฐืชืึนืึฐ ืึทืึทึผืึดืช ืขึทื ืฉึถืืึดึผืึฐืงึถื ืึผืึทืขึฒืึตืืึผ ืึผืึฐื ึทืึฐึผืืึน ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉื ืึทืึทึผื ืึฐืืึนืชึตืฉื ืึฐื ืึนืชึตื ืึฐืชืึนืึฐ ืึทืกึทึผื. ืึถื ืจึดืืฉืืึนื. ืึธืขึทื ืึทึผืงึผืึนืจึธื, ืึถื ืฉึตืื ึดื. ืึธืึทืจ ืึฐืึธืขึทื, ืึถื ืฉึฐืืึดืืฉึดืื. ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึทืึฐึผื ืึนืจึธื, ืึฐืึทืฉึฐึผืืึธืจ ืึทืึฐึผื ึธืืึนืช. ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืฉึถืืึธึผืจึดืืฉืืึนื, ืึตืื ืึฐืึทืขึฐืึธื ืึดืึถึผื ึผืึผ. ืึทืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืฉึถืืึธึผืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึฐืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืฉึถืืึทึผืฉึตึผืื ึดื, ืฉึธืืึดืื. ืึทืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื ืฉึถืืึธึผืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึฐืึทืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืฉึถืืึทึผืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืึฐืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืฉึถืืึทึผืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื, ืฉึธืืึดืื. ืึทืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื ืฉึถืืึทึผืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืึฐืึทืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืฉึถืืึทึผืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื, ืฉึธืืึดืื. ืึทืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื ืฉึถืืึทึผืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื, ืึตืื ืึฐืึทืึธึผื ืึตืืึถื ึผืึผ.
ืฉึถืืึถื ืึทืึดืช ืึธืึฐ ืึธึผืชึดืืช ืึทืึธึผืืึนืจย โ ืึฐึผื ึนืึทื ืฉึถืืึธึผืขืึนืึธื, ืึธืึธื ืึดื ืึดืึฐืึถื ืืึน ืฉึถืืึถื ืจึทืข, ืืึผื ืึทืึฐืึดืืงืึน ืึทึผื ึตึผืจ, ืึฐืึทืึธึผืคึถื ื ืึนืชึตื ืึทึผืชึทึผืึฐืฉึดืืื. ืึผืึฐืึนืึถื ืืึนืขึตื ืึผืึทืึดึผืงึฐืึธึผืฉื ืึนื ืึธืืึผ ืขืึนืฉึดืืื ืึตึผื, ืึถืึธึผื ืึธืึฐ ืึธึผืชึดืืช ืึทืึธึผืืึนืจ, ืึฐืึทืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืึทืึฐึผื ึธืืึนืช.
Yalkut Shimoniย (11th - 14th centuries); citesย ย b.Menahot 86a, like Tanhuma
ืืืงืื ืฉืืขืื ื
ืฉึฐืืึนืฉึธืื ืึตืืชึดืื ืึตื, ืึผืึธืึถื ืฉึฐืืึนืฉึธืื ืฉึฐืืึนืฉึธืื ืฉึฐืืึธื ึดืื. ืึทืึทึผืึดืช ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื, ืึฐืึทืจึฐืึฐึผืจืึน ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉื ืึทืึทึผืึดืช, ืึผืึนืชึตืฉื ืึฐื ืึนืชึตื ืึฐืชืึนืึฐ ืึทืกึทึผื, ืจึทืึดึผื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืกึฐืึดืืืึนืช ืึทืกึทึผื, ืึถื ืึธืึธื ืจึดืืฉืืึนื. ืืึนืขึตื ืึฐึผืงืึนืจึธื, ืจึทืึดึผื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืึทึผืึฒืึธื ึดืื, ืึถื ืึธืึธื ืฉึตืื ึดื. ืึธืึทืจ ืึฐืึธืขึทื, ืึถื ืึธืึธื ืฉึฐืืึดืืฉึดืื. ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึทืึฐึผื ืึนืจึธื ืึฐืึทืฉึฐืืึธืจ ืึทืึฐึผื ึธืืึนืช. ืึฐืึทืึทึผืึดืช ืึทืฉึตึผืื ึดื, ืึฐืึทืจึฐืึฐึผืจืึน ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉื ืึทืึทึผื, ืึฐืืึนืชึตืฉื, ืึฐื ืึนืชึตื ืึฐืชืึนืึฐ ืึทืกึทึผื, ืจึทืึดึผื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืกึฐืึดืืืึนืช ืึทืกึทึผื, ืึถื ืึธืึธื ืจึดืืฉืืึนื. ืืึนืขึตื ืึฐึผืงืึนืจึธื, ืจึทืึดึผื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืึทึผืึฒืึธื ึดืื, ืึถื ืฉึตืื ึดื. ืึธืึทืจ ืึฐืึธืขึทื, ืึถื ืฉึฐืืึดืืฉึดืื. ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึทืึฐึผื ืึนืจึธื ืึฐืึทืฉึฐืืึธืจ ืึทืึฐึผื ึธืืึนืช. ืฉึฐืืึดืืฉึดืื, ืืึนืขึฒื ืึน ืึฐึผืึตืืช ืึทืึทึผื ืขึทื ืฉึถืืึดึผืึฐืงึถื, ืึฐืึถืขึฑืึธืืึผ, ืึผืึฐื ึทืึฐึผืืึน ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉื ืึทืึทึผื, ืึผืึนืชึตืฉื ืึฐื ืึนืชึตื ืึฐืชืึนืึฐ ืึทืกึทึผื, ืจึทืึดึผื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืกึฐืึดืืืึนืช ืึทืกึทึผื, ืึถื ืึธืึธื ืจึดืืฉืืึนื. ืืึนืขึตื ืึฐึผืงืึนืจึธื, ืจึทืึดึผื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืึทึผืึฒืึธื ึดืื, ืึถื ืึธืึธื ืฉึตืื ึดื ืึธืึทืจ ืึฐืึธืขึทื, ืึถื ืึธืึธื ืฉึฐืืึดืืฉึดืื. ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึทืึฐึผื ืึนืจึธื ืึฐืึทืฉึฐึผืืึธืจ ืึทืึฐึผื ึธืืึนืช. ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืฉึถืืึธึผืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึตืื ืึฐืึทืขึฐืึธื ืึตืืึถื ึผืึผ. ืึทืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืฉึถืืึธึผืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึฐืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืฉึถืืึทึผืฉึตึผืื ึดื, ืฉึธืืึดืื. ืึทืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื ืฉึถืืึธึผืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึฐืึทืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืฉึถืืึทึผืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืึฐืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืฉึถืืึทึผืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื, ืฉึธืืึดืื. ืึทืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื ืฉึถืืึทึผืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืึฐืึทืฉึตึผืื ึดื ืฉึถืืึทึผืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื, ืฉึธืืึดืื. ืึทืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื ืฉึถืืึทึผืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื, ืึตืื ืึฐืึทืึธึผื ืึตืืึถื ึผืึผ.
ืึทืฃ ืึทืึฐึผื ึธืืึนืช ืึธืึธื ืึทึผืึดึผืื ืฉึถืืึดึผืึธึผืขึฒื ืึผ ืฉึถืืึถื ืึทืึดืช ืึธืึฐ, ืึผืึทื ืึฐึผื ืึนืจึธื ืฉึถืืึตืื ึธืึผ ืึทืึฒืึดืืึธื ืึฐืขืึผื ึธื ืฉึถืืึถื ืึทืึดืช ืึธืึฐ, ืึฐื ึธืืึนืช ืฉึถืืึตื ืึทืึฒืึดืืึธื ืึตืื ืึน ืึดึผืื ืฉึถืืึดึผืึธึผืขึฒื ืึผ ืฉึถืืึถื ืึทืึดืช ืึธืึฐ, ืชึทึผืึฐืืึผื ืืึนืึทืจ ืึธืึฐ ืึธึผืชึดืืช ืึทืึธึผืืึนืจ ืึฐืึตืื ืึธืึฐ ืึธึผืชึดืืช ืึทืึฐึผื ึธืืึนืช.
ืึดืึทึผืขึฐืึธื ืึฐืืึผ, ืึฐืึทืจึฐืึฐึผืจืึน ืชึฐึผื ึทื ืืึน ืึฐืึทืึฐืึฐึผืืึน ืชึฐึผื ึทื. ืชึธึผื ืฉึฐืืึทืข. ืฉึถืืึถื ืึทืึดืช ืึดืึตึผืืชืึน. ืึดืึธึผืื ืึธืึฐืจืึผ, ืึทืึดืช ืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึฐืึทืึฐืึฐึผืืึน ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉื ืึทืึทึผืึดืช, ืึฐืืึนื ึฐืกืึน ืึฐืึตืืช ืึทืึทึผื, ืึฐืืึนืึฒื ืึน ืึธึผืจึตืึทืึดื, ืึฐื ืึนืชึฐื ืึน ืึฐึผืกึทืึดึผืื, ืฉึถืืึถื ืึทืึผืึนืฆึตื ืึดืึถึผื ึผืึผ ืึถื ืึธืึธื ืจึดืืฉืืึนื. ืึธืขืึผื ืึฐึผืงืึนืจึธื, ืฉึถืืึถื ืึทืึผืึนืฆึตื ืึดืึถึผื ึผืึผ ืึถื ืึธืึธื ืฉึตืื ึดื. ืคึผืึนืจึตืง, ืืึนืึตื ืึฐืืึนืขึตื, ืึถื ืึธืึธื (ืจึดืืฉืืึนื) [ืฉึฐืืึดืืฉึดืื]. ืจึดืืฉืืึนื ืึทืึฐึผื ืึนืจึธื ืึฐืึทืฉึฐึผืืึธืจ ืึทืึฐึผื ึธืืึนืช. ืึฐืึตื ืึทืึดืช ืึทืฉึตึผืื ึดื. ืึฐืึทืึดืช ืึทืฉึฐึผืืึดืืฉึดืื ืืึนืขึฒื ืึน ืึฐึผืึตืืช ืึทืึทึผื ืขึทื ืฉึถืืึดึผืึฐืงึถื, ืึผืึทืขึฒืึตืืึผ ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉื ืึทืึทึผื, ืึฐืขืึนืฉึถืื ืืึนืชืึน ืึฐึผืึดืื ืชึฐึผืึธืจึธื ืึฐึผืึตื ืฉึถืืึธึผืืึผืืึผ ืึตืืึธืื, ืึฐืืึนื ึฐืกืึน ืึฐืึตืืช ืึทืึทึผื, ืึฐืืึนืึฒื ืึน ืึธึผืจึตืึทืึดื, ืึฐื ืึนืชึฐื ืึน ืึฐึผืกึทืึดึผืื ืึฐืืึผืณ, ืจึทืึดึผื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืึนื ืึธืึธื ืืึนืึฒื ืึน ืึธึผืจึตืึทืึดื ืึถืึธึผื ืึผืึนืชึฐืฉืืึน ืึฐึผืึทืึฐืชึถึผืฉึถืืช, ืึนื ืึธืึธื ื ืึนืชึตื ืึฐึผืกึทืึดึผืื, ืึถืึธึผื ืึฐืชืึนืึฐ ืกึฐืึดืืืึนืช ืึทืกึทึผื. ืึผืึนืชึตืฉื ืึทื ึดื, ืจึทืึดึผื ืึฐืืึผืึธื. ืชึผืึนืึฐ ืึทืกึทึผื, ืึธืชึธืื ืึฐืจึทืึธึผื ึธื. ืึทืื ืชึทึผื ึธื ืกึธืึทืจ ืึธืึผ ืึฐึผืึธืืชึตืืึผ ืึฐึผืึธืึธื, ืึผืคึธืึดืื ืขึฒืึตืืึผ ืึฐึผืึธืึธื.
ืชึธึผื ืึผ ืจึทืึธึผื ึธื. ืึธืึฐ. ืึตืื ืึธืึฐ ืึถืึธึผื ื ึธืงึดื. ืจึทืึดึผื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืึธึผืชึดืืช, ืึตืื ืึธึผืชึดืืช ืึถืึธึผื ืึธึผืชืึผืฉื.
ืึธืืึนื ืึฐืึตื ืึถื ืคึธึผืกืึผื ืึทืึฐึผื ึธืืึนืช, ืชึทึผืึฐืืึผื ืืึนืึทืจ (ืืืื ืืดื:ืืณ) ืดืึฐืขึดืฉึธึผืืจืึนื ืกึนืึถืช ืึธึผืืึผื ืึฐึผืฉึถืืึถื ืึธึผืชึดืืช ืจึถืึทืข ืึทืึดืืืด. ืึดื ืึตึผื ืึทื ืชึทึผืึฐืืึผื ืืึนืึทืจ ืึทืึธึผืืึนืจ, ืึดืคึฐึผื ึตื ืึทืึดืกึธึผืืึนื. ืึทืื ืึดืกึธึผืืึนื. ืึธืึทืจ ืจึทืึดึผื ืึถืึฐืขึธืึธืจ, ืึทืชึผืึนืจึธื ืึธืกึธื ืขึทื ืึธืืึนื ึธื ืฉึถืื ืึดืฉึฐืืจึธืึตื.
Rashiย (1040 - 1105)
on Exod 27:20
ืจืฉืดื
(ื) ืื โ ืืื ืฉืืจืื, ืืื ืฉืฉื ืื ื ืืื ืืืช (ืืืื ืื ืืืช ืคืดื.): ืืืจืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืช ืืืณ.
ืืชืืช โ ืืืืชืื ืืืชืฉ ืืืืชืฉืช ืืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืจืืืื,ืย ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืจืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืฆืื ืืืคื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืกื ืืจืืืื ืืืืื ื. ืืฉืื ืืฉืื ื ืคืกืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืช, ืฉื ืืืจ: ืืชืืช ืืืืืจ โ ืืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช.
Footnote: ืื ืืืดื ืืืืคืฆืื 1, ืืืืืจื 13, ืืืืื 1. ืืืดื ืืืงืกืคืืจื 165, ืืื ืื 5, ืืืงืกืคืืจื 34, ืืื ืืื 26917, ืืคืืก ืจืืื: ืดืืืื ืืด.
CLEAR โ without lees; as we learned in Menachoth (b. Menahot 86a) "He lets it (the olive) ripen on the top of the olive-tree etc."
BEATEN โ he pounds the olives in a mortar and must not grind them in a mill, so that there may be no lees; and after he has thus extracted the first drop of oil he may bring them into the mill and grind them. The second oil (that obtained by grinding) is unfitted for use in the candelabrum but is permissible for the meal-offerings (which had to be mingled with oil) since it is said here, "Beaten for the light", and hence it is not essential that it should be โbeatenโ for the meal-offerings (Menachot 86a; cf. Rashi on Exodus 29:40).
Rashi does not explicitly address the syntax of the expression.
On one hand, his comment could be compatible with READING D: โpure oil of beaten olivesโ:
ืืืืชืื ืืืชืฉ ืืืืชืฉืช ืืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืจืืืื. ย Rashi describes the olivesย as being pressed.
On the other hand, it could be compatible withย READING C: โpure beaten oil of olivesโ:
ืืฉืื ืืฉืื ื ืคืกืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืช, ืฉื ืืืจ: ืืชืืช ืืืืืจ โ ืืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช. Rashi distinguishes betweenย oilย that is produced in the second manner and that which is, as required, produced in the first manner described in the mishna: pressed for lighting.
RASHI on Lev 24:2 ืจืฉืดื
ืฉืื ืืืช ืื โ ืฉืืฉื ืฉืื ืื ืืืฆืืื ืื ืืืืช, ืืจืืฉืื ืงืจืื ืื, ืืื ืืคืืจืฉืื ืืื ืืืช (ืืฉื ื ืื ืืืช ืืณ:ืืณ-ืืณ) ืืืชืืจืช ืืื ืื (ืกืคืจื ืืืงืจื ืืดื:ืืณ).
ืฉืื ืืืช ืื CLEAR OLIVE OIL โ Three different qualities of oil come forth (are extracted) from the olive tree, the first of which is called ืื, "clear". They are all fully explained in Treatise Menachot 86a and in Torath Cohanim (Sifra, Emor, Section 13 1-3).
R. Toviah b. Eliezer; (LEKACH TOV; 1105-1115)
(ื) ืฉืื ืืืช ืืย โ ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืช ืืื ืืฉืื ืื, ืืคื ืฉืืื ืฉืื ืืืช ืืืฆื ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืชืืฉื, ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืื, ืืื ืืชืื ืฆืขืจโฆ ืื ืืื ืฉืืขืืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืฉืื ืจืข, ืืืืงื ืื ืจ, ืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืชืืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืืืฃ ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืื ืจืืช, ืืืฉื ื ืืื ืืืช, ืืืื ืื, ืฉืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจื ืืขืืื, ืืืจ ืืื ืืคื ื ืืงืืดื ืจืืฉืดืข ืืชื ืืืจ ืื ื ืืืชื ืฆืจืื ืืืืจื, ืื ืืชื ืชืืืจ ื ืจื (ืชืืืื ืืดื:ืืดื). ืืืจ ืจื ืืจืืื ืืจืื ืชืืืืืช ืืืฉ ืืืืขืื ืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืจืืืชื,...
ืืืฆื ืขืืฉืื ืืช ืืฉืื, ืฉื ื ืจืืืชืื ื ืืืชืื ืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืขืืฉืื ืคืืจืืช ื ืืื ืืืคืื, ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืชืฉืื ืืืชื, ืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืคืืจืฉืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืจื, ืืืฉื ื ืืื ืืืช, ืืงืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืืชืืช ืืืืืจ, ืืืจ ืื ืืงืืดื ืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืื, ืื ื ืืขืืืดื ืืชื ืืงืืงืื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ, ืืืชื ืืืืืงืื ื ืจืืช ืืชืืื, ืืื ืืขืชืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืชื ืื ืจ ืฉืืชื ืืืืืงืื, ืื ื ืืืื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืจ, ืฉื ืืืจ ืฉื ืืฆืืื ืงืจื ืืืื ืขืจืืชื ื ืจ ืืืฉืืื (ืชืืืื ืงืืดื:ืืดื).
ย ืืชืืช ืืืืืจย โ ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืช ืืืืื
Footnote:
ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืืืืื. ืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืขืืื ืจืฉืดื ืขืืดืช ืืืชืฉ ืืืืชืฉืช ืืืื ื ืืืื ื ืืจืืื.
Modified Chatgpt:
(15) "Pure olive oil โ Why did olive oil merit [to be chosen to light the candelabrum] above all the oils? Because olive oil comes only through pressing, just as a person can only inherit the World to Come through suffering... In the usual practice of the world, one who has bad oil burns it in a lamp, and one who has good oil consumes it in food. But here, it is the opposite: the pure [olive oil] is for lamps, and the other [oil] is for offerings. And why [is it this way]? Because the olive brings light to the world. David said before the Holy One, blessed be He, 'You are light to us, O Lord, and you need light, for you will illuminate my lampโ' (Psalms 18:29). Rav Berakhiya,, said in the name of Rebbe, โThe fire from aboveโthe eye has no ability to see itโฆโ
How do they make the oil?โ Our Rabbis taught: There were olive [tree]s that were recognizable to them as producing fine and beautiful fruit. They would take them and press them. The first oil they would set aside for the Menorah, and the second for the offerings, to fulfill that which is stated: โย ืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืืชืืช ืืืืืจโ (Exodus 27:20). The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses, โSay to them, to my children; โmy children, in this world, you have need for the light of the Sanctuary, and you kindle lights in it. But in the future to come, in the merit of that light which you kindle, I will redeem you through the King Messiah, who is compared to โa lamp,โ as it is stated: โThere will I make a horn to sprout for David; I have prepared a lamp for my anointed'" (Psalms 132:17).
ย ืืชืืช ืืืืืจย โ ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืช ืืืืื
Footnote:
ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืืืืื. ืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืขืืื ืจืฉืดื ืขืืดืช ืืืชืฉ ืืืืชืฉืช ืืืื ื ืืืื ื ืืจืืื.
โpressed for the lightโ ย โย Not like the oil of mills, but rather, oil that is pressed by hand.
on Exodus 27:20
ืืย โ ืืื ืฉืืจืื. ืืืชืื ืืชืืฉืื ืืืืชืฉืช, ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืจืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืื ืื.
alhatorah.org:
ืื CLEAR [OIL]: Without any sediment. The olives would be pounded in a mortar; they would not be sufficiently "clear" if they were ground in a millstone.
Ibn Ezra (1092 - 1167); = Sefer HaYashar; First Ibn Ezra Commentary
ืืื ืขืืจืย
ืืฉ ืืืืจืื: ืื ืื โ ืชืืืจ ืืฉืื.
ืืืคื ืืขืชื: ืฉืืื ืชืืืจ ืืืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืืจ.
Some say that โpureโ is a modifier of the โoilโ
But, in my opinion: it is a modifier of the โoliveโ-- ย that it should be choice.
ืืืขื, ืฉืืฉ ืืืจืื: ืืชืืช. ืื ืืื ืชืืืจ, ืืืืจืช: ืืืชืืช (ืืืงืจื ื"ื:ื"ื)
And the supporting evidence: that after it comes โpressed.โ This, too, is a modifier, like the [morphological adjectival] pattern of ืืืชืืช (found in Lev 22:24, โcrushedโ, describing an animal with damaged testicles, โcrushedโ, which is unfit for sacrifice)
ืืืขื ืืืืืืจ ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืื ืืืช ืืย โ ืืขืืืจ ืฉืืืืืจ ืืฉื ืื ืืืขื (ืืืงืจื ืืดื), ืืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืื, ืืืื ืืจื ืื ืื ืืฉืืืื
[PURE OLIVE OIL.] The reason Scripture now mentions the section dealing with the pure olive oil is that the Torah earlier recorded the fire offering of each festival [offered on the altar] and now has to mention the [show]bread and the menorah as the complement ofย the table [of the showbread].
Ibn Ezra Bย (1088/89-1164 or 1092-1167); โthe Long Commentaryโ
ืืื ืขืืจื ื'
on Exodus 27:20ย
ืืืขืืืช ื ืจ ืชืืืย โ ืืื ืชืฉืชืืื ืืขืืืจ ืืฉืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืฉืืืื (ืฉืืืช ืืดื:ืืดื-ืืดื), ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืฉืื. ืจืง ืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืืื.
ืืฉ ืื ืื ืืืงืืืืช ืฉืฉื ืืชืื, ืฉืืืืจื ืืืืช ืืื, ืืืืขื: ืืืจืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืขืคืืฉ ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืงืฆืชื, ืืืื ื ืืขืฉื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืขื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืื: ืื ืืคื ื ืืชืืช.
Alhatorah.org[1]: โAnd thou shalt commandโ means that there is an eternal command upon the congregation to continually provide olive oil to kindle a perpetual light. Do not be troubled by the oil which the princes brought. It was anointing oil. The congregation, on the other hand, was obligated to bring oil for the light.
There is a practice in countries where olives grow to choose pure olives, that is, olives that do not have any rot on them or olives that have not been partially eaten. These olives are then used to make oil for the king's food. This is the reason that Scripture mentions โpureโ before โbeaten.โ
R. Abraham b. Rambamย (1186-1237)
ืจ' ืืืจืื ืื ืืจืืืดื
ืืืชื ืชืฆืื (ืืืณ) ืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืืชืืชย โ ื ืืืจ ืื ืื ืืืฆื ืืืืชืชื (ืืฉืข' ื:ืื) ืืืื ืืืืช ื ืืกืฃ ืืื ืฉืืย ื ืืชืฉ ืืคื ื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืฆื ืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืจืืช ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืช ืื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืื ืดืื ืืชืืชืด.
Chatgpt, modified:
โYou shall commandโฆ pure olive oil beaten.โ ย This (ืืชืืช) is formed from (the same root as in) โSo that no shard is left in its breakage (ืืืชืชื)โ (Isa 30:14), and the olives should be collected by hand, and pressed before the time of their ripening. And the first oil that is extracted from it is for the lamps, and the second oil is for the meal offerings, for they do not require โpure beaten olive oil.โโ
READING: most likely,ย READING A, oil of [pressed pure olives] (like Ibn Ezra]
Disambiguation Expression:ย the pairing of โืื ืืชืืชโ indicates that both adjectives apply to a single referent; the comment focuses on โthe oliveโ (in the singular, as a collective plural) as its subject and says that the olive (collection) is ย pressed, in the niphโal, ื ืืชืฉ, used as an equivalent for ืืชืืช.
Bekhor Shorย (12th century)
ืืืืจ ืฉืืจ
ืืืชื ืชืฆืื ืืืงืืืย ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืืชืืช โ ืืคื ืฉืืืจ ืกืชื ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืงืื ืื ืชืจืืื (ืฉืืืช ืืดื:ืืณ), {ืคืืจืฉ}ืย ืืืื ืืืย ืื ืฉืื, ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืชืืช, ืืคืืจืฉ ืื ืืขืฉื ืืื ื, ืืื ืืืืืง ืืช ืืื ืืจื.
ื. ืืืดื ืืื ืื 52 ื ืืกืฃ ืืืขืืช ืขื ืกืืื ื ืืืืงื: ืื ืชืจืืื. ย ื. ืืืฉืืื ืขืดืค ืืืงืื ื. ย ื. ืื ืืืืงืื ื. ืืืดื ืืื ืื 52 ืืืขืืช: ืืื.
Parashat Tetzaveh โ AND YOU, YOU SHALL COMMAND AND THEY SHALL TAKE TO YOU PURE PRESSED OLIVE OIL โ Since it says just oil for the light in [the pericope] โTake for Me Terumahโ (Exod 25:6), {Scripture explains} here what kind of oil, that they shall only bring pure pressed [oil], and [Scripture] details what they will make from it, and who will light the menorah.
Chizkuniย (R. Chizkiyah b. Manoach; 13th century)
ืืืงืื ื
ืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืืชืืชย โ ืืคื ืฉืกืชื ืืืชืื ืืืจืื ืืคืจืฉืช ืชืจืืื, ืคืืจืฉ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืื.
ืืย โ ืคืจืดืฉ: ืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืื ืฉืฉื ืื ื ืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืช ืืืืณ. ืืืื ืคืจืดืฉ: ื ืืื ืืืืงื ืืจืืืจ. ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืคื ืฉืขืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืฉื, ืืจืืฉ ืืืืช ืฉืื ืืชืืฉืืื ืฉื ืชืืืื ืืคื ืฉืืืื ืืืจืืช ืขืืืื ืืืืฉืืชื.
Translation viaย sefaria.org, lightly edited. (Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk):
ืฉืื ืืืช ืืชืืช, โclear oil of beaten olives.โ Seeing that in Exodus 25,2, the Torah had described that oil as simply โfor illumination,โ without specifying details, now it specifies for you, which oil.. Rashi adds that this oil was to be completely free from any residues. According to the author, Rashi also discusses the collection of individual grains of olives being permissible for profane use as long as they had not ripened. [My sources claim that they have been unable to find such a Rashi. He also claims that the olives on the top of the tree are the first ones to ripen. Ed.]
R. Bahya b. Asherย (1255-1340)
ืจ' ืืืื
ืืืชื ืชืฆืื ืืช ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืงืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืืชืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืขืืืช ื ืจ ืชืืื โ ืืืงืื ืืืื ืืฉืขื ืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืจ ืืกืืฃ ืืคืจืฉื ืืงืช ืขืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืจ ืื ืืฆืื ืื ืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืฉืขื ืขืดื ืืืฆืจื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืฉืขื ืืืืจ ืื ืฉืืืฆืื ืืฉืขื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืช ืืืขื ืฉืืจ ืฉืื, ืฉืื ืฉืืืฉืืื, ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืฆื ืืื.
ืืืืจย ืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืคืจื ืืฉื ื ืืืฉืืืฉื.
ืืชืืช ืฉืื ืืืืฆื ืขื ืืื ืืชืืฉื ืืืขื ืฉืื ืืืืฆื ืืืืื.
ืืืืืจ ืืชืืช ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืช, ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืฉื ื ืืื ืืืช. ืืื ืื ืืขืืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืฉืื ืจืข ืืืืงื ืื ืจ, ืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืฉืื ืืื ื ืืชื ื ืืชืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืคื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืฉื ื ืืื ืืืช.
ืืืืืจืฉ ืืชืืช ืื ืืงืืฉ ืจืืฉืืย ืฉืขืื ืชืดื ืฉื ื ืืงืืฉ ืฉื ื ืชืดื ืฉื ืโฆ
"As for you, you are to command the Children of Israel that they take for you pure, pressed olive oil for illumination, to kindle the lamp to burn constantly." โฆ
The Torah mentioned the words "olive oil" to exclude any other kind of oil.
The reason the Torah specifies the grade of olive oil, i.e. ืืืช ืื, was to let us know it was to be from the first part of the oil extracted from the olives.
The word ืืชืืช, pressed, was to tell us that the olives were to be squeezed, i.e. crushed, to extract the oil. Any oil which simply oozed out of the olives without their having been crushed first was not acceptable.
The word ืืืืืจ, "for illumination," indicates that only for illumination did all the aforementioned restrictions apply. โฆ
A Midrash points out that the numerical value of the word ืืชืืช is 830, suggesting the combined number of years that the first and second Temples were standing, i.e. 410 and 420 years respectivelyโฆ
R. Yehuda b. Elazar (Minchat Yehuda)ย 13th -14th century
ืื ืืช ืืืืื
ืืชืืช ืืืืืจย โ ืคืืจืฉืดื ืืชืืช[2]ย ืืืืชืฉืช ืืืื ื ืืืื[3]ย ืืจืืืืื ืืืืณ ืืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืจืดื ืืืื ืืจืื ื ืืืื ื ืืืืืณ ืืื ืืืช. ืืฉืื ืืื ืคืืจืฉืดื ืืืืื ืืจืดื ืืฉืื ืืกืชื ืืฉื ื ืืื ืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืชืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืชืดื. ืืกืชื ืกืคืจื ืจืดื.
Rashi explained: โcrushed[4]ย in a mortar and ย not ground[5]ย in a mill etc.โ And this is according to the view of R. Judah for according to the Sages, he grinds it, as it says in Menahot. And perhaps Rashi explained according to R. Judah for this reason, because the anonymous mishna in Menahot is like his view, or maybe [because] it is taught that way in Torat Kohanim, and the anonymous Sifra is Rabbi Judah.
Tur Long Commentaryย (1269 - 1343)
On Exodus 27:20
ืืืชื ืชืฆืืย
ืืืจ ืืื ืชืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืงืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืคืืณ ืฉืืงืื ืืืชื ืืคื ืื ืืืชื ืืขืฆืื ืชืจืื ื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืชืืช ืืจืืื
It says here, โcommand themโ that โthey should take to you oilโฆ for illuminationโ, meaning that they should take it before you and you yourself shall inspect it, if it is pure and pressed as it should be.
ืจืืืดื
ืืชืืช โ ืืจืฆืื ืื, ืืคื ืืืจืืช ืืืืจ, ืฉืืืื ืืืชืฉืื ืืืืชืื ืืืชื ืื ืืกื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืื ื ืืื, ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืจ, ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืชืจ ื ืืืจ ืืืืืจ. ืืจืืื ืฉืชืืข ืื ืืืืืจ ื ืืงืืง ืืฉืื ืืืช ืฉืืืื ืืชืืช, ืืื ืื ื ืืงืืง ืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืช, ืฉื ืืืจ:ย ืืชืืช ืืืืืจ โ ืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืงืคืื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืชืืืจ ืื ืื ืฉืืืจื ืืชืืจื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืช ืฉืืืื ืืชืืช - ืืื ื ืืขืื, ืืื ืืืฆืื ืื ืืืืืืจ.
ืจืืืดื ืชืืขืืช
ืืืืื ืฉืืจืฉื ืืืช ืืืฆืื ืื ืืจืืขื: ืืฉืืจืฉ ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืงืื ืื ืืช ืืื ืืจื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืืชืืช, ืืืืคื ืฉืชืขืื ืืื ืืจื ื ืจ ืชืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืฉืืกืคืืง ืืืขืืืช ื ืจ ืืขืจื ืขื ืืืงืจ, ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืึดืฉึฐืืึทื ืฉืชืขืื ื ืจ ืชืืื, ืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื; ืืฉืืขืจื ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืฆื ืืื ืืื ื ืจ; ืืืจ ื ืชืืืจ ืื ืืฉืืจืฉ ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืื (ืื, ื) ืืืขืฉืืจื ืืื ืืืช. ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืชืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืชืืื ืืคืชืืื ื ืืื ื ืื ืฉืืชืืงื ืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืงืืืช, ืืืืคื ืฉืชืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืขืืื ืืืืื, ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืึดืฉึฐืืึทื ืื ืฉืชืขืื ื ืจ ืชืืื; ืืืจ ื ืชืืืจ ืื ืืฉื ื ืืฉืืช (ืื, ื).
ืืชืืช What Scripture intends by this, according to the defining instruction, is that they should crush the olivesย and place them in a basket, and the oil that flows from them without any outside loading at all, is valid for lighting, and it is the choicest oil for lighting. You should know that for the lighting, we are punctilious about using olive oil that is pressed, but we are not punctilious about this for the oil of meal offerings. As it is written, 'ืืชืืช ืืืืืจ' - it clarifies by this that it is only for the lighting alone that we must insist upon this. And from here, it becomes clear that what the Torah said about the oil of meal offerings being ืืชืืช - it is not to prevent [the use of any other oil] but for [observing] the commandment from the most choice.
ืจืืืดื ืชืืขืืช
The fundamental principles of this commandment are four: The first principle is that the oil used for lighting the menorah must be ืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืืชืืช in a way that the menorah is constantly lit. For this, it is necessary that there be enough oil in it to keep a light burning from evening until morningโฆ
Ralbag on Lev 24:2
(ื-ื) ืฆื ืืช ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืงืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืืชืืช ืืืืืจ โ ืื ื ืืชื ื ืืฉืื ืืืืืจ, ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืจื, ืฉืืืื ืฉืื ืืืช, ืื ืฉืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืขืฉื ืืื ืฉืื, ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืึดืืื ืืื. ืืืืจย ืื ืืชืืช, ืืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืฆื ืืืืืช ืขื ืฆื ืืืชืืฉื, ืืืืืช ืืขืื ื ืืงืืจื, ืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืย ืืื ืกืคืง. ืืืืจ ืืชืืืจ ืื ืื ืืืืื ืฉืืฆื ืืืขื ืืื ืืืจ ืกืืืืชื, ืืขืฆืื, ืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืฆื ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืขืื ื ืืงืืจื, ืื ืืืจ ืืชืขืจื ืขืื ืืืข ืืฉืืจืื ืฉืืฆื ืืื, ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืฉ. ืืืคื ืฉืื ืืชื ื ืฉืืืื ืืชืืช ืื ืื ืืืืืจ, ืืืื ื ืฉืฉืืจ ืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืืืืช ืืืจ ืืฉืื ืื ืืืจ, ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืช.ย ืืืื ืื ืืชื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืช, ืืื ืืืจ ืณืืฉืืืณ; ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืช ืืคืจืฉืช ืืืงืจื ืืืืืช ืืคืจืฉื ืืืคืจืฉืช ืคื ืืก. ืืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืจ ื ืืืจ ืฉื ืืื ืืช ืชืืื ืฉื ืฉืืจ: ืณืืฉืื ืืชืืชืณ (ืืืืืจ ืื, ื), ืื ืืืจ ืื ืื ืื ืืคืจืฉืช ืืืชื ืชืฆืื (ืฉืืืช ืื, ื), ืื ื ืืื ืืืฆืื, ืื ืืขืื. ืืืขืื ืขื ืื ืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืื: ืณืืชืืช ืืืืืจืณ - ืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืงืืช ืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืืชืืช ืื ืื ืืืืืจ, ืื ืืื ืืืช. ืืขืื ืื ืืืจ ืชืืฆื ืืฉื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืืคืจืฉืช ืฉืื ืื, ืฉืื ืืืชื ื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืื ืืชืืช; ืืื ืชืืฆื ืืื ืืืช ืื ืืืจืืช ืืคืจืฉืช ืืืงืจื, ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืฉื ืื ืื ืณืฉืืืณ, ืืื ืืืชื ื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืชืืช.
"Command the children of Israel to take pure beaten olive oil ( ืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืืชืืช) for you to light the lamp. Here, it was specified concerning the oil of the lamp that it should be olive oil, not oil from other substances like nuts, sesame, or similar items. And it says 'pure crushed,' to teach that this oil should come from the olive by crushing alone, without being ground with a beam. This is because such oil is undoubtedly purer. This can be understood from wine that comes from grapes after they are squeezed, on their own, as it is far superior to the wine that comes afterward with pressing, as the natural yeast mixes with it. This is evident from the sense experience. Since it was not stipulated that it should be 'crushed' for anything other than the lamp, we learn that all other oils that come from olives after the mentioned oil are fit for offerings. Therefore, nothing was specified about the meal offerings, but it simply says 'with oil.' This is evident from the meal offerings in the portions of Vayikra, this portion (Emor), and the portion of Pinchas. Even though it is already said there in the daily morning offering,ย 'with crushed oil' (Numbers 28:5), it is written for the sake of commandment, not to restrict. This is evidenced by what is said here: 'crushed for the lamp,' indicating that only for the lamp should they take pure, crushed olive oil, not for meal offerings. Additionally, you can find that when the meal offerings are discussed in Parshat Shlach, it was not specified that the oil should be 'crushed.' The same can be found in the meal offerings mentioned in the portion of Vayikra, where it is not stated that it should be 'crushed.'"
Mizrachiย 1450 - 1526
ืืืจืื
ืืย ืืื ืฉืืจืื. ืืืชื ืื ืืื ืืืช ืืคืจืณ ืื ืงืจืื ืืช ืฆืืืจ ืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืงืย ืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืชืืช ืืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืชืืฉย ืืคืืจืฉ ืจืฉืดื ื ืงื ืืืื ืืืชื ืฉืืืฆื ืืื ืืขืื ื ืืกืืื ืืคืืื ื ืืื ื ืืืชืื ืืจืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืชืืฉ ืืืืชืฉืช ืขื ืืื ืื ืงืืืคืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืจืื ื ืกืืจื ืื ืืงืคืืื ืชืืจื ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืฆื ืืื ืืขืื ืช ืงืืจื ืืกืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืจืื ืื ืื ืืชืืฉ ืืดื ืืืื ืืงืกืืจื ืฉืฉื ืืชืืช ืฆืืืง ืขื ืฉื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืกืืจ ืืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืชืืฉ ืืื ืืืดืข ืื ืืื ืฉืืจืืย ืืฉืืข: ืืื ืฉืฉื ืื ื ืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืช ืืืณ. ืืื ืื ืจืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืงืจื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ื ืงืณ ืืืชื ืื ืืืจืืชื ืืืขืื ืืขืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืืฉื ื ืืื ืืื ืืดืค ืืืืฆื ืืื ืขืืฉื ืฉืืฆื ืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืื ืฉืฉื ืื ื ืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืช ืืืืชืฉ ืื ืืชื ืืชืื ืืกื ืื ืจืืฉืื ืืขื ืืงืืจื ืื ืฉื ื ืืืื ืืืขื ืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืืืช ืืคืืจืฉ ืจืฉืดื ืืืจืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืช ืืจืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืืฉื ืืชืื ืืงืชื ื ืืืชื ืืชืื ืฉืืฉื ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืฉื ืฉืืฉื ืฉืื ืื ืื ืืืจืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืฉื ื ืื ืืืขื ื ืืืืณ ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืงืข ืืื ืืืขืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืฉืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืชืฉื ืื ืืชื ื ืืชืื ืืกื ืืื ืืขืื ืช ืงืืจื ืืืืชืืฆื ืืื ื ืงืจื ืจืืฉืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืจื ืืืฉืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืช ืฉืืืื ืฉืืืชืื ืื ืขืดื ืืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืช ืืคืขื ืืจืืฉืืณ ืื ืืขื ืืื ืืคืขื ืืฉื ื ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืขืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืคืขื ืืฉืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืชืฉื ืื ืืชื ืืกื ืืื ืืขืื ืช ืงืืจื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืฉ ืืชืืื ืืืื ื ืงื ืืืืฉื ืื ืืืฉื ื ืืืืจืืจื ืืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืจืจืจื ืชื ื ืื ืืืืืื ืชื ื ืืคืฉืื ืืืืืื ืชื ื ืืืชื ืืณ ืืืณ: ืืชืืช ืืืชืื ืืื ืืืชืฉ ืืืืชืฉืช ืืืื ื ืืืื ื ืืจืืื ืืืณ. ืืขืดื ืืจืื ื ืคืืืื ืขืืื ืืจืณ ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืชืืฉ ืืงืืืจื ืื ืฉื ื ืืชืืฉ ืืดืฉ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืืคืืื ืืื ื ืงื ืืจื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืชืดืง ืืืชื ืืณ ืกืืืจื ืืื ืืจืณ ืืืืื ืืื: ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืคืกืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืชโฆ
"Pure without lees". As it's taught in the tractate Menachot, in the context of public offerings, "pure" means "clean." Rabbi Judah says "crushed," which means thoroughly crushed, and Rashi explains "clean" as someone who removes even the clear liquid from it, if it leaks out in buckets, even if they were ground in the mill. Rabbi Judah says, "Crushed" means "thoroughly crushed in the mill." Up to this point, there is no disagreement except concerning Rabbinic caution. They [the Sages] hold that the Torah only cared that it not contain lees, and since that which comes out [of the olives] without being loaded on the beam in baskets does not contain lees, what does it matter if they were crushed by the mill or the millstone? And Rabbi Judah holds, "Crushed" means "thoroughly crushed in the mill." But for all [other] "pure without lees" it implies "crushed." As we have learned in Menachot: He pours it at the top of the olive. This is not proof of his words, for the verse is complete [in saying] "pure," and "pure" means "clean." As it's taught in the Beraita above, furthermore, his words are not [found in] a Mishnah, but rather the Baraita. Just as they disagree here, [so they disagree] there. And how does he prepare it? The oil comes out pure without lees. As we have learned in Menachot: He pours it at the top of the olive. Rashi explains, "At the top of the olive," one kernel from here and one kernel from here. If it was from the olive of the first, or if he ground it on the roof until the all was consumed and then poured it into the basket, it is called the first and is fit for the menorah. The rest is for the meal-offeringsโฆ.
Mizrachi on Lev 24;2
ืฉืื ืืืช ืืย ืืณ ืฉืื ืื ืืืฆืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืงืจืื ืื ืืื ืืคืืจืฉืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืชืดื. ืืืื ืืื ืืืชืฉ ืืืืชืื ืื ืืชื ื ืืชืื ืืกื ืืืฉืื ืืชืืฆื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืขืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืจื ืืฉื ื ืืืจ ืฉืืืชืฉื ืื ืืชื ื ืืชืื ืืกื ืืืขื ื ืืืฉืื ืืชืืฆื ืืืืฆื ืืฉืืืฉื ืืืฆืืื ืื ืืกื ืืืืื ื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืชื ื ืืชืื ืืกื ืืืืขื ื ืืืฉืื ืืชืืฆื ืืืืฆื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืฉืืืฉื ืคืกืืืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืช:
"Pure olive oil: Three pourings of oil come out ย from the olive. The first is called "pure," and they are explicitly detailed in Menachot and the Talmud Yerushalmi. The first of them: he crushes the olives and places them in a basket. The oil is extracted from them, and it comes out without a first and second "Tehinah" (grinding and loading), and this is the first oil used for the menorah. The second one, after he has crushed them and placed them in a basket, grinds them, loads them, and the oil is extracted. This is the second oil. The third one removes them from the basket, grinds them, then returns them to the basket and loads them, and the oil is extracted. This is the second and third [oils]. The second and third are disqualified for the menorah but are valid for meal offerings."
Abarbanelย (1437 -1508)
ืืืจืื ืื
ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืชื ื ืื ืจืืช ืืื ืืจื ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืช. ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืชื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืขืฆืื ืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืืื ืืชืืช ืฉืืืชืชื ืืืืช ืืืืชืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืฆื ืืื ื ืืืคื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืจื ืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืคืฉ ืืืคืงืืชื ืืืืคื ืืืคื. ืืืืื ืืคื ืื ืืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืคื ืฉืืขืื ืืื ืื ืจ ืชืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืขืืืจืืช ืืฉืื. ืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืง ืืื ืืขืืจื ืขื ืืฉืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืฉืจ ืืืืืจ. ืืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืืจ. ืืืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืชืืช ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืขืื ื ืืืจ ืืงืจ ืืื ืื ื ืืฆื ืืื ืืฆื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืชื ืืื ืืืชื. ืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ืงืื ืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืื ื ืืืจืื. ืืืจืืืดืข ืืชื ืฉืืืจื ืื ืืชืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืืืช ืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืื ืืขืืคืฉ ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืชืืช ืืืืชืฉืช ืืืื ืชืืืจ ืืืืช.
And it is said, 'olive oil,' to specify that they should not place in the lamps of the menorah walnut oil, sesame oil, fish oil, or any other oils, but only olive oil. Moreover, it should be of high quality, meaning the oil itself should be pure, ืื, ย without sediment. And it should be ืืชืืช-that they should crush the olive in a press, and the first drop that comes out, the purest one, is the suitable one for the menorah. For pure oil shines perfectly, and this gladdens the soul and opens it up, and the opposite is the case for the opposite [i.e., impure oil]. According to this, the word ืื refers to โoilโ, meaning that it should be pure and not murky, in a way that the flame of the lamp ascends constantly without being extinguished due to the oil's murkiness. In fact, oil [extracted] from the olive by grinding ืืืืืง, gets mixed with sediment, and therefore, it is not suitable for lighting. But it is acceptable for meal offerings and for anointing bread, as I will explain. And since this is the pure oil that comes from the olive ืืชืืช, and not by grinding ืืืขืื ื, it is a valuable thing. Therefore, it was found only by the chiefs of the tribes, who donated it. However, during the time when Israel resided in the land, they would purchase it from the Chamber, as our sages of blessed memory noted. And Ibn Ezra wrote that when it says ย ืื ืืชืืช ืืืืืจ, this refers to โoliveโ and not to ย โoilโ; i.e., the olive should be pure and not rotten, and the olive should be ืืชืืช in a press, and everything is a modifier of โolive."
Toledot Aharon: ย Sources: (b.Meg 29b - 30a?); b.Ber 57a; b.Men 86b
R. Judah Loew of Prague (Maharal)ย (1520 -1609)
ืืืจ ืืจืื
ืืย ืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืื ืฉืฉื ืื ื ืืืณ. ืืืื ืคืืจืืฉื ืืืฉืืขื ืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืจ, ืฉืืฉ ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืชืจ ืืฉืื, ืืื ืื ืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืขืืจ ืืืจ ืื, ืืืคืืื ืืื ืคืืจืืฉื ืืืฉืืขื ืฉืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืืจ, ืืื ืคืืจืืฉ ืณืืืจืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืชืณ.
ืืืฉ ืืคืจืฉืื ืืืืื ืดืืืช ืืืด ืืืชืื ืืงืจื ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืช ืืื ืื, [ื]ืื ืืื ืคืืจืืฉื ืฉืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืืชื ืดืืชืืชืด ืชืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืดืืืด, ืืื ืดืืชืืชืด ืงืื ืืืืชืื ืืดืืืด ืืฉืื, ืืื ืดืืืด ืงืื ืืืืช.
ืืจืืฉืื ื ืจืื ืื ืขืืงืจ: ืืืจืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืช. ืคืืจืืฉ, ืฉืืืงืื ืืจืืจืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืช ืืงืื ืฉืื ืจืืืื ืืืชืืฉื, ืฉืืืื ืืืจืืช ืฉื ืชืืื ืืืืื (ืจืฉืดื ืื ืืืช ืคื ืขืดื): ืืืื ื ืืืื ื ืืจืืืืื ืืืณ. ืืื ืชืืืจ, ืืืจื ืืืจ ืืชืื ืดืฉืื ืืืช ืืืด ืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืจืื, ืืื ืืื ื ืืฉ ืื ืฉืืจืื, ืืืฉ ืืืืจ ืืื ืืชื ืงืจื ืฉืืืื ืืืจืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืช, ืืื ืดืืชืืชืด ืืืชื ืืคื ื ืขืฆืื, ืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืงืคืื ืจืง ืืืืช ืฉืืืื ืื, ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืช ืื โ ืืื ืืฉืื ืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืฃ ืขื ืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืงืฆืช ืฉืืจืื, ืืื ืื ืื ืื ื ืืฉื, ืฉืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืจืื, ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืขืฆืื ืื ืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืื ื ืื, ืืื ืฆืจืื ืดืืชืืชืด ืณืืื ืืืืืณ. ืืื ืืชื ืดืืชืืชืด, ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืงื ืฉืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืงืคืื, ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืื, ืืืฉ ืื ืขืืืจืืช ืืจืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืช ืืื ืื ืขืืืจืืช ืื ืื: ืฉื ืืืจ ืืชืืช ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช. ืืื ืืืชืื (ืจืณ ืืืื ืื, ื) ืดืืขืฉืจืื ืกืืืช ืืชืืช ืจืืข ืืืืืด, ืืืฉืืข ืืืขืื ื ืืชืืช, ืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืืดืืชืืช ืืืืืจืด ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืืชืืช ืืืืืจ, ืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืคืกืื ืืชืืช, ืชืืืื ืืืืจ ืดืืขืฉืจืื ืกืืืช ืืชืืช ืจืืข ืืืืืด, ืืืืฉืืจ ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช. ืืืื ืืืงืฉืืช ืื ืืืชืื (ืืื) ืดืืืืืจืด ืืื, ืืืฉืชื ืื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืชืื ืดืืขืฉืจืื ืกืืืช ืืชืืชืด, ืืืฉืชื ืืืจืื ื ืดืืชืืชืด ืืื ืืจื ืืืงื, ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืช ืื ืฆืจืื ืืชืืช, ืืื ืื ืืชืื ืดืืชืืชืด ืจืง ืืื ืื ืืจื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืื ืงืฉืื, ืืืืื ืืืจืื ื ืืื ืืืชืื ืดืืชืืชืด ืืื ืื ืืจื, ืืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืื, ืฉืืฉ ืฉืืจืื ืืชืืื, ืื ืืงืจื ืณืฉืืืณ, ืืืืืื ืคืกืื ืืฃ ืืื ืืืช, ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืฉืื, ืืื ืืืฆืจื ืืืชืื ืดืืชืืช ืืืืืจืด ืืื ืืื ืืืช. ืืืื ืฉืื ืชืืขื ืืืืจ ืืคืื, ืดืืชืืช ืืืืืจืด ืืื ืืื ืืืช ืคืกืื ืืชืืช, ืืฉืื ืฉืืขืื ื ืืชืืง, ืืฉืื ืฉื ืืื ืืฉ ืื ืืชืืงืืช ืืคื, ืืื ืืืฆืจื ืืืืชื ืดืืขืฉืจืื ืกืืืช ืืชืืช ืจืืข ืืืืืด: ืืื ืชืืืจ, ืื ืืืชืื ืดืืืืืจืด, ืืื ื ืืืขืื ื ืืื ืืขื ืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช, ืืื ืืขื ืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช, ืื ืืืชืื ืดืืชืืชืด ืืื ืื ืืจื, ืืชืืชื ืืงื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืขืื ื ืดืืชืืชืด, ืืื ืืืืื ืดืืชืืชืด ืืื ืื ืืจื, ืฉืืข ืืื ื ืืชืืช ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืื, ืืื ืฉืืฉืจ ืฉืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช, ืืืคืืื ืฆืจืื ืงืจื ืืื ืื ืืจื ืืืฆืื, ืืืฉ ืืชืจืฅ ืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืช ื ืื ืืฆืื ืืื, ืืืคืืื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืชื [ืดืืชืืชืด] ืืื ืื ืืจื, ืืืืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืืช ืืื ืืขื ืดืืืด โ ืคืกืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืื ืื ืืจื ืืืขื ืฉืื ืื, ืืืืจืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืช ืืืขืฆืื ืืฉืื ืื, ืืืคืืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืฉืจ, ืงื ืืฉืืข ืื ืืืขื ืดืฉืื ืืืช ืืืด: ืืื ืชืืืจ, ืืฉืชื ื ืื ื ืืื ืืืขืืื ืืขื ืืชืืช ืืื ืื ืืืช, ืืื ืืืขืื ืืชืืช โ ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื, ืฉืืื ืฉืื ืืืช ืื, ืื ืื ืืขื ืืชืืช, ืืืฉ ืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืชื ืณืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืืืชืืชืณ, ืืืืืชืื ืดืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืืชืืชืด ืฉืืข ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืื ืงืืืจ; ืดืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืืืืืด ืดืืชืืช ืืืืืด, ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืื ืฆืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืชืืช. ืืขืื, ืืื ืื ืื ืืืชืื ืดืืืืืจืด, [ื]ืืืื ืชืืกืง ืืืขืชื ืืืืจ ืืืขืื ื ืฉืื, ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืจื, ืฉืืข ืืื ื ืืื ืืขื ืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืช, ืืื ืงืจื ืืชื ืืืขืื ืื ืืชืืช, ืืคืืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืช, ืืคืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืช ืื ืืขื ืืชืืช ืืื: ืขื ืฉืชืื ืฉืืืืช ืขืืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืื ืื ืณืืืืืืง ื ืจ ืชืืืืณ ืืืขื ืืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืืืง ืขื ืฉืชืื ืฉืืืืช ืขืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืืืง ืืคืชืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืงืช ืขืฆืื ืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืฆืื ืืื ื ืืืงืช, ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืืืงื ืขื ืฉืชืื ืืฉืืืืช ืขืืื ืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืคื ืื ืดืืืขืืืช ื ืจ ืชืืืืด ืฉืืืื ืืืืืงื ืขื ืฉืชืืื ืขืืื: โฆ
"Pureืด: โwithout impuritiesโ- as we have learned. This does not mean that there should be no impurities in them, as there is no measure for this matter, for there is oil that is purer than (other) oil. If that were the case, we wouldn't know the measure of this matter. Therefore, its meaning is not as it appears, that it should be pure without impurities. Instead, its meaning is โgrinding at the top of the olive.โ
Some commentators say that certainly โpure oliveโ that is written in the Torah means to say that the oliveย is pure.[For] if the meaning were that the oilย should be pure, it should have written 'katit' (crushed) first, and afterward 'zach' (pure), since ''katit'' refers to olives, and 'zach'' refers to oil. But, here 'pure' refers to olives.
But the first interpretation seems [correct] to me: the main interpretation is 'grinding at the top of the olive.'"
On Lev 24:2, the Maharal cites the Talmud in Menachot:
ืฉืืฉื ืฉืื ืื ืืืฆืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืืืณ. ืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืช (ืคื.) ; ืืืชืฉ ืืืชืื ืื ืืชื ื ืืชืื ืืกื, ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืชืืฆื ืืืืื โ ืืื ืจืืฉืื. ื ืืชื ื ืืกื ืืืืขื ื, ืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืฉื ื. ืืืืฆื ืื ืืกื, ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืจืืืื, ืืฉืื ืืืืฆื ื ืงืจื ืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉื. ืืจืืฉืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืจื, ืืฉื ื ืืืฉืืืฉื ืคืกืื ืืื ืืจื, ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืช:
"Three types of oil come out of the olive, as it is mentioned in Menachot (page 86). The first is produced by crushing the olives and placing them in a basket, and the oil that emerges naturally from them is the first oil. The second type is when they are placed in a basket and are pressed, and this oil is the second type. The third type is obtained by taking the oil that comes out and pressing it further with a mortar and pestle. The oil that comes out of this process is called the third oil. The first oil is fit for use in the menorah (the Temple's seven-branched candelabrum), while the second and third oils are disqualified for the menorah but are suitable for use in meal offerings."
R. Shabtai Bass (Siftei Chakhamim)ย (1641-1718)
ืฉืคืชื ืืืืื
ืื ืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืณ. ืคืืจืืฉ ืฉืื ืชืชืื ืืืื ืืฆืื ื ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืื ืฉืืจืื ืืื ืชื ื ืืคืณ ืืืคืงืื ืจืณ ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืฃ ืืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืืงืง ืื ืืืืช ืืฉื ื ืืงืื ืขืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืฉืืจืื ืืืื ืฉืดื ืฉืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืคืจืฉ ืืื ืฉืฉื ืื ื ืืืืณ: ืืืจืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืช ืืืืณ. ืคืืจืืฉ ืืืงื ืืืชื ืืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืช ืืจืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืคื ืฉืืืชื ืืชืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืจืื: ืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืณ. ืืืฉืืื ื ืืจืืืื ืืฉ ืื ืฉืืจืื ืืขืดืค ืฉืืืจืืจื: ืืื ืืกื ืืจืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืณ. ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืคืกืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืฉืืจืื: ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืช ืืืณ. ืืืดืช ืื ืดื ืืจืฉืดื ืืฉืื ืฉื ื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืชืื ืขืฉืจืื ืกืืช ืืชืืช ืจืืืขืืช ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืงื ืืชืืช ืืืดื ืืืดื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืขืดื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืขื ืื ืืชืืช ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืคืืื ืฉืื ืฉื ื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืช. ืืืดืช ืืดื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืื ืื ืืดื ืืื ืื ืืชืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืดื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืงื ืฉืื ืฉื ื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืจืืฉืื ืืดื ืืชืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืฃ ืฉืื ืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืืช. ืืื ืชืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืฉืชืืง ืงืจื ืืืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืืขื ื ืืื ืืืชืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืฃ ืืชืืช ืืืฉืืข ืืื ืืืืงื ืืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืื ืฉืื ืฉื ื ืืดื ืืืฉืชืืง ืืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช ืื ืืืฃ ืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืชืืช ืืื ืฉื ื ืื. ืืืดื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืขื ืืืื ืืืช ืืฃ ืฉืื ืฉื ื ืืฉืจ ืืดื ืืฃ ืืื ืืืช ืืชืืช ืืืืงื ืืืดื ืืฉืชืืง ืืื ืื ืื ืืืฃ ืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืคืจื ืื ืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืื ื ืฆืจืืืื ืืดื ืืชืืช ืืืืงื ืืคื ื ืฉืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืจ ืืคืชืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืช ืฉื ื ืืืืงื ืืฉืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืชืจ ืืชืืงืืช ืืดื ืืชืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืืฃ ืืชืืช ืืื ืื ืงื ืจืฉืดื ืืชืืช ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช ืคืืจืฉ ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืฃ ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืงืดื: ืืืืืง ืขื ืฉืชืื ืืืณ. ืืงืฉื ืืจืฉืดื ืืื ืื ืืืชืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืณ ืืืชื ืืืขืืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืืืืืงื ืื ืขืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืขืืื: ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืงืจืื ืชืืื ืืืณ. ืืืืืจ ืืขืคืดื ืฉืืื ื ืืืืง ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืดื ืงืจืื ืชืืื ืืื ืฉืืชื ืืืฆื ืืฉืืจ ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ื ืชืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืคืดื ืงืจืืืื ืชืืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืจืฉืดื. ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืชืื ืืืชืื ืชืืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืฉืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืืืงื ืฉืืจื ืืืฆืืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืืฆืืชื ืืขืจื ืืืคืดื ืืืืจืื ืื ืชืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืขืืื ืืืืดืง: ืืื ืชืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืคื ืื ืืืณ. ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืคื ืื ืืืืณ ืืื ืืืืื ืจืืื ืฉื ืณ ืชืืื ืขืดืฉ ืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืืขืดืค ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืคืกืง ืฉืืจืืฉืื ื ืกืชืืง ืืืฉื ื ืืขืจืืืื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืคื ืฉืืืณ ืชืืื ืืืฉ ืฉืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืืช ืืฉืืช ืืืฃ ืืฉืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืชื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืจ ืชืืชืื ืื ืืื ืฉื ืืคืกืงื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืคื ืฉื ืื ืืชืื ืืคื ืฉื ืื:
Alhatorah.org:
Without sediment . . . Rashi explains this, lest we ask: How can oil have no sediment? It says in Bava Metzia 40a: R. Yehudah says that even refined oil has one and a half logim of sediment per one hundred logim of oil. This shows there is no oil without sediment. Therefore Rashi explains: "As we have learned . . . 'He lets it ripen. . .'" He lets it ripen on top of the olive tree. . . Meaning: he picks the olives growing at the top of the tree, one from here and one from there, because these olives are well ripened and do not have sediment. So that it would not contain sediment . . . When ground in a mill, it has sediment even if "he lets it ripen. . ." He would put them into a mill and grind them . . . Because the more [oil] he extracts from the olives, the more it contains sediment. Therefore, the second oil is unfit because of its sediment. But may be used for menachos . . . You might ask: How does Rashi know the second oil may be used for menachos? It is written: "And one-tenth of an eipha of fine flour, mixed with one-quarter of a hin of crushed olive oil" (29:40). Does this not imply that crushed is required [for menachos]? The answer is: Here it should not say, "[crushed] for lighting," [if it is true that crushed is required in other cases as well]. Perforce, "[crushed] for lighting" is written here to exclude another case: i.e., the oil must be crushed for lighting, but not for menachos. Thus we learn that the second oil may be used for menachos. You might object: Why does it say "crushed" regarding menachos, [if the second oil may be used]? The answer is: Otherwise, we might think that only the [tastier] second oil may be used for menachos, and not the first oil. Therefore it is written "crushed" regarding menachos, to teach that the first oil may also be used. You might object: If so, why does it say here, "crushed for lighting"? Had Scripture omitted this, we still would know [that "crushed" is required for lighting, and not for menachos]. For it is written "crushed" concerning menachos only to teach that crushed, too, may be used for menachos. [We would so understand it] because if [the "crushed" of menachos meant that] only crushed oil may be used for them, but not the second oil, it would not say "crushed" at all for menachos. Then, we would learn from the ["crushed" of the] lighting oil and apply it to menachos: only the crushed oil may be used, not the second oil. [Since it says "crushed" for menachos, perforce it teaches that crushed, too, may be used for them, although it is not as tasty. If so, why does it say, "crushed for lighting"?] The answer is: If "crushed" was not written at all that it may be used for menachos, we would not learn it (that crushed may be used) from the oil of lighting. This is because the two cannot be compared: the oil of lighting is different because it is needed for illumination. Since a wick draws crushed oil better, crushed oil is required [so the lamp will not go out]. But for menachos, [we might think that] only the second oil may be used, since it is sweeter [i.e., tastier]. Therefore, the "crushed" of menachos comes to teach that even crushed oil may be used for them. Accordingly, it says here, "crushed for lighting," to exclude [menachos from the requirement of crushed oil, since we might think that only the purer crushed oil may be used for them. It teaches] that for menachos, the second oil may also be used. When Rashi says ืืชืืช ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช , [this does not mean that crushed is unfit for menachos]. It means that crushed is not required for menachos; even ground oil may be used.
R. Eliyahu of Vilna (Vilna Gaon โ GR"A)ย (1720-1797)
ย ืืย โ ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืงื.
ย ืืชืืช. ืจืณ ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืชืืฉื. ืื ืืชืืช ืืืืืจ. ืืืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช. ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืชืืช ืคืกืื ืืื ืืืช ืชืดื ืืขืฉืจืื ืกืืช ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืชืืช.
The Vilna Gaon cites b.Menahot 86b
R. Naftali Herz Wesselyย (1725-1805)
ืฉืื ืืืช ืื โ ืดืื ืชืืืจ ืืฉืื, ืฉืืื ืื ืชืขืจืืืช ืฉืืจืื, ืืื ืดืึทืึผืึผ ื ืืืจืื ืืฉืืืด (ืืืื ื, ื), ืฉืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืงื ืืื ืื ืขืคืจืืจืืช. ืืื ืืขืช ืจืืืชืื ื5 ืืดื, ืืืื ืฉืคืืจืฉืดื ืืดื ืดืฉืืฉื ืฉืื ืื ืืืฆืืื ืื ืืืืช. ืืจืืฉืื ืงืจืื ืื, ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืจื, ืืืืชื ืฉืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืชืด. ืืจืืืดืข ืืดื ืคืืจืฉ ืืคืจืฉืช ืดืืืชื ืชืฆืืืด6 ืฉืื ืชืืจ ืืืืช, ืฉืื ืืืจืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืขืคืืฉ, ืื ืฉืื ื ืืืื ืงืฆืชื, ืืขื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืื ืดืืืด ืืคืื ืืชืืช [ืขืืดื]. ืืืขืื ื ืื ืืชืื ืืืืจ ืดืืืด ืขื ืคืจื ืืืืช ืืื ืชืืจ ืดืืืืด. ืืืชืืช ืขื ืื ืืืจ ืืฉ ืื, ืื ืื ืฆืืจื ืืืืจ ืืชืืช ืืื? ืฉืืืจ ืงืจืื ืดืฉืืืด, ืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืช ืืชืืช. ืืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืฉืืืฆืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืจื ืขื ืืื ืืชืืชื, ืื ืขืดื ืงืืจืืช ืืื ืขืดื ืืืื ื, ืืื ืฉืฉื ืื ื (ืื ืืืช ืคื, ื) ืดืืืจืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืช ืืืืชืฉ ืื ืืชื ืืชืื ืืกื, ืื ืจืืฉืื. ืืขื ืืงืืจื ืื ืฉื ื. ืืืื ืืืืขื ืื ืฉืืืฉื. ืืจืืฉืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืจื, ืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืืืชืด. ืืขื ืื ืืืชืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืื ืื, ืืืืืจ ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉืืืื ืืชืืช, ืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื7 ืืื ืื, ืื ืื ืืชืขืจื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืืฅ ืืื ืื ืืืื ืดืืืด.
unedited translation:
Pure olive oil โ "Pure" refers to the oil without any mixture of impurities, just like the snow is pure and clean, free from dirt. This is also the opinion of our Rabbis, and as Rashi explained, "Three types of oils come from the olive. The first one is called 'Zach' and is fit for the Menorah. Those that come after it are fit for meal offerings." Rabbeinu Avraham Ibn Ezra explained in Parshat "Tetzave" that 'Zach' refers to the olive oil, and specifically to the crushed olives that contain no sediment, or it has not been eaten at all, and therefore the Scripture mentions "pure" to refer to the broken olive. In my opinion, it is not possible to say "pure" about the fruit of the olive, but it should be referred to as "good." Sediment is another issue, as to why the need to say sediment at all, since it was already called "oil," and there is no oil other than olive oil. However, it comes to teach us that the oil is to be removed for the Menorah through crushing, not through beating or pressing, as we learned, "He crushes its top with a presser and then places it in a basket. This is the first stage. He claims it in the second stage. He grinds and claims it in the third stage. The first is fit for the Menorah, and the rest is fit for meal offerings." And the Scripture's concern that the oil should be "pure," and then it interprets that it should be crushed and neither beaten nor pressed, and if it is pure, then nothing from the outside is mixed with it, and this is also included in "pure."
R. Yitzchak Shemuel Reggio (Yashar)ย (1784 - 1855)
ืจ' ย ืืดืฉ ืจืืืืื
ืืย โ ื ืงื ืืื ืฉืืจืื:
ืืชืืชย โ ืืื ืืืชืฉ ืืืชืื ืืืืชืฉืช, ืืืื ื ืืืื ื ืืจืืืื, ืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืจืื. ืืืืจ ืฉืืืฆืื ืืืคื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืกื ืืจืืืื, ืืืืื ื, ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืคืกืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืืจ ืืชืืช ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช:
โZachโ โ pure, without impurities.
โKatitโ โ this refers to a process where the olives are crushed in a mortar without further grinding to prevent impurities. After extracting the initial droplets, they are then ground, and the second oil is disqualified for use in the menorah but is valid for meal offerings, as it is stated, โkatitย for the lamp, but not katitย for meal offerings.โ Lemaor โ the oil and wick upon which the flame adheres to illuminate, are called โmaor,โ as we explained (Genesis 1:14). Temid โ every night is referred to as โtemid,โ as you say, 'Olat Temid,' and it means daily.โ
R. Yaakov Mecklenburgย ย (1785-1865)
ืืืชื ืืืงืืื, ืจ' ืืขืงื ืฆืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืงืื ืืืจื
ืื ืืชืืชย โ ืขืณ ืจืฉืดื ืืื, ืืืคืณ ืืืืจ ืืดื ืืณ ืืืืืจ ืฉืืขืชื ืื ืื ืชืืจ ืืฉืื, ืืืณ ืฉืื ืื ืืืฆืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืงืจืื ืื, ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืช ืคืดื, ืืืขื ืช ืืจืืืดืข ืืื ื ื ืืขื ื, ืื ืื ืืืชืืืื ื ืจืื ืฉืืืช ืืชืืช ืื ืืื ืชืืืจ ืืฉืื ืื ืืืืช, ืืืขื ืฉืืฆืื ื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืชืืช, ืืื ืืขืฉืจืื ืืจ ืฉืื ืืชืืช (ืืืืื ื ืืณ ืืดื), ืืคืืจืฉืดื ืฉืื ื ืงื, ืฉืืื ืืืชืื ื ืืื ืื ืืจืืื, ืืื ืืืชืฉ ืืืืชืฉืช ืืืื ื ืืขืื ืฉืืจืื ืืดื ืืื ืืืืื, ืขืดื. ืืืดื ืื ืืื ืชืืจ ืืฉืื, ืืืงืืื ืื ืฉืจืดื ืฉืฉืื ืืืช ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืืช ืื, ืืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืฆื ืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืงืจื ืื, ืืืืกืืฃ ืืชืืช ืืืืจ ืฉืืฃ ืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืฉืืืฆืืื ื ืืืชืืฉื ืืืงื ืื ืืืืื ื, ืืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืฉื ื, ืืืจืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืช ืืืืชืฉื ืืืืณ ืืื ืฉืขื ืืืืช ืขืฆืื ืื ืืชืฉ ื ืืคื ืืืืจ ืืชืืช ืืืฉืื ืคืขืื ืืื, ืืืขืื ืืืชืืช, ืืื ืขื ืืฉืื ืืืืฆื ืืืืช ืืชืืฉ ื ืืคื ืืฉืื ืืชืืช, ืืืื ืืฉ ืืชืจืืื (ืืขืก ืจืืื ืกืืขื ืืขืฉืืึธืกืขื ืขื ืึธืืืืืขื ืึถืืก) (ืืจืืืดื), ืืขืืดืฉ ืืฉืื ืืชืืช.
unedited translation:
"Zach katit" โ See Rashi here and in Parshat Emor (Leviticus 24:2) where it is clear that his opinion is that 'zach' is a descriptor for the oil, not for the olive. There are three types of oil that come from the first olive, and they are called 'zach,' as explained in Menachot 46a. The argument of Rabbeinu Avraham ben HaRambam is not valid, for it appears from the Scriptures that the word 'katit' is also a description for the oil, not for the olive. And the evidence is that we find several times oil 'lul' with 'shemen katit,' and also 'twenty kor of oil katit' (1 Kings 5:25). Rashi explains 'shemen naki' as olives that are not ground in a mill but pressed with a press and do not produce dregs, just as the crushed olives, therefore 'naki' is a description for the oil. That is why he used 'zach' to mean that this olive oil needs to be pure, meaning that the first oil that comes from the olive, which is called 'zach,' and added 'katit' to say that even this first oil needs to be extracted through pressing, not through grinding. As is explicitly mentioned in the Mishnah (Menachot 46a): 'He grinds it on the head of the olive and he squeezes it,' but on the olive itself that is crushed, the word 'katit' does not fall, to say 'katat' in the active form, like 'and crush and grind.' But on the oil that comes from the crushed olive, 'katat' can be applied, and therefore, it should be translated as 'purified oil' (as R. Reinstein suggests). As mentioned in 'Shemen Katit .'"
R. Shemuel David Luzzattoย (Shadal) (1800-1865)
ืืืงืื ืืืื โ ืืงืื ืืืืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืงืื ื ื ืืื (ืืจืืณ ืืดื:ืืณ).
ืืชืืช โ ืชืืจ ืืฉืื, ืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืืช.
ืชืืื โ ืื ืขืจื ืืขืจื, ืืื ืืื ืืืืง ืืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืืงืจ, ืืืชืื ืืืงืจื ืฉืืืจ ืื.
katitย โ this describes the quality of the oil and similarly the word 'zach.' It does not refer to the olive itself.
R. Samson Raphael Hirschย (1808-1888)
ืจืฉืดืจ ืืืจืฉ
ืฉืื ืืืช ืืืืชื :ืฉืื ืืืช ,ืื ืืชืืช, am Baume gereift, am Baume Oฬl geworden. ืืชืืช, gepresst, nur durch Druck, aber nicht durch ืืืื ื, nicht durch zerreibendes oder zerreiรendes Mahlen aus der Frucht gewonnen (Menachot, Mischna 86a).
ืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืืชืืช ืืืืืจย โ ืดืฉืื ืืืช ืืืืชืืด โ ืืืืชืื ืฆืจืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืขื ืืขืฅ ืขื ืฉืืืฉืืื ืืืชืืืื ืฉืื. ืดืืชืืชืด โ ืฉืืืฆืืืื ืืช ืืฉืื ืขื ืืื ืืืฅ ืืงืืจื ืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืื ื ืืจืืืืื (ืขืืื ืื ืืืช ืคื. ืืจืฉืดื ืฉื).
ืฉืื ืืืช ืืืืชื :ืฉืื ืืืช ,ืื ืืชืืชโ Ripened on the tree, turned into oil on the tree.
ืืชืืชโ pressed, obtained solely through pressure, but not through grinding or crushing the fruit, as stated in Menachot, Mishna 86a.
Olive oil, pure, as clarified in Menachot 86a, signifies oil that ripened on the tree and became oil on the tree. "Crushed" denotes oil that is pressed, obtained solely through pressure, not by grinding or crushing the fruit.
R. Naftali Tzvi Yehuda Berlin (Netziv)ย (1816-1893)
ื ืฆืืดื
ืืชืืช ืืืืืจย โ ืืฉืขื ืฉื ืืชืช ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืืืจ. ืืืฉ ื ืคืงื ืืื ื ืืืขืฉื ืืฉืื, ืืฉืื ืืขืฆื ืืจ ืืืืช ืขืฆืื, ืืืฉืืืื ืื ืขืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืชืืงืื ืืืชื, ืืื ืื ืืชืืืื ื ืืชืช ืืืืืจ ืืจื ืืื ื ืงื ืืื ืืืืฃ ืืขืืจืื.
This is not a comment on the ambiguous words per se, but it indicates that oil is the referent of both โpressedโ and โpureโ, since the Netziv explains that pressed oil (ื ืืชืช in the niphal as synonym for ืืชืืช) that is produced specifically for purposes of lighting, where taste is not relevant, will be pure of additives that oils sometimes have when they are produced for other (food-related) purposes.
R. Baruch HaLevi Epstein (Torah Temimah)ย (1860-1942)
ย ืื ืืชืืชย โ ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืงื,3 ืืืื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืชืืฉ.4 (ืื ืืืช ืคืดื:)
โpure, pressedโโ โpureโ is clean and โpressedโ is pressed.
F.n.: i.e., that which comes out of that which is pressed. And there are 9 types among oilsโฆ.
[1]ย Footnotes in alhatorah.org:
11. The children of Israel, that they bring unto thee pure olive oil beaten for the light.
12. See Ex. 35:27,28.
13. This indicates that the oil is brought by the individual rather than by the congregation.
14. Rather than oil for the light. However, Scripture explicitly states that the princes brought oil for the light, and for the anointing oilย (Ex. 35:28). Krinsky explains that only the princes had pure olive oil in the desert (see I.E. on Ex. 35:27). Hence after the princes donated the oil to be used for anointing oil, some of it was utilized for the light.
15. Pure refers to the olives, not to the oil. According to I.E. our verse should be interpreted as follows: that they bring unto thee olive oil, from pure olives beaten for the light.
16. I.E. interprets la-ma'orย (for the light) as: needed for the light. He then elaborates: needed for the light at night.
[2]ย Passive ืืชืืช; our Rashi text has active ืืืชืฉ, โone crushesโ.
[3]ย Passive ืืืื; our Rashi text has active ืืืื, โ[and one does not] grindโ.
[4]ย Passive; our Rashi text has active, โone crushesโ
[5]ย Passive; our Rashi text has active, โ[and one does not] grind.โ