TEVET
×ÖŒ×Ö·×Ö°ÖŒ× Ö¹×šÖžÖ× ×ַךְ×ÖžÖŒ×¢ÖžÖ£× ×Ö°×֎ע֎Ö×× ×ְשֻ×Öš×§ÖžÖŒ×ÖŽÖ×× ×ַ֌׀ְתֹ֌ךֶÖ××Öž ×֌׀ְך֞×Ö¶Öœ××Öž
See also: Exodus  25:31, 33; and parallels listed in alhatorah.org: Exodus 37:17-24; Numbers 8:4
The 8-day festival of Chanuka that begins on 25 Kislev continues into the month of Tevet. This is one reason Iâve chosen a syntactic ambiguity related to the Temple Menorah for this month. Additionally, the Fast of the 10th of Tevet commemorates the date on which Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, began the siege on Jerusalem which ended with the destruction of the Temple and the exile of the Judeans. Jer 52:19 states that the âmenorahsâ of the Temple, silver and gold, were carried off to Babylon. In later tradition, the carrying off of the Temple Menorah become iconic for the Destruction of the Second Temple and the exile of Judean captives to Rome, because of the representation of this event on the Arch of Titus:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bOt4QGPjK8&t=12s   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=md18rZ7nv3E             Â
Modern English Translations:
Alhatorah.org:
And on the lampstand there shall be four cups made like almond blossoms,* its buds and its flowers. Â *: See Bavli Yoma 52b that it is ambiguous if this term modifies the "goblets" or the "knobs and flowers"
KJV (biblegateway.com): And in the candlesticks shall be four bowls made like unto almonds, with their knops and their flowers.
NRSVUE (biblegateway.com): On the lampstand itself there shall be four cups shaped like almond blossoms, each with its calyxes and petals.
JPS (2006; sefaria.org): And on the lampstand itself there shall be four cups shaped like almond-blossoms, each with calyx and petals.
Everett Fox (1995; sefaria.org): and on the lampstand [proper] four almond-shaped goblets, with their knobs and their blossoms
AMBIGUITIES and READING OPTIONS
×ÖŒ×Ö·×Ö°ÖŒ× Ö¹×šÖžÖ× ×ַךְ×ÖžÖŒ×¢ÖžÖ£× ×Ö°×֎ע֎Ö×× ×ְשֻ×Öš×§ÖžÖŒ×ÖŽÖ×× ×ַ֌׀ְתֹ֌ךֶÖ××Öž ×֌׀ְך֞×Ö¶Öœ××Öž
What is almond-like? The cups or the buds and flowers?
READING A: [four cups made like almond blossoms]; its buds and flowers
READING B: Â four cups; [made like almond blossoms <are> its buds and flowers]
The above English translations all take âalmond-shapedâ as modifying âcupsâ, which seems to reflect READING Aâ it is the cups that are almond-like. It is not exactly clear how they interpret âits buds and flowersâ. Â As noted by Kogut, below, this reading leaves âits buds and its flowersâ hanging; he suggests that this would best be explained as âit [the menorah] has buds and it has flowersâ
READING B reflects the Masoretic cantillation.
Parallel and related verses:
×ְע֞ש֎×Ö¥×ת֞ ×Ö°× Ö¹×šÖ·Öת ×Öž×ÖžÖ£× ×Öž×Ö×ֹך ×֎קְש֞×Ö× ×ªÖµÖŒ×¢Öž×©Ö¶×Ö€×× ×Ö·×Ö°ÖŒ× ×ֹך֞×Ö ×ְךֵ×ÖžÖ£×ÖŒ ×Ö°×§Öž× ÖžÖ×ÖŒ ×Ö°ÖŒ×ÖŽ××¢Ö¶Ö××Öž ×ַ֌׀ְתֹ֌ךֶ֥××Öž ×֌׀ְך֞×Ö¶Ö××Öž ×ÖŽ×Ö¶ÖŒÖ¥× ÖžÖŒ×
 ×ÖŽ×Ö°×Öœ×ÖŒ×
You shall make a Menorah of pure gold; of beaten work the Menorah shall be made. Its base, its branch, its goblets, its knobs and its blossoms shall be from it.
(××) שְ××ֹש֞×Ö£× ×Ö°Ö ×ÖŽ×¢ÖŽÖ ×× ×ְ֜שֻ××§ÖžÖŒ×ÖŽÖ×× ×Ö·ÖŒ×§ÖžÖŒ× Ö¶Ö£× ×Öž×Ö¶×Öž×Ö® ×ַ֌׀ְתֹ֌֣ך ×Öž×€Ö¶Öךַ×Ö ×֌שְ××ֹש֞×Ö£× ×Ö°×֎ע֎Ö×× ×ְשֻ××§ÖžÖŒ×ÖŽÖ×× ×Ö·ÖŒ×§ÖžÖŒ× Ö¶Ö¥× ×Öž×Ö¶×ÖžÖ× ×ַ֌׀ְתֹ֌֣ך ×Öž×€ÖžÖ×šÖ·× ×ÖµÖŒÖ× ×ְשֵ×֣שֶ×ת ×Ö·×§ÖžÖŒ× ÖŽÖ×× ×Ö·×ֹ֌׊ְ×ÖŽÖ×× ×ÖŽ×â ÖŸ×Ö·×Ö°ÖŒ× Ö¹×šÖžÖœ××
Three almond-decorated goblets on one branch, a knob and blossom, and three almond-decorated goblets on the other branch, a knob and blossom; so for the six branches that go out from the Menorah.[1]
שְ××ֹש֞×Ö£× ×Ö°Ö ×ÖŽ×¢ÖŽÖ ×× ×ְ֜שֻ××§ÖžÖŒ×ÖŽÖ×× ×Ö·ÖŒ×§ÖžÖŒ× Ö¶Ö£× ×Öž×Ö¶×Öž×Ö® ×ַ֌׀ְתֹ֌֣ך ×Öž×€Ö¶Öךַ×Ö ×֌שְ××ֹש֞×Ö£× ×Ö°×֎ע֎Ö×× ×ְשֻ××§ÖžÖŒ×ÖŽÖ×× ×Ö°ÖŒ×§Öž× Ö¶Ö¥× ×Ö¶×ÖžÖ× ×ַ֌׀ְתֹ֌֣ך ×Öž×€ÖžÖ×šÖ·× ×ÖµÖŒÖ× ×ְשֵ×֣שֶ×ת ×Ö·×§ÖžÖŒ× ÖŽÖ×× ×Ö·×ֹ֌׊ְ×ÖŽÖ×× ×ÖŽ×â ÖŸ×Ö·×Ö°ÖŒ× Ö¹×šÖžÖœ××
Three almond-decorated goblets on one branch, a knob and blossom, and three almond-decorated goblets on the other branch, a knob and blossom; so for the six branches that go out from the Menorah.
CANTILLATION
S. Kogut:[2]
Kogut observes that the cantillation tradition parses this text as âtwo full, clearâ distinct sentences = our READING B:
×ÖŒ×Ö·×Ö°ÖŒ× Ö¹×šÖžÖ× ×ַךְ×ÖžÖŒ×¢ÖžÖ£× ×Ö°×֎ע֎Ö×× ×ְשֻ×Öš×§ÖžÖŒ×ÖŽÖ×× ×ַ֌׀ְתֹ֌ךֶÖ××Öž ×֌׀ְך֞×Ö¶Öœ××Öž
He adds that an alternate division, which was rejected, stood alongside the accepted MT cantillation, with âalmond-shapedâ modifying ×Ö°×֎ע֎×× = our READING A
Kogut notes that this alternative seems to leave âits buds and its flowersâ hanging, as a noun phrase with no predicate. He suggests that the underlying basis for this reading is the view that the syntactic construction of a noun with a pronominal suffix has an additional function in Biblical Hebrew besides the familiar possessive.[3]
He states that heâs shown other examples in which the pronominal suffix functions as the object of the noun, which is used as a subject, so that the combination essentially forms a complete sentence, âi.e., predication, not syntagma.â Â He presents the example of Ps 115:7Â noting the parallels to the construction in this verse in the two preceding verses, with the prepositional lamed indicating possession in a predicate syntactic structure.
(×) עֲ֜Ö׊ַ×ÖµÖŒ××Ö¶× ×ֶ֌֣סֶף ×Ö°×Öž×ÖžÖ× ×Ö·Öעֲשֵ×Ö× ×Ö°×ÖµÖ£× ×Öž×ÖžÖœ××
(×) ׀ֶ֌֜×ÖŸ×ÖžÖ×Ö¶× ×Ö°×Ö¹Ö£× ×Ö°×Ö·×ÖµÖŒÖך×ÖŒ ×¢Öµ×× Ö·Ö¥×ÖŽ× ×ÖžÖ×Ö¶Ö× ×Ö°×Ö¹Ö£× ×֎ךְ×Öœ×ÖŒ×
(×) ×××Ö°× Ö·Ö£×ÖŽ× ×ÖžÖ×Ö¶× ×Ö°×Ö¹Ö£× ×֎שְ××ÖžÖ×¢×ÖŒ ×Ö·Ö¥×£ ×ÖžÖ×Ö¶Ö× ×Ö°×Ö¹Ö£× ×ְך֎××Öœ×ÖŒ××
(×) ×Ö°×Öµ××Ö¶Ö€×× ×Ö°×Ö¹Ö¬× ×Ö°×ÖŽ×ש×Ö×ÖŒ× ×šÖ·Ö×Ö°×Öµ××Ö¶× ×Ö°×Ö¹Ö£× ×Ö°×Ö·×ÖµÖŒÖ××ÖŒ ×Ö¹×ÖŸ×Ö¶Ö×Ö°×ÖŒÖ×ÖŒ ×ÖŽÖŒ×ְך×Ö¹× ÖžÖœ××
The meaning of the nouns with pronominal suffix in Reading B would thus be the equivalent of:  ×׀ת×ך×× ×× ×׀ך××× ××.[4] The parallel is highlighted in this syntactic diagram:
Targum Onkelos (3rd century; (××××ךת ×××§××קס× (CC BY-SA 3.0) ××××ססת ×¢× ×××€×ס ך×ש×× ×©× ×ת××')
תך××× ××× ×§××ס
×ÖŒ×ÖŽ×Ö°× Öž×šÖ°×ªÖž× ×ַךְ×Ö°ÖŒ×¢Öž× ×Ö·×ÖŽÖŒ××ÖŽ×× ×ְ׊֞×ְך֎×× ×Ö·×ÖŒ×֌ךַ×Öž× ×ְש××ֹשַ×× Ö·ÖŒ×Öž×
Translation:
âAnd upon the candelabrum shall be four cups, figurated with apples and lilies.â[5]
The translation does not render the pronominal suffixes on ×Ö·×ÖŒ×֌ךַ×Öž× ×ְש××ֹשַ×× Ö·ÖŒ×Öž×, and adds the preposition, âwithâ. The translation reflects READING B, but I think that the Targum itself does not disambiguate.
Targum Yerushalmi (Neofiti)Â
תך××× ×ך×ש××× (× ××××€×××)
×××× ×š×ª× ×ך××¢× ×××××× ×שקע×× ×××ך×× ×ש××©× ×××.[6]
Check the translation in: The Aramaic Bible: Targum Neofiti 1: Exodus. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Exodus
ST translation: ââAnd upon the candelabrum shall be four cups, figurated [with] its apples and its lilies.â Hayward notes that the Targum has rendered the Hebrew ×שק×××, almond-shaped, with the âsimilar-sounding word ×שקע××, âdecorated,ââ and notes similarity to description of the Cherubim, verse 18.[7] Onkelos used a synonym without similarity in sound, ×ְ׊֞×ְך֎××. |
ס׀ך
Targum Neofiti 1, Exodus / translated, with introduction and apparatus by Martin McNamara ; and notes by Robert Hayward. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Exodus / translated, with notes by Michael Maher. 1994
תך××× ×ך×ש××× (××× ×ª×)
×××× ×š×ª× ×ך××¢× ×××××× ×שקע×× ×׊×××ך×××× ××××ך×××× ×ש××©× ××××.
The Aramaic Bible: Targum Neofiti 1: Exodus. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Exodus; |
ס׀ך
Targum Neofiti 1, Exodus / translated, with introduction and apparatus by Martin McNamara ; and notes by Robert Hayward. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Exodus / translated, with notes by Michael Maher.
1994
Translation (J. W. Etheridge)[8]
And upon the candelabrum there shall be four calyxes adorned with their figurations, their apples and lilies.
READING A: The addition of the possessive suffix in ×׊×××ך××××, in the plural, referring to ×××××× (rather than to the menorah), clarifies that  ×ְשֻ××§ÖžÖŒ×ÖŽ×× is attached to ×Ö°×֎ע֎××.
It is not clear to me how the Targum understands the syntax of ×ַ֌׀ְתֹ֌ךֶ××Öž ×֌׀ְך֞×Ö¶××Öž.
***Identification of the expression as an Ambiguity
Babylonian Talmud, b.Yoma 52a-b
×Ö°×Ö·×ªÖŒÖ·× Ö°×Öž×, ×ÖŽ××¡ÖŽ× ×ÖŒÖ¶× ×Ö°××ÖŒ×Öž× ××Ö¹×ֵך: ×Öž×Öµ×©× ×֎קְך֞××ֹת ×֌ַת֌×Ö¹×šÖž× ×Öµ×× ×Öž×Ö¶× ×Ö¶×ְךֵעַ: ׎ש×Ö°×ֵת׎. ׎×ְש××֌ק֌֞×ÖŽ××׎. ׎×Öž×֞ך׎. ׎×֞ך×֌ך׎. ׎×Ö°×§Öž×׎.
But wasnât it taught in a baraita that Isi ben Yehuda says: There are five verses in the Torah whose meaning cannot be decided, i.e., it is unclear from the text how the verses should be read: âSeâetâ (Genesis 4:7); âMeshukkadimâ (Exodus 25:34); âMaឥarâ (Exodus 17:9); âArurâ (Genesis 49:7); âVekamâ (Deuteronomy 31:16).
Statement of ambiguity: the Talmud says the word ×ְש××֌ק֌֞×ÖŽ×× in our verse is one of 5 examples where the reading is not definitive, i.e., whether the word should be read in connection to the preceding or following word.
×ש××§××× - ×ך××¢× ××××¢×× ×ש××§××× (ש××ת ××) ×× ×ש××§××× ×׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך×××:
Rashi explains the gemara, clarifying the syntactic ambiguity of the word âalmond-shapedââ that is, that the lack of definitive reading means that it is unclear whether  ×ש××§××× is to be read with the preceding word, referring to the cups, or to the words that follow, referring to the knobs and flowers.
ש×ת ×ש××§××× ××ך ×ך×ך ××§× - ת××× ××× ××× × ×§××× ×× ×ס×ך ש×× ×ת×××× ×ת××š× ×××× ××× ××× ××××ך ש×ת ×ך×ך ××ך ×ש××§××× ××§× ××"ת ×××× ×× ×ךש×× ×× ××× ××€× ××× ××××ך××× ××× ×× ×©× ×××ך××ת (×××§×š× ××) ××ךש×× × ××× ×׀ךק ××××× × ×©× (×"× ×¡×.) ××€× ×× ××××ך×× ×××× ×ך××¥ ××ךש×× × ××× ××€' ××ך ××× ××××× × (××¢×× ×××× ××£ ××:) ×××€×©× ×××××ש ×"× ××× ×©×ת ×× ×§×× ××× ×ª×××× ×× ××× ×ש×× ×¡×××× ××× ×§×× ×××× ×× ×ª×××× ×× ××× ×ש×× × ×©×××ת ×¢×× ××× ×ך×ך ×× ×§×× ×ש×ך ×× ×§×× ×ש×× ×©××× ×× ×¢× ××ת×× ×ך×ך ×× ×¢× ××× ×§×× ×××€× ×× ×§×× ××€× ××× ××ך ×× ×§×× ×××××× ××× ×× × ×Š× ×¢× ×š×ש ××××¢× ×××× ××ת׀×× ×§××× ×××××× ×××ת×× ××עך×× ×©××¢× ×× ×׊ך (×××× ××) ×× ×§×× ××× ×× × ×Š× ××ך ××ת׀×× ××× ××§× ×××€× ×©××× ×€×ך××©× ×©×× ×¢"× ××× ××× ××ךע ××× ××ש××§××× ×§×©× ××"× ×ש×× ××××× ××ª× ××ª× ×××××¢×× ×××× ××š× ×ך××¢× ××××¢×× ××ש××¢× ×ש××§××× ×׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך××× ××§×š× ××ך×× × ××××× ××ש××§××× ×× ×§×× ××× ×××××¢×× ××ת×× ×©××©× ××××¢×× ×ש××§××× ××××× ××× ×× ××ךע ××× ××€×××× ×ª× ×× ×××××× ××€' ×©× × (××£ ××.) ××× ×××§× ×××× ××× ××××ת ××׊××¢× ×× ×ª× (×××§×š× ×) ××××× ××××§× ××׊××¢× ×××§×××
Tosafot asks why the Sages didnât read ×ש××§××× as applying both backwards and forwards, as they do with âat interest and for profitâ  in Lev 25:37:
×ֶ֚תâ ÖŸ×ַ֌סְ׀ְ֌×ÖžÖ ×Ö¹Öœ×â ÖŸ×ªÖŽ×ªÖµÖŒÖ¥× ×Ö×Ö¹ ×Ö°ÖŒ× Ö¶Öשֶ××Ö° ×ÖŒ×Ö°×ַךְ×ÖŽÖŒÖ×ת ×Ö¹×â ÖŸ×ªÖŽ×ªÖµÖŒÖ¥× ×××Ö°×Ö¶Öœ×Öž×,
as the Sages midrashically interpret this in b.Bava Metzia 61a, applying the words backwards and forwards [to both money and food][9];
and like âand he washedâ in Lev 15:13:
×Ö°×ÖŽÖœ×â ÖŸ×ÖŽ×Ö°×ַրך ×Ö·×ÖžÖŒ×Ö ×ÖŽ×ÖŒ×Ö¹×Ö×Ö¹ ×ְס֚֞׀ַך ×Ö×Ö¹ ש֎××ְעַ֥ת ×Öž×ÖŽÖ×× ×Ö°×××ֳך֞תÖ×Ö¹ ×Ö°×ÖŽ×ֶ֌֣ס ×Ö°ÖŒ×Öž×ÖžÖ×× ×ְך֞×Ö·Ö§×¥ ×ְ֌ש֞×ךÖ×Ö¹ ×Ö°ÖŒ×Ö·Ö¥×ÖŽ× ×Ö·×ÖŽÖŒÖ×× ×Ö°×Öž×ֵ֜ך×
which they midrashically explained in b.Yoma 31a:
××€×©× ×ך××¥ ×ך××¥ ×××ש[10]
The Tosafot then address the other words on the list, noting that regarding âש×ת,â in Gen 4:7,[11] it is necessary to make a decisive choice: if the word refers to â ת××××,â then it is an expression of forgiveness, and if it refers to â×× ×ª××××â, then it is an expression of guilt, and since it must mean one or the other, but not both, it must refer to either â ת××××,â or â×× ×ª××××â, and cannot refer to both.
So too, â×ך×ךâ in Gen 49:7[12]: if it refers to the word âoxâ (the final word in the previous verse), then it refers to Shechem, who is Canaan, as it is written, âaccursed is Canaanâ, but if it applies to âtheir angerâ, then he cursed their anger: it cannot apply to both, and a decision must be made.
Again, â××ךâ  in Exod 17:9:[13] if it refers to the war, then [it means that Moses said:] I will stand on the hilltop today to pray before the war, as it is written in Job 36:19, âWill your riches avail, that are without limit, or all the forces of your strength?â (which is interpreted as prayer before battle), or it could refer to âIâ: âI will stand tomorrow to prayâ; i.e., the verse either means that Moses will pray on the same day for the battle the next day, or that he will pray the next day, but not both.
And so, â××§×â in Deut 31:16:[14] [either it refers to Moses or to the Israelites].
In all of these cases, since the meaningâone way or anotherâwill not be the same, it can be said that there is no decisive reading. Â But for âalmond-shappedâ, it is difficultâ [i.e., it is possible to read it as applying both to the cups and to the knobs and lilies, and it is not necessary to determine in favor of one or the other].
And we must say [that the reason it is included in this list of indeterminate words] is because there is a pausal etnahta mark on âgobletsâ â ×××× ××š× ×ך××¢× ××××¢××â and this indicates that it is âits knobs and flowersâ that are almond-shaped; but another verse proves that âalmond-shapedâ applies to the goblets, as it says, âש××©× ××××¢×× ×ש××§×××â. Thereforeâthere is no determinative reading [because there is evidence of two distinct, conflicting, reading traditions]. And as for what the Tannaim disagree about in 24a, on âand the priest will take from the blood of the sin-offering with his finger and placeâŠâ (Lev 4:25)...
R. Saadia Gaon (882-942), Tafsir (Arabic translation, in Hebrew transliteration):[15]Â
×€ÖŽ× ××ÖŒ×Ö·× Ö·×ךַת֎ ×ַך×ַ֌עֻ ×Ö·ÖŒ××Ö·×תֵ, ×Ö»×Ö·×Ö·ÖŒ×Ö·×תֵ, ×ַתֻ׀ַ××€ÖŽ××Ö»×Ö·× ×ַסַ×Ö·××¡ÖŽ× Ö»×Ö·×
READING: READING A: ×Ö·ÖŒ××Ö·×תֵ, the translation of ××××¢××, is a feminine plural word, and ×Ö»×Ö·×Ö·ÖŒ×Ö·×תֵ, the translation of ×ש××§×××, is also a feminine plural, in agreement with ×Ö·ÖŒ××Ö·×תֵ, but not with the masculine words for the knobs and flowers, תֻ׀ַ××€ÖŽ××Ö»×Ö·× ×ַסַ×Ö·××¡ÖŽ× Ö»×Ö·×.
Rashi (1040 - 1105)
ךש׎×
×××× ××š× ×ך××¢× ××××¢×× â ××××€× ×©× ×× ××š× ××× ×ך××¢× ××××¢××: ××× ×××× ×× ×××× ×× ××§× ××, ××ש××©× ×××¢×× ×× ×׊××ת ××§× ×× ×××׊××× ×׊××××.
×ש××§××× ×׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך××× â ×× ××× ×××ש ×קך××ת ש××× ××× ××ךע, ××× ××××¢ ×× ××××¢×× ×ש××§×××, ×× ×ש××§××× ×׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך×××.
alhatorah.org:
×××× ×š× ×ך××¢× ×××¢×× AND IN THE CANDELABRUM SHALL BE FOUR CUPS â i. e, on the body of the candlestick (on the vertical branch), were four goblets, viz., one jutting out from beneath the branches and three above the points from which emerged the branches that went out from its sides.
×שק××× ×׀תך×× ×׀ך××× GOBLETS MODELLED, WITH THEIR KNOBS AND THEIR FLOWERS (or it may be translated also: GOBLETS, MODELLED WITH THEIR KNOBS AND FLOWERS â The word ×שק××× being separated from the preceding by an ××ª× ××ª× seems to belong to the next words, to ×׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך×××, but the fact that in the preceding verse it had been used of the goblets only suggests the reading ××××¢×× ×שק×××.)
 This is one of the five verses in Scripture the syntactical construction of which is undecided: it is not clear whether one should read ××××¢×× ×שק××× or ×שק××× ×׀תך×× ×׀ך××× (b.Yoma 52b).
Statement of ambiguity: Rashi cites the Talmud, b. Yoma 52b, and spells out the ambiguity: âit is not known whether the cups are almond-shaped (â×× ××××¢×× ×ש××§×××â), [or] whether the knobs and flowers are almond-shaped (׎×× ×ש××§××× ×׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך×××׎).
Rashi does not justify or give a preference for one reading or the other. The lemma, ×שק××× ×׀תך×× ×׀ך×××, accords with READING B.
Rashi on Exod 25:31
×ְע֞ש֎×Ö¥×ת֞ ×Ö°× Ö¹×šÖ·Öת ×Öž×ÖžÖ£× ×Öž×Ö×ֹך ×֎קְש֞×Ö× ×ªÖµÖŒ×¢Öž×©Ö¶×Ö€×× ×Ö·×Ö°ÖŒ× ×ֹך֞×Ö ×ְךֵ×ÖžÖ£×ÖŒ ×Ö°×§Öž× ÖžÖ×ÖŒ ×Ö°ÖŒ×ÖŽ××¢Ö¶Ö××Öž ×ַ֌׀ְתֹ֌ךֶ֥××Öž ×֌׀ְך֞×Ö¶Ö××Öž ×ÖŽ×Ö¶ÖŒÖ¥× ÖžÖŒ×
 ×ÖŽ×Ö°×Öœ×ÖŒ×
××××¢×× â ×× ×××× ××ס×ת ×עש××× ××××××ת, ×ך×××× ×ק׊ך××, ××§×ך×× ×××ª× ×Ö·×Öµ×ךְ×× ×©. ××××× ×¢×©×××× ×©× ××× ××××××× ×××׊××× ××× ×§× × ××§× ×, ××× ××× ×©× ×ª× ××× ××ת××, ××× ××× ×× ××× ×× ××.
 ×׀ת×ך×× â ×××× ×ª×€×××× ×××, ×¢××××× ×¡×××, ×××××× ×¡××××ת ××§× × ×××׊ע×, ×××š× ×©×¢×ש×× ××× ×ך×ת ש××€× × ×שך××, ××§×ך×× ××× ×€×Ö¹×Öµ××ְש. ××ÖŽ× Ö°×Ö·×× ×ת×× ××€×š×©× ××× ×׀ת×ך×× ××××××, ×××× ×Ö·×Ö·×§ ××× ×׀ת×ך ××׀ת×ך.
 ×׀ך××× â ׊×××ך×× ×¢×©×××× ×× ×××× ×€×š×××.
××× × ×××× â ××× ××§×©× ×××Š× ×ת×× ×ת××ת ×עשת, ××× ×©××¢×©× ××× ××××××§×.
ââ××§×©× ×ª××¢×©× ××× ××š× OF BEATEN WORK SHALL THE CANDELABRUM BE MADE
â i.e. one should not make it of separate pieces nor shall one make its branches or its lamps as separate limb â a kind of work called souder in old French, Engl, to solder, but is was to be made in its entirety of a single mass of gold. He (who made it) beat it with the hammer and cut away with the implements of his craft thus making the branches spread out in this direction and in that (cf. Sifrei Bemidbar 61:1). ××§×©× â This word is translated in the Targum by × ×××, an expression for "drawing out;" he renders it thus because the parts of the candle-stick were drawn from the lump in this direction and in that by the blow of the hammer. The term ××§×©× denotes knocking with the hammer â batediz in old French â as the verb in (Daniel 5:6) "and his knees knocked (× ×§×©×) one against another."
ת××¢×©× ××× ××š× [OF BEATEN WORK] SHALL THE CANDELABRUM BE MADE â The passive form used here in contradistinction to the active forms of ×¢×©× used throughout this section in connection with the making of the vessels indicates that it shall be made of itself (automatically). Because Moses was puzzled by it (the work of the candlestick), the Holy One, blessed be He, said to him, "Cast the talent of gold into fire and it will be made of itself." For this reason it does not say here תַ֌עֲשֶ×× "thou shalt make" (Midrash Tanchuma, Beha'alotcha 3) ×ך×× â the foot (the base) below, which was made in form of a box, three legs coming out from it underneath.
 ××§× × â ITS SHAFT â its middle branch that rose from the central point of the base vertically upwards. On it was the middle lamp, made in the form of a cup into which to pour the oil and to put the wick.
 ××××¢×× â They were like that kind of goblets which are made of glass and which are long and slender; in old French they are termed maderins (cf. Rashi on Genesis 44:2). These, however, were made of gold and came out as projections from each branch to the number which Scripture enjoins for them. They were on it for embellishment only.
 ×׀תך×× ITS KNOBS â These were like apples, globular, projecting all round the middle branch (shaft), such as are made for candlesticks of princely houses (lit., which stand before the princes), and which are called pommeaux in old French, apple-shaped ornaments. Their number is stated in this section â how many knobs projected from it (the middle branch) and how much was left plain between one knob and the other.
 ×׀ך××× AND ITS FLOWERS â Figures were made on it in the shape of flowers. ××× × ×××× SHALL BE OF THE SAME â All shall be of beaten work coming out of this block-shaped piece: one must not make them separately and then join them on the branches.
READING: could possibly indicate READING A. The knobs are apple-shaped and the flowers are flower-shaped, which may point to âalmond-shapedâ as a modifier for the cups, but not necessarily.
See the footnote to R. Aharon of Pesaro (Toledot Aharon) (1583), below, on Rashiâs interpretation. He argues, on the basis of Rashiâs comment in the Talmud (b.Yoma 52a-b), that Rashi, like the Rambam, and similar to Tosafot, apply ×שק××× both forward and backward: READING A and READING B.
RASHBAMÂ (1085 -1174) Exod 25:33
ש××©× ××××¢×× â ×××××× ×××× ××ס, ××××ת ××××ת ××§× ×. ×ש××§××× â ××¢×× ×©×§××× ×©× ×××××ת ×××ת×× ×××××¢××, ××¢×× ×©×¢×ש×× ××× ×סף ×׊×××ך×× ×××××ת ××¢×× ××€×ת ×× ××¢×× ×ª×€×××× ×©×§×ך×× ×§××××ךץ ×××¢×.1 ×ש×× ×©××¢×ª× ×©×× ×׀ךש×× ×× ×š××× ×,× ×××× ××××¥ ×××¢×2 â ×ש×× ×©×§×××. ×׀ת×ך ××€×š× â ×××׊ע ×× ×§× × ×× ××.
ש××©× ××××¢×× THREE GEVI`IM:
[The three gevi`im were three] hollow [decorations], shaped like cups, one indentation on top of another, on each branch.
×ש××§××× ALMOND BLOSSOMS: There should be protrusions shaped like almonds on the sides of the gevi`im, just as [these days] silver utensils have designs of spoons or apples on them, which are called coloréz in the vernacular. Later, I heard that in Narbonne they explain the word in that manner, as connected to the word "almonds â שק×××," [and they would translate it] as amondolez in the vernacular.
×׀ת×ך ××€×š× CALYXES AND PETALS: For decoration, on the middle of each branch [of the lampstand], for decoration.
READING: READING A: here, in verse 33, the word meshukadim is attached to the cups, and is separate from the knobs and flowers. Rashbamâs comment picks up on the association of âalmondâ with âcupsâ:  ׎There should be protrusions shaped like almonds on the sides of the gevi`im׎.
Rashbamâs comment on the calyxes and petals in this verse would align well with Kogutâs suggestion for the syntax of these words in vs. 34: â[the menorah] has buds and flowersâ.
IBN EZRA AÂ (1088/89-1164 or 1092-1167) = Sefer HaYashar; âthe Short Commentaryâ[16]
×××¢× ×ש××§××× â ××ך×× ×©×§×××, ××××× ×©×× ×× ×ך××¢× ××××¢××. ××× × ××§× ×× ×©××¢×, ××©× ×× ×עשך×× ××××¢××. ××ש ×××ך××: ×× ×ש××§××× ×××¢× ×× ×©××§× ×× × (×ך×××× ×׳:×׎×).
××׀ךש×× ××ך×: ×× ×׀ת×ך ××€×š× â ×€×ך×ש ×××××¢.
READING: READING A: âand the word (×ש××§×××) refers to âfour cupsâ,â using the grammatical expression ש×× ××, for ârefers to,â to indicate the understanding that âcupsâ is the word modified by âalmond-shaped.â
RAMBAMÂ Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Bet Habehira 3:2Â (1137 -1204)Â (sefaria.org)
×ְש×Öž×Ö¹×©× ×šÖ·×Ö°×Ö·×ÖŽ× ×Öž××ÖŒ ×Öž×ÖŒ. ×֌ש×Ö°×ֹש×Öž× ×֌ַ׀ְת֌×ֹך֎×× ×Ö²×ֵך֎×× ×Öž××ÖŒ ×ÖŒÖŽ×§Ö°× Öµ× ×Ö·×ÖŒÖ°× ×Ö¹×šÖž× ×©×Ö¶×֌ֵ×Ö¶× ××ֹ׊ְ×ÖŽ×× ×©×ֵש×ֶת ×Ö·×§ÖŒÖž× ÖŽ××. ש×Ö°×ֹש×Öž× ×ÖŽ×ŠÖŒÖ·× ×Ö¶× ×֌ש×Ö°×ֹש×Öž× ×ÖŽ×ŠÖŒÖ·× ×Ö¶×. ×ÖŒ×Ö°×Öž× ×§Öž× Ö¶× ×Ö°×§Öž× Ö¶× ×Öµ×Ö¶× ×©×Ö°×ֹש×Öž× ×֌ְ×ÖŽ××¢ÖŽ×× ×Ö°×ַ׀ְת֌×ֹך ×֞׀ֶךַ×. ×Ö°×Ö·×ÖŒ× ×ְש×ֻק֌֞×ÖŽ×× ×֌ְ××Ö¹ ש×Ö°×§Öµ×ÖŽ×× ×֌ַעֲש×ÖŽ×֌֞ת֞×:
The [Menorah] had three feet.
Six [diagonal] branches extended from three other bulbs in the [central] shaft of the Menorah, three [branches] on one side and three on the other.
Each branch had three goblets, a bulb, and a flower. They were all embossed by beating them [in a manner that their surface] resembled [tiny] almonds.
READING: apparently, READING A and READING B: they were âallâ: ×Ö°×Ö·×֌נ×ְש×ֻק֌֞×ÖŽ××.
Perhaps Rambam understood the Talmudic statement that there was no decisive determination prescriptivelyâ that neither reading should be preferred over the other, but rather both are applicable.
BEKHOR SHORÂ 12th century
×××ך ש×ך
××× ×××× ××š× ×ך××¢× ××××¢×× ×ש××§××× ×׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך××× â ×׳ ×××¢×× ××§× × ×©× ×× ×ך×, ××× ××× ×§× × ××§× ×, ××××× ×××, שש×× ××× ××§× ××. [××× ×××š× ×š××ת×× × (×××× ×××× × ×Ž×.), ש×ש××§××× ×× ×ת×××ת ש××× ××× ××ךע. ×××׎×.] ××× ××§× ×× ××× ×©××× ×××× ××ת, ×עש××× ×××× ×¢× ×€× ×××××. ×§× × ×××£ ××× ××š× ×××× ×××××, ×©× ×× ×©×׊×× × ××××× ××× × ××¢×, ××€× ××××ס××, ×××©× ×× × ××××× ×× ×ך×ש×× ××, ××€× ×©×× ××׊××× ×× ×××, ××ש××ש××× ××תך, ××€× ×©×× ××׊××× ×× ×××. ×××× ××× ××š× ×š×§ ש××©× ×׀ת×ך×× ×עשת ××××, ×××ª× ×©×× ×ª×ת ×©× × ××§× ××. ×ך××ת×× × ×€××š×©× ×××§×××¥ (×××× ×× ××ת ×׎×:): ש×× ××§× ×× ×××× ×× ×× ××××× ×©× ×× ×ך×. ×××€× ×׀ש×: ×××××¢×× ×׊×××ך×× ×שק××× ×׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך×××, ×××š× ×©×¢×ש×× ×××ס×ת ×ÖŽ×ÖŽ×ְךְ×1 שַ×Ö°××Ö¹× Öž××Ö·×.2 ××× ××× ×× ×€×š×××, ×× ×× ×××××¢××, ××××××¢×× × ×ª×× ×× ×× ×¡××××ת ××§× × ×××× ××ת ××, ××ש×× ×š ×ת××× ××תך ×××× ×××š× ×ש×× ×× ×××××¢ ×ך×ש××, ××ש×ת××× ×ך×ש×× ×××š× ×× ×ש×× ×, ××× ×ש×× × ×× ×ש××ש×, ××× ×ש×××©× ×× ×ך×××¢× ×©×××š× ××× ×ך×, ש×××× ×ת×׊×× ×ת×××. ×××× ××××š× ××××× ××× ××š× ××× ××§× ×× ×× ×××××.
and so too AND ON THE MENORAH FOUR ALMOND DECORATED GOBLETS, ITS KNOBS AND ITS BLOSSOMS â three above on the branch of the Menorah, and so too on every single branch, and one below, [on the one] that is common to all the branches [i.e. the middle shaft].
[And thus said our Rabbis (Bavli Yoma 52a:10) that ALMOND DECORATED is one of the words whose meaning cannot be decided. {A glossed annotation.}] And all the branches were equal in measure, and were made like the branches of a tree. The branch of the body of the Menorah is taller than all of them, the two on its side are a little lower than it, on a diagonal, and the [next] two lower than the first ones, for they extend from a lower point [on the middle shaft], and the third [set] even lower, for they extend from [an even] lower point. And the Menorah only had three knobs made of gold, those that were under [each set of] two branches. And our Rabbis explained in HaKometz (Bavli Menachot 28b:13): that all the branches come to the height of the Menorah. And according to the plain meaning: the goblets were decorated with almonds, knobs, and blossoms, like the way it is done with ivoir שַ×Ö°××Ö¹× Öž××Ö·× cups. And there were no blossoms on it, except for on the goblets, and the goblets were placed all around the branch like a type of holder, and when the candle was too full the oil would drop down to the first goblet, and when the first was full it would drop down to the second, and from the second to the third, and from the third to the fourth which was in the base of the Menorah, into which they would all drain. And the light would come from the height of the Menorah and from the lower branches.
READING: READING A: âAnd according to the plain meaning: the goblets were decorated with almonds, knobs, and blossoms⊠â; almond-y is taken as a description of âgobletsâ, as are the knobs and blossoms, similar to his comment on vs. 33.
EXPRESSION of AMBIGUITY: in the gloss, b.Yoma 52a is cited.
ש××©× ××××¢×× ×ש××§××× ××§× × ×××× ×׀ת×ך ××€×š× â ש×××××¢×× ×׊×××ך ××× ×©×§×××, ××× ×׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך×××.
ש××©× ××××¢×× ×ש××§××× ××§× × ×××× ×׀ת×ך ××€×š× â THREE ALMOND DECORATED GOBLETS ON ONE BRANCH, A KNOB AND BLOSSOM â that the goblets are decorated with almonds, and also knobs and blossoms.
READING: READING A: âthat the goblets are decorated with almonds,â followed by âand also knobs and blossoms,â explaining that these decorate the goblets, together with the almonds, rather than being modified by âalmond-yâ.
R. Abraham son of Maimonides (1186 - 1237) on Exod 25:33
ך ××ך×× ×× ×ך××׎×
××××ך ×שק××× ×©×ª××× ××× ××××¢ ××××× ×××× ×שק××× ×ך×ש ×××××¢ ×× ×¡××€× ××× ××××××ת ×©× ×Š×ך×ת ש×× ×ת שע×ש×× ×׊×ך׀×× ×××ךק×× ×××××Š× ××× ×ת×ש××; ××××××ת ××ת ××××ך× ×× ×××××ך ××€×ך×ש ××©× ×ª ×× ××ת ×××× ××š× ××Ž× ×ª××Š× ×©×ך ׊×ךת ××× ××š× ×ש××××ת×.
Chatgpt:
"The word âmeshukkadimâ(almond-y)  [indicates] that in every cup there will be a protrusion, resembling almonds, from the top of the cup to its end, like the protrusions of various shapes made by craftsmen with needles and the like for jewelry. In the Laws of the Chosen Temple from the edition and commentary of the Mishna Menahot of my father of blessed memory, you will find the rest of the form of the Menorah, in full.
READING A: âin every cup there will be a protrusionâ; possibly both READING A and READING B, as he cites his father, who described all of the elements as almond-shaped. Also, the inclusive phrasing of âfrom the top to its endâ could be intended to include the buds and flowers.
R. Aharon of Pesaro (Toledot Aharon) (1583)
×××× ×€×š×§ ××××©× ××£ × × ×¢×Ž× (×××× × ×:)1
Yoma ch. 5 b.Yoma 52b: Footnote in Weiss ed.[17]:
1. ××Ž× ××××š× ×××× × × ×¢×Ž×:
 ×××ª× ××, ×××¡× ×× ××××× ×××ך: ××ש ×קך××ת ×ת××š× ××× ××× ××ךע: ׳ש×ת׳, ׳×ש××§×××׳, ׳××ך׳, ׳×ך×ך׳, ׳××§×׳. ×¢×׎×.
 ×ס׀ק ××קך××ת (××ש ××××××) ×××, ××× ×ש×××× ××ת×× ××€× ××× ×× ××ת×× ××ך×××? ×××ס×ך ×š×©×Ž× ×©× ×××× ×שק×××. ××× ×³×ך××¢× ××××¢×× ×שק×××׳, (×××××¢×× ×׊××ך×× ××× ×׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך×××)? ×× ×³×שק××× ×׀תך×× ×׀ך×××׳ (×׊××ך×× ××××§× ×׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך×××). ××ך×××ª× ××××ת ךק ××××× ×³×שק×××׳, ×××Ž× ××× ×ך×× × ×׊×× ×š×§ ×ת ×××ª× ××××× ××××€× ×ת ××××ª× ××ך×, ××ך×× ××קך×× ×©××××š× ×××××š× ×š×§ ×××× ××ת ×ת×× ×׀ס××§. ××××: ××¢×× ×€×¡××§ ×× ××××× ×³×קש×׳.
×× × ×׀ס××§ ×× ×××¢× ×Š×××× ××× ×©× ×׀ס××§. ×× ×š×× ×××× ×ª ך×× × ×××ך××¢ ×××× ××××× ×³×שק×××׳, ××××ך ש×׀שך ×××ס ×××ª× ××× ×¢× ×× ××ך ××€× ×× ××××ך ש×××××¢×× ××× ×׊××ך××, ×××× ×× ××ך ×××ך×× ××××ך ש×× ××׀ת×ך×× ××׀ך××× ××× ×׊××ך××. ××ךש×ת ××€× ×× ××××ך×× ××× × ×¡×תך×ת ××¢× ×× × ××ª× ×××ךש×. ×××ס×ך × ×š×× ××תך: ת×ס׳ ××Ž× ×©×ת, ××§×©× ××××¢ ×× ××ךש×× ×ª××ת ׳×שק×××׳ ××× ××€× ×× ×××× ×××ך××? ××××ך ש×× ×××××¢×× ××× ×׊××ך×× ××× ××׀ת×ך×× ××׀ך×××. ××ךש×ת ××€× ×× ××××ך×× ××× × ×¡×תך×ת ×× ×ת ×× ××× ×ש×ך ×ך××¢ ××קך××ת. ך×× × ××××¥ ×ת ×עךת ×ת×ס׳ ××שך ××× ×¡×ª××š× ××× ××ךש×ת ××׀שך ××§××× ×©× ××× ××× ×× ×××š×©× ×׳×שק×××׳ ×× ×¢× ×××××¢×× ××× ×¢× ×׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך×××. ×× ×ך×××Ž× ×××××ת ××ת ×××××š× ×€×Ž× ××Ž× ××ª× ××: ×××× ×³×שק×××׳ - ××××ך ×××××¢××, ×׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך×××.
chatgpt:
"And it was taught (b.Yoma 52a-b): Issi ben Yehuda says: Five verses in the Torah have no decision: 'Se'et,' 'Meshukadim,' 'Mahar,' 'Arur,' and 'Vekam.' The uncertainty about these five words is: should they be associated with what precedes them or what follows them? Rashi explains this, ad loc., regarding ×ש××§×××:  Does it mean âfour almond-shaped cupsâ (specifically the cups are designed thus, and not the knobs and flowers)? Or: âalmond-shaped are its knobs and flowersâ (specifically the knobs and flowers are designed so)?
In the baraita, only the word ×שק××× is mentioned, so Rashi (âour rabbiâ) ought to have cited only that word that points to that gemara, as he customarily does when the gemara cites only one word from a verse, as he did above, in verse 31, on the word ×קש×.
Here, in verse 34, thereâs almost a complete quotation of the entire verse. It seems that Rabbi's intention was to make a decision regarding the word ×שק××× and to say that it can be related both to what precedes it, meaning that the cups were designed [as almond-shaped], and to what follows it, meaning that the knobs and flowers were also designed [so]. The interpretations before and after are not contradictory, so both can be explained. For a more comprehensive explanation: Tosafot (ad loc.), on the word ש×ת, asked why they don't interpret the word ×שק××× both before and after it? That is, that both the cups were designed so, and the knobs and flowers. The explanations [for] before and [for] after are not contradictory [i.e., incompatible, or mutually exclusive], and it is possible to uphold both of them. Rabbi adopts Tosafot's comment when there is no contradiction between the explanations, and it is possible to uphold both; indeed,  ×שק××× can be explained [as applying both] to the cups and to the knobs and flowers. The Rambam in Hilchot Beit HaBechirah (3:2) wrote similarly: âAnd all of them are ×שק××× â meaning the cups, knobs, and flowers.'"
R. Yitzchak Shemuel Reggio (Yashar; 1784-1855)
ך' ×.ש. ך×××××
×××× ×š× ×ך××¢× ×××¢×× â ××××€× ×©× ×× ××š× ××× ×׳ ××××¢××, ××× ×××× ×× ×××× ×× ××§× ××, ×××׳ ×××¢×× ×× ×׊××ת ××§× ×× ×××׊××× ×׊×××:
×שק××× ×׀תך×× ×׀ך××× â ××€× ×××¢××× ×©××€× ×× × ×©×ש ××ª× × ×××ת ××××¢××, ×××× ××ת ×ש××§××× ××ס×ת ×× ×׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך×××, ××× ×××Ž× ×××š× ×©×× ××× ×× ×׳ ×קך××ת ש××× ××× ××ךע, ×× ××× ×§×©× ××¢×× ××× ×©×××× ×ª××ך ×ש××§××× ×××¡× ×× ×׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך×××, ××€× ×©×× ×׊×× × ××× ××¢×©× ××× ××š× ×ª××ך ×ש××§×××, ×× ×× ××Š× ×××××¢××, ××× ××Š× ××׀ת×ך×× ××׀ך×××:
"And in the menorah were four cups â in the body of the menorah were four cups, one protruding below from the branches, and the three above the exit of the branches extending from its sides:
almond-like, its bulbs and flowers â according to the cantillation marks before us, with an etnah on the word âcups,â the word âalmondsâ will be linked to âits bulbs and its flowers.â However, our Sages said that this is one of five verses that have no decision, for it was difficult in their eyes that the adjective âalmond-likeâ would refer to âits bulbs and its flowers,â since we do not find, in all the construction of the menorah, Â the adjective âalmond-likeâ, except by the âcupsâ and not by âthe knobs and the flowers.â
READING: INDETERMINATE, perhaps both READING A and READING B.
EXPRESSION of AMBIGUITY and DISAMBIGUATION. R. Reggio mentions that this is one of the five inconclusive cases listed by the Sages. The disambiguating considerations he references are the ones found in Tosafot on bYoma 52b: (1) the cantillation marks indicate READING B, with the knobs and flowers as the referent of âalmond-likeâ, but (2) elsewhere in the biblical descriptions of the Menorah, it is only the cups, and not the knobs and flowers, that are described as almond-like, which would point to READING A.
R. Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808-1888) Exod 25:33
ךש׎ך ××ךש
ש××©× ××××¢×× ×שק××× ×××׳ â ××× ××× ×ששת ××§× ×× ××©× × ×©×××©× ××××¢××, ×׀ת×ך ××× ××€×š× ×××. ×××××¢×× ×ת××ך×× ×׎×שק×××׎, ×××× × ×Ž×׊×ךת שק×××׎ ×× ×Ž××¢×× ×©×§×××׎. ×¢× ×€× ××××š× (×××× × ×.â:) ×ש ס׀ק ×× × ××× ×××ך ש׎×שק×××׎ [×׀ס××§ ××] ×××¡× ×× ×¢× ××׀ת×ך×× ××׀ך××× (×¢× ×× ×€× ×× ×××× ××§× × ×××׊ע×; ×¢××× ××©× × ×××× ××××ת ××ת ×××××š× ×, ×). ×××¢× ××׀ס××§ ×׎×××¢××׎ [×׀ס××§ ××] ××× ×š××× ××× ×× ××.
âThree almond-shaped cups, etc.â â In each of the six branches, there are three cups, one knob, and one flower. The cups are described [here, in vs. 33] as 'almond-shaped,' meaning, âin the form of almondsâ or âresembling almondsâ. According to the Gemara (bYoma 52a), there is uncertainty about whether we can say that 'almond-shaped' (in verse 34) also refers to the knobs and flowers (especially regarding the central branch; see [Maimonidesâs] Mishneh L'Melech, Hilchot Beit HaBechirah 3:2). The pausal cantillation mark on âcupsâ  (in verse 34) serves as evidence for this (latter) supposition.â
READING: BOTH READING A and READING B.
STATEMENT of AMBIGUITY and DISAMBIGUATION TECHNIQUE:
Hirsch relies extensively on authoritative sources here, citing the gemaraâs statement about the uncertainty about the word ×שק×××, as one of 5 such words. He notes that verse 33 describes the cups, specifically, as almond-shaped, hence supporting READING A. He states that Rambam applies the term to the knobs and flowers as well, hence READING B, and he observes that the cantilation tradition supports READING B; thusâ BOTH READING A and READING B.
MALBIMÂ (1809- 1879)
ש××©× â ××ך ת××× ×ª ××§× ××, ש××× ×§× × ×××Š× ×©××©× ××××¢×× ×ש××§××× ××׀ת×ך ××× ××€×š× ×××, ×¢× ×©××©×©× ××§× ×× ××׊×× ××Ž× ××××¢×× ×ש××§××× ××©×©× ×€×š××× ××©×©× ×׀ת×ך××, [××׎ש ×× ×ששת ××§× ×× ×××× × ××× ×ששת ××§× ××, ×ש××Ž× ×׀ס××§ ××Ž× ×× ××ך ××ת ××, ×× ××©× ×× ××§× ××]:
"Threeâ â in explaining the structure of the branches, in each branch, there shall be three almond-shaped cups, one knob, and one flower, so that in the six branches, there will be eighteen almond-shaped cups, six flowers, and six knobs.
[And the same for the six branches, and so for the other six branches; this is the meaning of the verse in 45, and it does not say 'the same' because it considers all the branches.]â
READING: READING A:
ש××©× ××××¢×× ×ש××§××× ××׀ת×ך ××× ××€×š× ×××,
Malbim clarifies his understanding by enumerating the three items listed as parts of the branches in a manner that shows the distinction between the cupsâ enumerated as 6 cups on each branch, separated (with a conjunctive âand) from the one knob and the one flower per branch; he then repeats: â18 almond-shaped cupsâ in total for the 6 branches besides the center branch, and 6 flowers and 6 knobs.
R. Naftali Tzvi Yehuda Berlin (Netziv)Â (1816 - 1893) on Exod 25:33
× ×Š×׎×
×ש××§××× â ××××¢ ××××š× ×××× (× ×,×) ×©× ×¡×ª×€×§× ×××§×š× ××××× (׀ס××§ ×׎×) ׎×××× ××š× ×ך××¢× ××××¢×× ×ש××§××× ×׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך×××׎, ×× ×§×× ×Ž×ש××§×××׎ ×¢× ×××××¢×× ×× ×¢× ××׀ת×ך××. ×××§×©× ×ת×ס׀×ת, ××€× ×©×××××× ××× ××ך ×ש׎ס ס׀××§×ת ××× ×××§×× ×× ×Ž× ××ש××¢×ת, ×××š× ××× ××× × ×€×§× ××× × ××ש××¢×ת, ××× ×× ×§×× ×¢× ×××××¢×× ××× ×× ×§×× ×¢× ××׀ת×ך××.
××× ×š××, ×××¢×Ž× ××××× (ש×) ××€×ך×ש ׎×ש××§×××׎ ××€× ×ª×š××× ××× ×§××ס ׎×׊××ך××׎, ×××€×ך×ש ×××©× ××ת ××ך×××Ž× ×× ××ת ×€×Ž× (××©× × ×׳) ××× ××××× ××××¢× ××××× ××, ×× ×× ××× × ××× ×× ×§×× ×¢× ×׎×׀ת×ך××׎, ××× ×× ×§×× ×¢× ×׎××××¢××׎, ××× ×××§×š× ×©×× × ×¢××××× ×× ××ך×ך ××§×× ×¢× ×׎××××¢××׎, ××× ×©×ת×× ×ת×ס׀×ת ×©× ×ש×× ××׀ס××§ ××× ×Ž×ש××§×××׎ ×׎×׀ת×ך ×׀ך×׎ ×ת×××ת ׎××§× × ××××׎, ××Ž× ×ש ×׀ךש ׎×ש××§×××׎ â ×׊×ךת שק××× {××× ×תך××× ××× ×§××ס ׎×׊××ך××׎, ××× ×Ž×ש×××××׎, ××× ×©×ª×š×× ××× ×§××ס ×ס׀ך ××××ך (××,××) ׎ש××××׎. ××× ××ª× ×ך×××Ž× ×××××ת ××ת ×××××š× (×,××) ׳×ש××§××× ××× ×©×§××× ×עש××ת×׳}, ×××¢×©× ××××¢ ××× ××× ×©×§× â ק׊ך ×××× ××תך×× ×××¢××, ××× ××× ××××¢ ׀ת×× ×××¢×× ×××§×× ×ך××, ×× ×©××× ×× ×©×§× ×××¢×× ×תע×× ×סת××. ××× ××€×ך×ש ××× ×׎×××××¢××׎ ×××× ×Ž×ש××§×××׎ â סת×× ××¢××× ×××¢××. ××¢×ª× ×©×€×ך ×ס׀ק ×××× ××ש××¢×ת â ×× ××¢×× ×©×§× ×× ×׊××ך××, ×× ××€×ך×ש ×ך×××Ž× ×׎×, ××€×ך×ש ×××©× ××ת ×× ××ת ×× ×Ž×.
âAlmond-shapedââ it is known in the gemara Yoma (52a) that there is doubt in the next verse (vs. 34),
׎×××× ××š× ×ך××¢× ××××¢×× ×ש××§××× ×׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך×××׎
whether ×ש××§××× refers to ( ×§×× ×¢×) the cups or the knobs. And Tosafot askedâsince they proved that the gemara does not mention doubts except in a case where there are meaningful implications; and see: here, there is no implication for the meaning, whether it refers to the cups or it refers to the knobs.
It seems that even though in the same context there (in the Gemara) the explanation of 'meshukadim' according to the Targum Onkelos is '×׊××ך××' (figured or ornamented), and in the Mishnah commentary of Maimonides (Menachot 3:7), it refers to craftsmanship known to skilled artists, all this applies only when it is on the knobs, not when it is on the cups. The same is true in the verse we are dealing with, where it is clear that it refers to the cups, as the Tosafot wrote thereâ because there is a pausal mark (etnah) between meshukadim and âits knobs and its flowersâ, for the words âon one branch.â Thus, it meshukadim should be interpreted as âin the shape of almondsâ {and not âornamentedâ as translated by Targum Onkelos, here, but rather, '×ש×××××' (sculpted), as Onkelos translated in the Book of Numbers (17:23), 'ש××××.' Â
So, too, Maimonides wrote in the Laws of the Chosen Temple (3:32), âmeshukadim: like almonds in its making,â that is, the form of the cup is like an almond - narrow below and widening above. Only, every goblet is opened above at the wide point, which is not the case for an almond, which is rounded and closed at the top. And so, the explanation here is that the âgobletsâ will be âalmond-shapedâ--closed and rounded at the topâwhether shaped like an almond or decorated, or in accordance with Maimonides.  in the aforementioned Mishneh Torah.
The Netziv seeks syntactic clarity in lexical clarification, attempting to determine the exact meaning of ×ש××§××× in order to ascertain whether it describes the goblets, or knobs and flowers.
TORAH TEMIMAÂ (1880 - 1942)
ת××š× ×ª××××
××¢×××× â ×ª× ××, ×××¡× ×× ××××× ×××ך, ×× ××× ×× ×××©× ×קך××ת ש××× ××× ××ךע.1 (×××× × ×Ž×:)
Footnote in alhatorah.org (not clear to me who wrote it):
1. ×š×Ž× ×××Ž× ×ך××¢× ××××¢×× ×ש××§××× ×× ×ש××§××× ×׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך×××. ×××ª× ×ך×××Ž× ××€×Ž× ××Ž× ×××ת ××××ך× ××׎×, ××× ×§× × ××§× × ×©××©× ××××¢×× ××׀תך ××€×š× ×××× ×ש××§×××, ×¢×׎×. ××× × ×××ת ××¢× ×× ××׀תך×× ×׀ך××× (׀ס××§ ×׎×) ××× × ××××ך ×××׀תך×× ×׀ך××× ×ששת ××§× ×× ×Š×š×××× ××××ת ×ש××§×××, ×ש×× ×××Ž× ×××Ž× ××ת×× ×©××©× ××××¢×× ××§× × ×××× ×ש××§××× ×׀ת×ך ×׀ך×, ×××€××Ž× ×Š×Ž×¢ ×× ×Ž× ×ך×××Ž× ××× ××׀ת×ך×× ×׀ך××× ×©×ששת ××§× ×× ×Š×š×××× ××××ת ×ש××§×××. ××××Ž× ××ª× ××©× ×š×Ž× ×§×ךק×ס ×××¢×× ××× ×¢×Ž×€ ×××׳ ××ש××§××× ××× ×× ××ךע, ××× ×× ×ª××× ××× ×××׳ ××××š× ××ש××§××× ×©×׀ס××§ ש××€× ×× ×, ××××× × ×××׀תך×× ×׀ך××× ×©××××€× ×©× ×× ××š× ××× ×©×ששת ××§× ××, ×××Ž× ×š×©×Ž× ×ת×ס׳, ××¢××× ×××׎×.
Chatgpt:
Meaning: we need to say âhave four almond-shaped cupsâ or âalmond-shaped [are] its knobs and flowersâ.
The Rambam wrote in Hilchot Bet HaBechirah (3:2): âin each branch, there are three cups, a knob, and a flower, and all are almond-shaped.â And indeed, concerning the knobs and flowers (verse 33), it is not explicitly explained that the knobs and flowers on the six branches must be almond-shaped, because if so, Scripture should have written: âthree goblets on the one branch, [and an] almond-shaped knob and flower.â According to this, it is difficult to reconcile with the Rambam, as he asserts that even the knobs and flowers on the six branches must be almond-shaped. And ××׎× wrote in the name of Rabbi Joseph Corcos that his reasoning is based on the Talmud, stating that ×ש××§××× has no decisive reading. But this is surprising, as that gemara refers to ×ש××§××× in the verse before us, namely, the knobs and flowers in the body of the menorah and not those on the six branches. This is in line with the opinion of Rashi and Tosafot; and see further ×××׎×.
READING A: [four cups made like almond blossoms]; its buds and flowers
DICTIONARIES:
See: ס׀ך ×ש×ךש×× ×ך×"×§Â
×××€×¢× ××× × [׀֎֌עֵ×] שְ××ֹש֞×× ×Ö°×֎ע֎×× ×ְשֻ××§ÖžÖŒ×ÖŽ×× (ש××ת ×׎×:×׎×), ××€×ת××× ××××ת שק×××.
Radak understands the participle to mean almond-shaped; the decision to cite verse 33:  שְ××ֹש֞×× ×Ö°×֎ע֎×× ×ְשֻ××§ÖžÖŒ×ÖŽ×× could point to a preference for READING A, that itâs specifically the goblets that are almond-shaped.
BDB: vb. Pu. denom. â only Pt. pl. in ×Ö°ÖŒ×֎ע֎×× ×ְשֻ××§ÖžÖŒ×ÖŽ×× cups shaped like almond (blossoms) Ex 25:33(+), 34; 37:19(+), 20.
BDB seems to favor READING A.
( footnotes: maybe for incorporation in Tevet:
[1]Â Footnote, alhatorah,org::
1. almond-decorated | ×ְשֻ××§ÖžÖŒ×ÖŽ×× â See Rashi and Rashbam. Alternatively: "almond-shaped" or: "shaped like almond blossoms".
2. a knob and a blossom | ×ַ֌׀ְתֹ֌ך ×֞׀ֶךַ× â See Shadal and Hoil Moshe that each goblet was composed of a knob and blossom, so that each of the side branches had not only three cups but also three knobs and flowers. See R"Y Bekhor Shor similarly, that each cup was decorated with knobs and flowers, and that these were not distinct objects. Others assume that they were distinct with each side branch containing three cups, but only one knob and one flower.
[2] S. Kogut, Correlations Between Biblical Accentuation and Traditional Jewish Exegesis Linguistic and Contextual Studies (Magnes) pp. 34-35; and more extensively in Studies in Biblical Syntax as Reflected in Traditional Jewish Exegesis (Magnes), pp. 186-187.
[3]Â Kogut cited his:
׎ש×××ש×× ××××€××× ×××× ×××× ×€×š×ך×× ××××× ×××× ×××ך×× ×××עת ×§× ×× ××¢×ך×ת ××קך××ת,׎ ×¢××× × ××§×š× ××€×§×©× ×ת × âס׀ך ×××ך×× ×××©× ××ש×-×××ש××××, ך×ת ×× ×ª×©× ×Ž×, ×¢× 401-411.
He explains the verse as predication, with a three-fold subject: (1) âfour almond-shaped cupsâ (2) [and] âits knobsâ [3] âand its flowers,â such that the verse says of all of these that [they are] âon the menorah.â (Syntax, p. 187).
[4] From Studies in Biblical Syntax, p. 186. There, Kogut further clarifies the predication in vs. 7 by placing the use of the pronominal suffixes in this verse in contrast to Isa 59:7: ךַ×Ö°×Öµ××Ö¶×Ö ×֞ךַ֣ע ×֞ךֻÖ׊×ÖŒ, where the whole noun, with the possessive suffix, functions as the subject of the verb  ×֞ךֻÖ׊×ÖŒ.  In Cantillation, p. 35, note 5, Kogut points out that in another instance, of a similar construction with pronominal suffix, the cantillation marks attribute the predicative function to the construction: Ezek 1:11, 18.  See Kogut, Cantillation, para 2.2.1.4, and Syntax, p. 187 where he cites Rashi on the difficulty of these verses and the significance of the cantillation for interpreting the verse.
[5]Â J. W. Etheridge, The Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan Ben Uzziel on the Pentateuch with the Fragments of the Jerusalem Targum from the Chaldee (London, 1862); Similarly, The Targum Onkelos to Exodus, translated with apparatus and notes by Bernard Grossfeld, 1988: âNow on the lampstand <were to be> embroidered four cups with a calyx and a lily.â Â Less precisely, alhatorah.org: Â âThe [shaft of the] menorah shall have four cups, engraved in almond shaped patterns, with their knobs and their flowers.â
[6]Â Alhatorah.org footnote:
. ××××××× ××Ž× × ××××€××× 1 ×××× (×××§×× ×Ž×××ך×× ×ש××©× ××׎) ×× × ××¡× ×××××€×: ׎××××š× ×ש××©× ×³â â ׎.
[7] Targum Neofiti 1, Exodus / translated, with introduction and apparatus by Martin McNamara ; and notes by Robert Hayward. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Exodus / translated, with notes by Michael Maher, p. 108.
[8]Â J. W. Etheridge, The Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan Ben Uzziel on the Pentateuch with the Fragments of the Jerusalem Targum from the Chaldee (London, 1862)
[9]Â
ך××× × ××ך ×× × ×©× ××××× ××× ×š××ת ××סף ׊ך××× ×§×š× ××× ×ת×× ×ת ××¡×€× ×× ×ª×ª× ×× ×× ×©× ××××× ××ך××ת ×××§××ךת ××©×ª× ××ת×× ×ת ××¡×€× ×× ×ª×ª× ×× ×× ×©× ×××ך××ת ×× ×ª×ª× ×××× ×§×š× ××× ××× ×ת ××¡×€× ×× ×ª×ª× ×× ×× ×©× ×××ך××ת ××× ×©× ×××ך××ת ×× ×ª×ª× ××××
Ravina said: An explicit verse is not required, neither to derive neshekh of food nor to derive ribit of money. As, if it were written: You shall not give him your money with neshekh and your food with marbit, juxtaposing neshekh with money alone and marbit with food alone, it would be as you say, that there is a need for the derivation of the baraita. But now that it is written: âYou shall not give him your money with neshekh and with marbit you shall not give him your food,â interposing both neshekh and marbit between money and food, read into the verse this interpretation: Your money you shall not give him for neshekh and for marbit; and for neshekh and for marbit you shall not give your food.
[10]Â As Rashi explains ad loc.: âit is though âand he will washâ is written two times:
××€×©× ×ך××¥ ×ך××¥ ×××ש - ××€×©× ×ת ×××× ××× ×שך ××ש ×××' ×ס××× ××× ×ך××¥ ×ת ××©×š× ×××× ×××§×× ×§××ש ×××ש ×ת ××××× ××××× ××ת×× ×š×××Š× ××× ×€×©××× ×××××©× ×××× ×ך××¥ ×ךש×× × ××× ××§×× ××¢× ×× ×§×××ש ××××€×× × ××× ×× ×ª×š× ×§××××©× ×ש××× × ×ך××¥ ×××€×©× ×××××ש ××××× ×ת×× ×ך××¥ ×ª×š× ×××× ×:
[11] ×Ö²×Ö€×Ö¹× ×ÖŽ×â ֟תֵ֌××ÖŽ××Ö ×©Ö°××ÖµÖת ×Ö°×ÖŽ×Ö ×Ö¹Ö£× ×ªÖµ××ÖŽÖ×× ×Ö·×€Ö¶ÖŒÖ×ªÖ·× ×Ö·×֞֌֣×ת ךֹ×ÖµÖ×¥ ×Ö°×Öµ×Ö¶Ö××ÖžÖ ×ªÖ°ÖŒ×©×Ö£×֌ק֞תÖ×Ö¹ ×Ö°×ַת֞֌Ö× ×ªÖŽÖŒ×ְש×××â ÖŸ×֌֜×Ö¹
[12]Â
(×) ×ְ֌סֹ×Öž×Ö ×Ö·×â ֟ת֞֌×Ö¹Ö£× × Ö·×€Ö°×©ÖŽ×Ö× ×֎֌קְ×Öž×ÖžÖ× ×Ö·×â ֟תֵ֌×Ö·Ö£× ×Ö°ÖŒ×Ö¹×ÖŽÖ× ×ÖŽÖŒÖ€× ×Ö°×Ö·×€ÖžÖŒ×Ö ×֣֞ךְ××ÖŒ ×ÖŽÖ××©× ×ÖŒ×ÖŽ×šÖ°×ŠÖ¹× ÖžÖ× ×¢ÖŽ×§Ö°ÖŒ×š×ÖŒâ ֟ש֜××Ö¹×š× (×) ×֞ךր×֌ך ×Ö·×€ÖžÖŒ×Ö ×ÖŽÖŒÖ£× ×¢ÖžÖ× ×Ö°×¢Ö¶×ְך֞ת֞Ö× ×ÖŽÖŒÖ£× ×§Öž×©Öž×Ö×ªÖž× ×Ö²×Ö·×Ö°ÖŒ×§ÖµÖ£× ×Ö°ÖŒ×Ö·×¢Ö²×§Ö¹Ö× ×Ö·×Ö²×€ÖŽ×׊ֵÖ× ×Ö°ÖŒ×֎שְ×ך֞×ÖµÖœ××
[13] ×Ö·×ֹ֌֚××ֶך ×ֹשֶ×Ö€× ×Ö¶×â ÖŸ×Ö°××ֹשֻ×Ö×¢Ö·Ö ×Ö°ÖŒ×ַךâ ÖŸ×ÖžÖ£× ×ÖŒ ×Ö²× Öž×©ÖŽ×Ö×× ×ְ׊ֵÖ× ×ÖŽ×ÖžÖŒ×ÖµÖ£× ×ַ֌עֲ×Öž×ÖµÖ×§Â ×Öž×ÖžÖך ×Öž× Ö¹×ÖŽÖ€× × ÖŽ×ŠÖžÖŒ×Ö ×¢Ö·×â ֟ךֹ֣××©× ×Ö·×ÖŽÖŒ×Ö°×¢ÖžÖ× ×ÖŒ×Ö·×ÖµÖŒÖ¥× ×Öž×Ö±×Ö¹×ÖŽÖ×× ×Ö°ÖŒ×Öž×ÖŽÖœ××
[14]Â
(××) ×Ö·×ֹ֌ր××ֶך ×Ö°×Ö¹×Öž×Ö ×Ö¶×â ÖŸ×ֹשֶ×Ö× ×ÖŽ× Ö°ÖŒ×ÖžÖ¥ שֹ××ÖµÖ× ×¢ÖŽ×â ÖŸ×Ö²×ֹתֶÖ××Öž ×Ö°×§Öž×Ö© ×Öž×¢ÖžÖš× ×Ö·×Ö¶ÖŒÖ× ×Ö°×Öž× ÖžÖ£×× ×Ö·×ֲךֵ֣×× ×Ö±×Ö¹×ÖµÖ£× × Öµ×ַךâ ÖŸ×Öž×ÖžÖךֶץ ×ֲשֶ×֚ך ×Ö€×ÖŒ× ×Öž×â ֟ש֞×Ö×ÖžÖŒ×Ö ×ְ֌ק֎ךְ×ÖŒÖ×Ö¹ ×Ö·×¢Ö²×Öž×Ö·Ö× ÖŽ× ×Ö°×Öµ×€Öµ×šÖ ×ֶתâ ÖŸ×ְ֌ך֎×ת֎Ö× ×ֲשֶ×֥ך ×֞֌ךַÖ×ªÖŽÖŒ× ×֎ת֌֜×Ö¹×
[15]Â The Hebrew translation (via alhatorah.org) uses the Hebrew words, with their Hebrew masculine genders, and thus does not disambiguate:
×ÖŒ×Ö°×Ö¶×Ö·×¢ ×Ö·×Ö°ÖŒ× ×Ö¹×šÖž× ×ַךְ×ÖžÖŒ×¢Öž× ×Ö°ÖŒ×ÖŽ××¢ÖŽ×× ×Ö°×¢Ö»×֞֌ך֎×× ×ÖŽÖŒ×Ö°××ÖŒ× ×©Ö°××§Öµ×ÖŽ×× ×¢ÖŽ× ×ªÖ°ÖŒ×€×ÖŒ×Ö¶××Öž ×ְש××ֹשַ×× Ö¶ÖŒ××Öž.
 ××××ךת ××š× ××× ××× ××× ××, ××××××ת ×××××ך (×× ××××××ת ש××ך×ת)
[16]Â from alhatorah.org:
׎He refers to the first commentary as "Sefer HaYashar".
This is the "short commentary" of Ibn Ezra, which is generally the shorter of his two surviving commentaries on Torah; in this verse, it is longer than the later "long commentary".
[17] Alhatorah.org  bibliographic info:
ת××××ת ×××š× ×ש××, ×××××š× ×××©× ××ת××§× ×ª, ×¢× ××××, ×עך×ת ×××€× ××ת, ××ת ××š× ××ך×× ×××ס, ××××××ת ×××××ך (×× ××××××ת ש××ך×ת). ×׀ך××× ×¢× ××××××š× ×××Š× ×××.