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Interactive Tevet Month 4: Exod 25:34 ו֌בַמְ֌נֹך֖֞ה אַךְב֞֌ע֣֞ה גְב֎ע֎֑ים מְשֻׁ֚ק֞֌ד֎֔ים כַ֌׀ְתֹ֌ךֶ֖יה֞ ו֌׀ְך֞חֶ֜יה֞: מְשֻׁ֚ק֞֌ד֎֔ים כַ֌׀ְתֹ֌ךֶ֖יה֞ ו֌׀ְך֞חֶ֜יה֞ Interactive Tevet Exod 25:34

Interactive Tevet Month 4: Exod 25:34 ו֌בַמְ֌נֹך֖֞ה אַךְב֞֌ע֣֞ה גְב֎ע֎֑ים מְשֻׁ֚ק֞֌ד֎֔ים כַ֌׀ְתֹ֌ךֶ֖יה֞ ו֌׀ְך֞חֶ֜יה֞
מְשֻׁ֚ק֞֌ד֎֔ים כַ֌׀ְתֹ֌ךֶ֖יה֞ ו֌׀ְך֞חֶ֜יה֞ Interactive Tevet Exod 25:34
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Notes

table of contents
  1. Targum Yerushalmi (Neofiti) 
    1. Targum Neofiti 1, Exodus / translated, with introduction and apparatus by Martin McNamara ; and notes by Robert Hayward. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Exodus / translated, with notes by Michael Maher. 1994
  2. The Aramaic Bible: Targum Neofiti 1: Exodus. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Exodus;
    1. Targum Neofiti 1, Exodus / translated, with introduction and apparatus by Martin McNamara ; and notes by Robert Hayward. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Exodus / translated, with notes by Michael Maher.

TEVET

Exodus 25:34

ו֌בַמְ֌נֹך֖֞ה אַךְב֞֌ע֣֞ה גְב֎ע֎֑ים מְשֻׁ֚ק֞֌ד֎֔ים כַ֌׀ְתֹ֌ךֶ֖יה֞ ו֌׀ְך֞חֶ֜יה֞

See also: Exodus  25:31, 33; and parallels listed in alhatorah.org: Exodus 37:17-24; Numbers 8:4

The 8-day festival of Chanuka that begins on 25 Kislev continues into the month of Tevet. This is one reason I’ve chosen a syntactic ambiguity related to the Temple Menorah for this month. Additionally, the Fast of the 10th of Tevet commemorates the date on which Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, began the siege on Jerusalem which ended with the destruction of the Temple and the exile of the Judeans. Jer 52:19 states that the “menorahs” of the Temple, silver and gold, were carried off to Babylon. In later tradition, the carrying off of the Temple Menorah become iconic for the Destruction of the Second Temple and the exile of Judean captives to Rome, because of the representation of this event on the Arch of Titus:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bOt4QGPjK8&t=12s     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=md18rZ7nv3E
                           

Modern English Translations:

Alhatorah.org:
And on the lampstand there shall be four cups made like almond blossoms,*
its buds and its flowers.  *: See Bavli Yoma 52b that it is ambiguous if this term modifies the "goblets" or the "knobs and flowers"

KJV (biblegateway.com): And in the candlesticks shall be four bowls made like unto almonds, with their knops and their flowers.

NRSVUE (biblegateway.com): On the lampstand itself there shall be four cups shaped like almond blossoms, each with its calyxes and petals.

JPS (2006; sefaria.org): And on the lampstand itself there shall be four cups shaped like almond-blossoms, each with calyx and petals.

Everett Fox (1995; sefaria.org): and on the lampstand [proper] four almond-shaped goblets, with their knobs and their blossoms

AMBIGUITIES and READING OPTIONS

ו֌בַמְ֌נֹך֖֞ה אַךְב֞֌ע֣֞ה גְב֎ע֎֑ים מְשֻׁ֚ק֞֌ד֎֔ים כַ֌׀ְתֹ֌ךֶ֖יה֞ ו֌׀ְך֞חֶ֜יה֞

What is almond-like? The cups or the buds and flowers?

READING A: [four cups made like almond blossoms]; its buds and flowers

READING B:  four cups; [made like almond blossoms <are> its buds and flowers]

The above English translations all take “almond-shaped” as modifying “cups”, which seems to reflect READING A– it is the cups that are almond-like. It is not exactly clear how they interpret “its buds and flowers”.  As noted by Kogut, below, this reading leaves “its buds and its flowers” hanging; he suggests that this would best be explained as “it [the menorah] has buds and it has flowers”

READING B reflects the Masoretic cantillation.

Parallel and related verses:

Exod 25:31

וְע֞ש֎ׂ֥ית֞ מְנֹךַ֖ת ז֞ה֣֞ב ט֞ה֑וֹך מ֎קְשׁ֞֞ה תֵ֌ע֞שֶׂրהא הַמְ֌נוֹך֞ה֙ יְךֵכ֣֞ה֌ וְק֞נ֞֔ה֌ גְ֌ב֎יעֶ֛יה֞ כַ֌׀ְתֹ֌ךֶ֥יה֞ ו֌׀ְך֞חֶ֖יה֞ מ֎מֶ֌֥נ֞֌ה

 י֎הְי֜ו֌׃

You shall make a Menorah of pure gold; of beaten work the Menorah shall be made. Its base, its branch, its goblets, its knobs and its blossoms shall be from it.

Exod 25: 33

(לג) שְׁלֹשׁ֣֞ה גְ֠ב֎ע֎֠ים מְ֜שֻׁק֞֌ד֎֞ים בַ֌ק֞֌נֶ֣ה ה֞אֶח֞ד֮ כַ֌׀ְתֹ֌֣ך ו֞׀ֶ֒ךַח֒ ו֌שְׁלֹשׁ֣֞ה גְב֎ע֎֗ים מְשֻׁק֞֌ד֎֛ים בַ֌ק֞֌נֶ֥ה ה֞אֶח֖֞ד כַ֌׀ְתֹ֌֣ך ו֞׀֑֞ךַח כֵ֌֚ן לְשֵׁ֣שֶׁת הַק֞֌נ֎֔ים הַיֹ֌׊ְא֎֖ים מ֎ן⁠֟הַמְ֌נֹך֞֜ה׃

Three almond-decorated goblets on one branch, a knob and blossom, and three almond-decorated goblets on the other branch, a knob and blossom; so for the six branches that go out from the Menorah.[1]

Exod 37:19

שְׁלֹשׁ֣֞ה גְ֠ב֎ע֎֠ים מְ֜שֻׁק֞֌ד֎֞ים בַ֌ק֞֌נֶ֣ה ה֞אֶח֞ד֮ כַ֌׀ְתֹ֌֣ך ו֞׀ֶ֒ךַח֒ ו֌שְׁלֹשׁ֣֞ה גְב֎ע֎֗ים מְשֻׁק֞֌ד֎֛ים בְ֌ק֞נֶ֥ה אֶח֖֞ד כַ֌׀ְתֹ֌֣ך ו֞׀֑֞ךַח כֵ֌֚ן לְשֵׁ֣שֶׁת הַק֞֌נ֎֔ים הַיֹ֌׊ְא֎֖ים מ֎ן⁠֟הַמְ֌נֹך֞֜ה׃

Three almond-decorated goblets on one branch, a knob and blossom, and three almond-decorated goblets on the other branch, a knob and blossom; so for the six branches that go out from the Menorah.

CANTILLATION

S. Kogut:[2]

Kogut observes that the cantillation tradition parses this text as “two full, clear” distinct sentences = our READING B:

ו֌בַמְ֌נֹך֖֞ה אַךְב֞֌ע֣֞ה גְב֎ע֎֑ים מְשֻׁ֚ק֞֌ד֎֔ים כַ֌׀ְתֹ֌ךֶ֖יה֞ ו֌׀ְך֞חֶ֜יה֞

He adds that an alternate division, which was rejected, stood alongside the accepted MT cantillation, with “almond-shaped” modifying גְב֎ע֎ים = our READING A

Kogut notes that this alternative seems to leave “its buds and its flowers” hanging, as a noun phrase with no predicate. He suggests that the underlying basis for this reading is the view that the syntactic construction of a noun with a pronominal suffix has an additional function in Biblical Hebrew besides the familiar possessive.[3]


He states that he’s shown other examples in which the pronominal suffix functions as the object of the noun, which is used as a subject, so that the combination essentially forms a complete sentence, “i.e., predication, not syntagma.”  He presents the example of Ps 115:7 noting the parallels to the construction in this verse in the two preceding verses, with the prepositional lamed indicating possession in a predicate syntactic structure.

(ד) עֲ֭֜׊ַבֵ֌יהֶם כֶ֌֣סֶף וְז־ה־֑ב מַ֝עֲשֵׂ֗ה יְדֵ֣י א֞ד֞֜ם׃

(ה) ׀ֶ֌֜ה֟ל֭֞הֶם וְלֹ֣א יְדַבֵ֌֑ךו֌ עֵינַ֥י֎ם ל֞֝הֶ֗ם וְלֹ֣א י֎ךְא֜ו֌׃

(ו) אׇזְנַ֣י֎ם ל֭֞הֶם וְלֹ֣א י֎שְׁמ֑֞עו֌ אַ֥ף ל֞֝הֶ֗ם וְלֹ֣א יְך֎יח֜ו֌ן׃

(ז) יְדֵיהֶրם׀ וְלֹ֬א יְמ֎ישׁ֗ו֌ן ךַ֭גְלֵיהֶם וְלֹ֣א יְהַלֵ֌֑כו֌ לֹא֟יֶ֝הְג֌֗ו֌ ב֎֌גְךוֹנ֞֜ם׃

The meaning of the nouns with pronominal suffix in Reading B would thus be the equivalent of:  כ׀תוךים לה ו׀ךחים לה.[4] The parallel is highlighted in this syntactic diagram:

Targum Onkelos (3rd century; (מהדוךת ויקיטקסט (CC BY-SA 3.0) המבוססת על הד׀וס ךאשון של התאג')

תךגום אונקלוס

ו֌ב֎מְנ֞ךְת֞א אַךְבְ֌ע֞א כַל֎֌יד֎ין מְש־יְ׹֮ין חַז֌ו֌ךַה֞א וְשׁוֹשַׁנַ֌ה֞א

Translation:

“And upon the candelabrum shall be four cups, figurated with apples and lilies.”[5]

The translation does not render the pronominal suffixes on חַז֌ו֌ךַה֞א וְשׁוֹשַׁנַ֌ה֞א, and adds the preposition, “with”. The translation reflects READING B, but I think that the Targum itself does not disambiguate.

Targum Yerushalmi (Neofiti) 

תךגום יךושלמי (ניאו׀יטי)

ובמנךתא אךבעה כלידין משקעין חזו׹יה ושושניהא.[6]

Check the translation in: The Aramaic Bible: Targum Neofiti 1: Exodus. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Exodus

ST translation: ““And upon the candelabrum shall be four cups, figurated [with] its apples and its lilies.”

Hayward notes that the Targum has rendered the Hebrew משקדים, almond-shaped, with the “similar-sounding word משקעין, ‘decorated,’” and notes similarity to description of the Cherubim, verse 18.[7] Onkelos used a synonym without similarity in sound, מְש־יְ׹֮ין.

ס׀ך

Targum Neofiti 1, Exodus / translated, with introduction and apparatus by Martin McNamara ; and notes by Robert Hayward. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Exodus / translated, with notes by Michael Maher. 1994

Targum Pseudo-Jonathan

תךגום יךושלמי (יונתן)

ובמנךתא אךבעה כלידין משקעין בשייו׹יהון חיזו׹ייהא ושושנייהא.

The Aramaic Bible: Targum Neofiti 1: Exodus. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Exodus;

ס׀ך

Targum Neofiti 1, Exodus / translated, with introduction and apparatus by Martin McNamara ; and notes by Robert Hayward. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Exodus / translated, with notes by Michael Maher.

1994

Translation (J. W. Etheridge)[8]

And upon the candelabrum there shall be four calyxes adorned with their figurations, their apples and lilies.

READING A: The addition of the possessive suffix in בשייו׹יהון, in the plural, referring to כלידין (rather than to the menorah), clarifies that  מְשֻׁק֞֌ד֎ים is attached to גְב֎ע֎ים.

It is not clear to me how the Targum understands the syntax of כַ֌׀ְתֹ֌ךֶיה֞ ו֌׀ְך֞חֶיה֞.

***Identification of the expression as an Ambiguity

Babylonian Talmud, b.Yoma 52a-b

וְהַת֌ַנְי֞א, א֎יס֎י ב֌ֶן יְהו֌ד֞ה אוֹמֵך: ח֞מֵשׁ מ֎קְך֞אוֹת ב֌ַת֌וֹך֞ה אֵין ל֞הֶן הֶכְךֵעַ: ׎שְׂאֵת׎. ׎מְשׁו֌ק֌֞ד֎ים׎. ׮מ־ח־׹׮. ׎א֞ךו֌ך׎. ׮וְק־ם׮.

But wasn’t it taught in a baraita that Isi ben Yehuda says: There are five verses in the Torah whose meaning cannot be decided, i.e., it is unclear from the text how the verses should be read: “Se’et” (Genesis 4:7); “Meshukkadim” (Exodus 25:34); “Maឥar” (Exodus 17:9); “Arur” (Genesis 49:7); “Vekam” (Deuteronomy 31:16).

Statement of ambiguity: the Talmud says the word מְשׁו֌ק֌֞ד֎ים in our verse is one of 5 examples where the reading is not definitive, i.e., whether the word should be read in connection to the preceding or following word.

Rashi:

משוקדים - אךבעה גביעים משוקדים (שמות כה) או משוקדים כ׀תוךיה ו׀ךחיה:

Rashi explains the gemara, clarifying the syntactic ambiguity of the word “almond-shaped”– that is, that the lack of definitive reading means that it is unclear whether  משוקדים is to be read with the preceding word, referring to the cups, or to the words that follow, referring to the knobs and flowers.

Tosafot:

שאת משוקדים מח׹ א׹ו׹ וקם - תימה הוא דלא נקטינהו כסדך שהן כתובים בתוךה והכי הוה ליה למימ׹ שאת א׹ו׹ מח׹ משוקדים וקם וא"ת אמאי לא דךשינהו להו ל׀ניהם ולאח׹יהם כמו בנשך ובמךבית (ויק׹א כה) דדךשינן ליה ב׀ךק איזהו נשך (ב"מ סא.) ל׀ניו ולאח׹יו וכמו וךחץ דדךשינן ליה ב׀' אמך להם הממונה (לעיל יומא דף לא:) או׀שט ואולבש י"ל גבי שאת אי קאי אאם תיטיב אז הוא לשון סליחה ואי קאי אואם לא תיטיב אז הוא לשון נשיאות עון וכן א׹ו׹ אי קאי אשוך אז קאי אשכם שהוא כנען דכתיב א׹ו׹ כנען ואי קאי אא׀ם אז קלל א׀ם וכן מח׹ אי קאי אמלחמה ואנכי נשב על ךאש הגבעה היום להת׀לל קודם המלחמה כדכתיב היעךוך שועך לא בש׹ (איוב לו) או קאי אאנכי נשב מח׹ להת׀לל וכן וקם ול׀י שאין ׀יךושם שוה ×¢"כ אין להם הכךע אבל אמשוקדים קשה וי"ל משום דאיכא אתנחתא בגביעים ובמנו׹ה אךבעה גביעים ומשמעו משוקדים כ׀תוךיה ו׀ךחיה וק׹א אח׹ינא מוכחא דמשוקדים לא קאי אלא אגביעים דכתיב שלשה גביעים משוקדים ולהכי אין לו הכךע והא ד׀ליגי תנאי בזבחים ב׀' שני (דף כד.) גבי ולקח הכהן מדם החטאת בא׊בעו ונתן (ויק׹א ד) דאיכא דמוקי בא׊בעו אלקיחה

Tosafot asks why the Sages didn’t read משוקדים as applying both backwards and forwards, as they do with “at interest and for profit”  in Lev 25:37:

אֶ֚ת⁠֟כַ֌סְ׀ְ֌ך֞֔ לֹ֜א⁠֟ת֎תֵ֌֥ן ל֖וֹ בְ֌נֶ֑שֶׁךְ ו֌בְמַךְב֎֌֖ית לֹא⁠֟ת֎תֵ֌֥ן אׇכְלֶ֜ך֞׃,

as the Sages midrashically interpret this in b.Bava Metzia 61a, applying the words backwards and forwards [to both money and food][9];

and like “and he washed” in Lev 15:13:

וְכ֎֜י⁠֟י֎טְהַրך הַז֞֌ב֙ מ֎ז֌וֹב֔וֹ וְס֚֞׀ַך ל֜וֹ ש֎ׁבְעַ֥ת י־מ֛֮ים לְטׇהֳך֞ת֖וֹ וְכ֎בֶ֌֣ס בְ֌ג֞ד֑֞יו וְך֞חַ֧ץ בְ֌שׂ֞ך֛וֹ בְ֌מַ֥י֎ם חַי֎֌֖ים וְט֞הֵ֜ך׃

which they midrashically explained in b.Yoma 31a:

ו׀שט וךחץ וךחץ ולבש[10]

The Tosafot then address the other words on the list, noting that regarding “שאת,” in Gen 4:7,[11] it is necessary to make a decisive choice: if the word refers to “ תיטיב,” then it is an expression of forgiveness, and if it refers to “לא תיטיב”, then it is an expression of guilt, and since it must mean one or the other, but not both, it must refer to either “ תיטיב,” or “לא תיטיב”, and cannot refer to both.

So too, “א׹ו׹” in Gen 49:7[12]: if it refers to the word “ox” (the final word in the previous verse), then it refers to Shechem, who is Canaan, as it is written, “accursed is Canaan”, but if it applies to “their anger”, then he cursed their anger: it cannot apply to both, and a decision must be made.

Again, “מח׹”  in Exod 17:9:[13] if it refers to the war, then [it means that Moses said:] I will stand on the hilltop today to pray before the war, as it is written in Job 36:19, “Will your riches avail, that are without limit, or all the forces of your strength?” (which is interpreted as prayer before battle), or it could refer to “I”: “I will stand tomorrow to pray”; i.e., the verse either means that Moses will pray on the same day for the battle the next day, or that he will pray the next day, but not both.

And so, “וקם” in Deut 31:16:[14] [either it refers to Moses or to the Israelites].

In all of these cases, since the meaning–one way or another–will not be the same, it can be said that there is no decisive reading.  But for “almond-shapped”, it is difficult– [i.e., it is possible to read it as applying both to the cups and to the knobs and lilies, and it is not necessary to determine in favor of one or the other].

And we must say [that the reason it is included in this list of indeterminate words] is because there is a pausal etnahta mark on “goblets” – ובמנו׹ה אךבעה גביעים– and this indicates that it is “its knobs and flowers” that are almond-shaped; but another verse proves that “almond-shaped” applies to the goblets, as it says, “שלשה גביעים משוקדים”. Therefore–there is no determinative reading [because there is evidence of two distinct, conflicting, reading traditions]. And as for what the Tannaim disagree about in 24a, on “and the priest will take from the blood of the sin-offering with his finger and place
” (Lev 4:25)...

R. Saadia Gaon (882-942), Tafsir (Arabic translation, in Hebrew transliteration):[15] 

׀֎י אל֌מַנַאךַת֎ אַךבַ֌עֻ גַ֌אמַאתֵ, מֻלַוַ֌זַאתֵ, וַתֻ׀ַא׀֎יחֻהַא וַסַוַאס֎נֻהַא

READING: READING A: גַ֌אמַאתֵ, the translation of גביעים, is a feminine plural word, and מֻלַוַ֌זַאתֵ, the translation of משוקדים, is also a feminine plural, in agreement with גַ֌אמַאתֵ, but not with the masculine words for the knobs and flowers, תֻ׀ַא׀֎יחֻהַא וַסַוַאס֎נֻהַא.

Rashi (1040 - 1105)

ךש׎י
ובמנו׹ה אךבעה גביעים – בגו׀ה של מנו׹ה היו אךבעה גביעים: אחד בולט בה למטה מן הקנים, והשלשה למעלה מן י׊יאת הקנים היושאין משידיה.

משוקדים כ׀תוךיה ו׀ךחיה – זה אחד מחמש מקךאות שאין להן הכךע, אין ידוע אם גביעים משוקדים, אם משוקדים כ׀תוךיה ו׀ךחיה.

alhatorah.org:

ובמנ׹ה אךבעה גבעים AND IN THE CANDELABRUM SHALL BE FOUR CUPS – i. e, on the body of the candlestick (on the vertical branch), were four goblets, viz., one jutting out from beneath the branches and three above the points from which emerged the branches that went out from its sides.

משקדים כ׀תךיה ו׀ךחיה GOBLETS MODELLED, WITH THEIR KNOBS AND THEIR FLOWERS (or it may be translated also: GOBLETS, MODELLED WITH THEIR KNOBS AND FLOWERS – The word משקדים being separated from the preceding by an אתנחתא seems to belong to the next words, to כ׀תוךיה ו׀ךחיה, but the fact that in the preceding verse it had been used of the goblets only suggests the reading גביעים משקדים.)

 This is one of the five verses in Scripture the syntactical construction of which is undecided: it is not clear whether one should read גביעים משקדים or משקדים כ׀תךיה ו׀ךחיה (b.Yoma 52b).

Statement of ambiguity: Rashi cites the Talmud, b. Yoma 52b, and spells out the ambiguity: “it is not known whether the cups are almond-shaped (“אם גביעים משוקדים”), [or] whether the knobs and flowers are almond-shaped (׎אם משוקדים כ׀תוךיה ו׀ךחיה׎).

Rashi does not justify or give a preference for one reading or the other. The lemma, משקדים כ׀תךיה ו׀ךחיה, accords with READING B.

Rashi on Exod 25:31

וְע֞ש֎ׂ֥ית֞ מְנֹךַ֖ת ז֞ה֣֞ב ט֞ה֑וֹך מ֎קְשׁ֞֞ה תֵ֌ע֞שֶׂրהא הַמְ֌נוֹך֞ה֙ יְךֵכ֣֞ה֌ וְק֞נ֞֔ה֌ גְ֌ב֎יעֶ֛יה֞ כַ֌׀ְתֹ֌ךֶ֥יה֞ ו֌׀ְך֞חֶ֖יה֞ מ֎מֶ֌֥נ֞֌ה

 י֎הְי֜ו֌׃

גביעיה – הן כמין כוסות העשוין מזכוכית, א׹וכין וקש׹ין, וקו׹ין אותן מַדֵיךְונש. ואילו עשויין של זהב ובולטין ויושאין מכל קנה וקנה, כמניין שנתן בהן הכתוב, ולא היו בה אלא לנוי.

 כ׀תוךיה – כמין ת׀וחין היו, עגולין סביב, בולטין סביבות הקנה האמ׊עי, כד׹ך שעושין למנוךות של׀ני השךים, וקו׹ין להם ׀וֹמֵילְש. ומ֎נְיַין כתוב ב׀ךשה כמה כ׀תוךים בולטין, וכמה חַלַק בין כ׀תוך לכ׀תוך.

 ו׀ךחיה – שייו׹ין עשויין בה כמין ׀ךחים.

ממנה יהיו – הכל מקשה יושא מתוך חתיכת העשת, ולא שיעשם לבד וידביקם.

​​מקשה תיעשה המנו׹ה OF BEATEN WORK SHALL THE CANDELABRUM BE MADE

– i.e. one should not make it of separate pieces nor shall one make its branches or its lamps as separate limb – a kind of work called souder in old French, Engl, to solder, but is was to be made in its entirety of a single mass of gold. He (who made it) beat it with the hammer and cut away with the implements of his craft thus making the branches spread out in this direction and in that (cf. Sifrei Bemidbar 61:1). מקשה – This word is translated in the Targum by נגיד, an expression for "drawing out;" he renders it thus because the parts of the candle-stick were drawn from the lump in this direction and in that by the blow of the hammer. The term מקשה denotes knocking with the hammer – batediz in old French – as the verb in (Daniel 5:6) "and his knees knocked (נקשן) one against another."

תיעשה המנו׹ה [OF BEATEN WORK] SHALL THE CANDELABRUM BE MADE – The passive form used here in contradistinction to the active forms of עשה used throughout this section in connection with the making of the vessels indicates that it shall be made of itself (automatically). Because Moses was puzzled by it (the work of the candlestick), the Holy One, blessed be He, said to him, "Cast the talent of gold into fire and it will be made of itself." For this reason it does not say here תַ֌עֲשֶׂה "thou shalt make" (Midrash Tanchuma, Beha'alotcha 3) י׹כה – the foot (the base) below, which was made in form of a box, three legs coming out from it underneath.

 וקנה – ITS SHAFT – its middle branch that rose from the central point of the base vertically upwards. On it was the middle lamp, made in the form of a cup into which to pour the oil and to put the wick.

 גביעיה – They were like that kind of goblets which are made of glass and which are long and slender; in old French they are termed maderins (cf. Rashi on Genesis 44:2). These, however, were made of gold and came out as projections from each branch to the number which Scripture enjoins for them. They were on it for embellishment only.

 כ׀תךיה ITS KNOBS – These were like apples, globular, projecting all round the middle branch (shaft), such as are made for candlesticks of princely houses (lit., which stand before the princes), and which are called pommeaux in old French, apple-shaped ornaments. Their number is stated in this section – how many knobs projected from it (the middle branch) and how much was left plain between one knob and the other.

 ו׀ךחיה AND ITS FLOWERS – Figures were made on it in the shape of flowers. ממנה יהיו SHALL BE OF THE SAME – All shall be of beaten work coming out of this block-shaped piece: one must not make them separately and then join them on the branches.

READING: could possibly indicate READING A. The knobs are apple-shaped and the flowers are flower-shaped, which may point to “almond-shaped” as a modifier for the cups, but not necessarily.

See the footnote to R. Aharon of Pesaro (Toledot Aharon) (1583), below, on Rashi’s interpretation. He argues, on the basis of Rashi’s comment in the Talmud (b.Yoma 52a-b), that Rashi, like the Rambam, and similar to Tosafot, apply משקדים both forward and backward: READING A and READING B.

RASHBAM  (1085 -1174) Exod 25:33

שלשה גביעים – חלולין כמין כוס, גומות גומות בקנה. משוקדים – כעין שקדים של בליטות בכותלי הגביעים, כעין שעושין כלי כסף משויי׹ין בליטות כעין כ׀ות או כעין ת׀וחים שקוךין קולייךץ בלעז.1 ושוב שמעתי שכן מ׀ךשים בנ׹בונא,א אמונדליץ בלעז2 – לשון שקדים. כ׀תוך ו׀ךח – באמ׊ע כל קנה לנוי.

שלשה גביעים THREE GEVI`IM:

[The three gevi`im were three] hollow [decorations], shaped like cups, one indentation on top of another, on each branch.

משוקדים ALMOND BLOSSOMS: There should be protrusions shaped like almonds on the sides of the gevi`im, just as [these days] silver utensils have designs of spoons or apples on them, which are called coloréz in the vernacular. Later, I heard that in Narbonne they explain the word in that manner, as connected to the word "almonds – שקדים," [and they would translate it] as amondolez in the vernacular.

כ׀תוך ו׀ךח CALYXES AND PETALS: For decoration, on the middle of each branch [of the lampstand], for decoration.

READING: READING A: here, in verse 33, the word meshukadim is attached to the cups, and is separate from the knobs and flowers. Rashbam’s comment picks up on the association of “almond” with “cups”:  ׮There should be protrusions shaped like almonds on the sides of the gevi`im׮.
Rashbam’s comment on the calyxes and petals in this verse would align well with Kogut’s suggestion for the syntax of these words in vs. 34: “[the menorah] has buds and flowers”.

IBN EZRA A (1088/89-1164 or 1092-1167) = Sefer HaYashar; “the Short Commentary”[16]

וטעם משוקדים – כמ׹אה שקדים, והמלה שבה אל אךבעה גביעים. והנה הקנים שבעה, ושנים ועשךים גביעים. ויש אומ׹ין: כי משוקדים מטעם כי שוקד אני (י׹מיהו א׳:י׮ב).

ומ׀ךשים אמ׹ו: כי כ׀תוך ו׀ךח – ׀יךוש הגביע.

READING: READING A: “and the word (משוקדים) refers to ‘four cups’,” using the grammatical expression שבה אל, for “refers to,” to indicate the understanding that “cups” is the word modified by “almond-shaped.”

RAMBAM Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Bet Habehira 3:2  (1137 -1204) (sefaria.org)

וְשׁ֞לֹשׁ ךַגְלַי֎ם ה֞יו֌ ל֞ה֌. ו֌שְׁלֹשׁ֞ה כ֌ַ׀ְת֌וֹך֎ים אֲחֵך֎ים ה֞יו֌ ב֌֎קְנֵה הַמ֌ְנוֹך֞ה שֶׁמ֌ֵהֶן יוֹ׊ְא֎ים שֵׁשֶׁת הַק֌֞נ֎ים. שְׁלֹשׁ֞ה מ֎׊֌ַד זֶה ו֌שְׁלֹשׁ֞ה מ֎׊֌ַד זֶה. ו֌בְכ֞ל ×§Öž× Ö¶×” וְק֞נֶה מֵהֶן שְׁלֹשׁ֞ה ג֌ְב֎יע֎ים וְכַ׀ְת֌וֹך ו֞׀ֶךַח. וְהַכ֌ל מְשֻׁק֌֞ד֎ים כ֌ְמוֹ שְׁקֵד֎ים ב֌ַעֲשׂ֎י֌֞ת֞ן:

The [Menorah] had three feet.

Six [diagonal] branches extended from three other bulbs in the [central] shaft of the Menorah, three [branches] on one side and three on the other.

Each branch had three goblets, a bulb, and a flower. They were all embossed by beating them [in a manner that their surface] resembled [tiny] almonds.

READING: apparently, READING A and READING B: they were “all”: וְהַכ֌ל מְשֻׁק֌֞ד֎ים.

Perhaps Rambam understood the Talmudic statement that there was no decisive determination prescriptively– that neither reading should be preferred over the other, but rather both are applicable.

BEKHOR SHOR 12th century

בכו׹ שוך

וכן ובמנו׹ה אךבעה גביעים משוקדים כ׀תוךיה ו׀ךחיה – ג׳ למעלה בקנה של מנו׹ה, וכן בכל קנה וקנה, ולמטה אחד, ששוה לכל הקנים. [וכן אמ׹ו ךבותינו (בבלי יומא נ׮ב.), שמשוקדים מן התיבות שאין להם הכךע. הגה׮ה.] וכל הקנים היו שוים במדה אחת, ועשוים כמין ×¢× ×€×™ האילן. קנה גוף המנו׹ה גבוה מכולם, שנים שב׊דו נמוכים ממנה מעט, ×›×€×™ האלכסון, והשנים נמוכים מן הךאשונים, ×›×€×™ שהם יושאים בנמוך, והשלישיים יותך, ×›×€×™ שהם יושאים בנמוך. ואין במנו׹ה ךק שלשה כ׀תוךים מעשת הזהב, אותם שהם תחת שני הקנים. וךבותינו ׀יךשו בהקומץ (בבלי מנחות כ׮ח:): שכל הקנים באים כנגד גובהה של מנו׹ה. ול׀י ה׀שט: הגביעים משויי׹ים בשקדים כ׀תוךים ו׀ךחים, כד׹ך שעושים בכוסות מ֮א֮בְ׹ְא1 שַלְמוֹנ֞ייַא.2 ולא היו בה ׀ךחים, כי אם בגביעים, והגביעים נתונים כל סביבות הקנה כמין בית יד, וכשהנך מתמלא יותך מדאי יו׹ד השמן אל הגביע הךאשון, וכשמתמלא הךאשון יו׹ד אל השיני, ומן השיני אל השלישי, ומן השלישי אל הךביעי שביךך המנו׹ה, שכולם מתמ׊ין לתוכו. ובאה האו׹ה מגובה המנו׹ה ומן הקנים הנמוכים.

and so too AND ON THE MENORAH FOUR ALMOND DECORATED GOBLETS, ITS KNOBS AND ITS BLOSSOMS – three above on the branch of the Menorah, and so too on every single branch, and one below, [on the one] that is common to all the branches [i.e. the middle shaft].

[And thus said our Rabbis (Bavli Yoma 52a:10) that ALMOND DECORATED is one of the words whose meaning cannot be decided. {A glossed annotation.}] And all the branches were equal in measure, and were made like the branches of a tree. The branch of the body of the Menorah is taller than all of them, the two on its side are a little lower than it, on a diagonal, and the [next] two lower than the first ones, for they extend from a lower point [on the middle shaft], and the third [set] even lower, for they extend from [an even] lower point. And the Menorah only had three knobs made of gold, those that were under [each set of] two branches. And our Rabbis explained in HaKometz (Bavli Menachot 28b:13): that all the branches come to the height of the Menorah. And according to the plain meaning: the goblets were decorated with almonds, knobs, and blossoms, like the way it is done with ivoir שַלְמוֹנ֞ייַא cups. And there were no blossoms on it, except for on the goblets, and the goblets were placed all around the branch like a type of holder, and when the candle was too full the oil would drop down to the first goblet, and when the first was full it would drop down to the second, and from the second to the third, and from the third to the fourth which was in the base of the Menorah, into which they would all drain. And the light would come from the height of the Menorah and from the lower branches.

READING: READING A: “And according to the plain meaning: the goblets were decorated with almonds, knobs, and blossoms
 ”; almond-y is taken as a description of “goblets”, as are the knobs and blossoms, similar to his comment on vs. 33.

EXPRESSION of AMBIGUITY: in the gloss, b.Yoma 52a is cited.

BEKHOR SHOR on Exod 25:33

שלשה גביעים משוקדים בקנה האחד כ׀תוך ו׀ךח – שהגביעים משויי׹ בהם שקדים, וגם כ׀תוךים ו׀ךחים.

שלשה גביעים משוקדים בקנה האחד כ׀תוך ו׀ךח – THREE ALMOND DECORATED GOBLETS ON ONE BRANCH, A KNOB AND BLOSSOM – that the goblets are decorated with almonds, and also knobs and blossoms.

READING: READING A: “that the goblets are decorated with almonds,” followed by “and also knobs and blossoms,” explaining that these decorate the goblets, together with the almonds, rather than being modified by “almond-y”.

R. Abraham son of Maimonides (1186 - 1237) on Exod 25:33

׹ אב׹הם בן ה׹מב׮ם

ומאמ׹ משקדים שתהיה בכל גביע בליטה דומה לשקדים מךאש הגביע אל סו׀ו כמו בבליטות של ׊וךות שונות שעושים ה׊וך׀ים במז׹קים וכיושא בהם לתכשיט; ובהלכות בית הבחי׹ה מן החיבו׹ ו׀יךוש משנת מנחות לאבא מ׹י ז׮ל תמ׊א שאך ׊וךת המנו׹ה בשלימותה.

Chatgpt:

"The word “meshukkadim”(almond-y)  [indicates] that in every cup there will be a protrusion, resembling almonds, from the top of the cup to its end, like the protrusions of various shapes made by craftsmen with needles and the like for jewelry. In the Laws of the Chosen Temple from the edition and commentary of the Mishna Menahot of my father of blessed memory, you will find the rest of the form of the Menorah, in full.

READING A: “in every cup there will be a protrusion”; possibly both READING A and READING B, as he cites his father, who described all of the elements as almond-shaped. Also, the inclusive phrasing of “from the top to its end” could be intended to include the buds and flowers.

R. Aharon of Pesaro (Toledot Aharon) (1583)

תולדות אה׹ון

יומא ׀ךק חמישי דף נב ע׎ב (יומא נב:)1

Yoma ch. 5 b.Yoma 52b: Footnote in Weiss ed.[17]:

1. ז׮ל הגמ׹א יומא נב ע׎ב:

 והתניא, איסי בן יהודה אומ׹: חמש מקךאות בתוךה אין להן הכךע: ׳שאת׳, ׳משוקדים׳, ׳מחך׳, ׳אךוך׳, ׳וקם׳. עכ׎ל.

 הס׀ק במקךאות (חמש המילים) אלו, האם לשייכם לכתוב ל׀ניהם או לכתוב אח׹יהם? וכהסבך ךש׎י שם לגבי משקדים. האם ׳אךבעה גביעים משקדים׳, (הגביעים משוי׹ים ולא כ׀תוךים ו׀ךחים)? או ׳משקדים כ׀תךיה ו׀ךחיה׳ (משוי׹ים דווקא כ׀תוךים ו׀ךחים). בבךייתא מובאת ךק המילה ׳משקדים׳, וא׮כ היה ל׹בנו לשטט ךק את אותה המילה המו׀נית לאותה גמ׹א, כד׹כו במק׹ים שהגמךא מזכי׹ה ךק מילה אחת מתוך ה׀סוק. כגון: לעיל ׀סוק לא במילה ׳מקשה׳.

הנה ב׀סוק לד כמעט שיטוט מלא של ה׀סוק. כנ׹אה כוונת ׹בנו להכךיע לגבי המילה ׳משקדים׳, ולומ׹ שא׀שך ליחס אותה בין על הנאמ׹ ל׀ניה כלומ׹ שהגביעים היו משוי׹ים, ובין הנאמ׹ לאח׹יה כלומ׹ שגם הכ׀תוךים וה׀ךחים היו משוי׹ים. הדךשות ל׀ניה ולאח׹יה אינן סותךות ועל כן ניתן לדוךשם. ולהסבך נ׹חב יותך: תוס׳ ד׮ה שאת, הקשו מדוע לא דוךשים תיבת ׳משקדים׳ בין ל׀ניה ובין לאח׹יה? כלומ׹ שגם הגביעים היו משוי׹ים וגם הכ׀תוךים וה׀ךחים. הדךשות ל׀ניה ולאח׹יה אינן סותךות זו את זו כמו בשאך אךבע המקךאות. ׹בנו מאמץ את העךת התוס׳ כאשך אין סתיךה בין הדךשות וא׀שך לקיים שניהם אכן כך ידךשו ה׳משקדים׳ גם על הגביעים וגם על כ׀תוךים ו׀ךחים. גם ה׹מב׮ם בהלכות בית הבחי׹ה ׀׎ג ה׮ב כתב כן: והכל ׳משקדים׳ - כלומ׹ הגביעים, כ׀תוךים ו׀ךחים.

chatgpt:

"And it was taught (b.Yoma 52a-b): Issi ben Yehuda says: Five verses in the Torah have no decision: 'Se'et,' 'Meshukadim,' 'Mahar,' 'Arur,' and 'Vekam.' The uncertainty about these five words is: should they be associated with what precedes them or what follows them? Rashi explains this, ad loc., regarding משוקדים:  Does it mean “four almond-shaped cups” (specifically the cups are designed thus, and not the knobs and flowers)? Or: “almond-shaped are its knobs and flowers” (specifically the knobs and flowers are designed so)?

In the baraita, only the word משקדים is mentioned, so Rashi (‘our rabbi’) ought to have cited only that word that points to that gemara, as he customarily does when the gemara cites only one word from a verse, as he did above, in verse 31, on the word מקשה.

Here, in verse 34, there’s almost a complete quotation of the entire verse. It seems that Rabbi's intention was to make a decision regarding the word משקדים and to say that it can be related both to what precedes it, meaning that the cups were designed [as almond-shaped], and to what follows it, meaning that the knobs and flowers were also designed [so]. The interpretations before and after are not contradictory, so both can be explained. For a more comprehensive explanation: Tosafot (ad loc.), on the word שאת, asked why they don't interpret the word משקדים both before and after it? That is, that both the cups were designed so, and the knobs and flowers. The explanations [for] before and [for] after are not contradictory [i.e., incompatible, or mutually exclusive], and it is possible to uphold both of them. Rabbi adopts Tosafot's comment when there is no contradiction between the explanations, and it is possible to uphold both; indeed,  משקדים can be explained [as applying both] to the cups and to the knobs and flowers. The Rambam in Hilchot Beit HaBechirah (3:2) wrote similarly: “And all of them are משקדים – meaning the cups, knobs, and flowers.'"

R. Yitzchak Shemuel Reggio (Yashar; 1784-1855)

ך' י.ש. ׹יגייו

ובמנ׹ה אךבעה גבעים – בגו׀ה של מנו׹ה היו ד׳ גביעים, אחד בולט בה למטה מן הקנים, והג׳ למעלה מן י׊יאת הקנים היושאים משדיה:

משקדים כ׀תךיה ו׀ךחיה – ×›×€×™ הטעמים של׀נינו שיש אתנח במלת גביעים, יהיה מלת משוקדים מוסבת אל כ׀תוךיה ו׀ךחיה, אבל חז׮ל אמ׹ו שזה אחד מן ה׳ מקךאות שאין להם הכךע, כי היה קשה בעיניהם שיהיה תואך משוקדים מוסב אל כ׀תוךיה ו׀ךחיה, ל׀י שלא משאנו בכל מעשה המנו׹ה תואך משוקדים, כי אם אשל הגביעים, ולא אשל הכ׀תוךים וה׀ךחים:

"And in the menorah were four cups – in the body of the menorah were four cups, one protruding below from the branches, and the three above the exit of the branches extending from its sides:

almond-like, its bulbs and flowers – according to the cantillation marks before us, with an etnah on the word “cups,” the word “almonds” will be linked to “its bulbs and its flowers.” However, our Sages said that this is one of five verses that have no decision, for it was difficult in their eyes that the adjective “almond-like” would refer to “its bulbs and its flowers,” since we do not find, in all the construction of the menorah,  the adjective “almond-like”, except by the “cups” and not by “the knobs and the flowers.”

READING: INDETERMINATE, perhaps both READING A and READING B.
EXPRESSION of AMBIGUITY and DISAMBIGUATION. R. Reggio mentions that this is one of the five inconclusive cases listed by the Sages. The disambiguating considerations he references are the ones found in Tosafot on bYoma 52b: (1) the cantillation marks indicate READING B, with the knobs and flowers as the referent of “almond-like”, but (2) elsewhere in the biblical descriptions of the Menorah, it is only the cups, and not the knobs and flowers, that are described as almond-like, which would point to READING A.

R. Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808-1888) Exod 25:33

ךש׎ך היךש

שלשה גביעים משקדים וגו׳ – בכל אחד מששת הקנים ישנם שלושה גביעים, כ׀תוך אחד ו׀ךח אחד. הגביעים מתואךים כ׎משקדים׎, היינו ׎ב׊וךת שקדים׎ או ׎מעין שקדים׎. על ×€×™ הגמ׹א (יומא נב.–:) יש ס׀ק אם נוכל לומ׹ ש׎משקדים׎ [ב׀סוק לד] מוסב גם על הכ׀תוךים וה׀ךחים (על כל ׀נים לגבי הקנה האמ׊עי; עיין משנה למלך הלכות בית הבחי׹ה ג, ב). הטעם המ׀סיק ב׎גבעים׎ [ב׀סוק לד] הוא ׹איה להנחה זו.

“Three almond-shaped cups, etc.” – In each of the six branches, there are three cups, one knob, and one flower. The cups are described [here, in vs. 33] as 'almond-shaped,' meaning, “in the form of almonds” or “resembling almonds”. According to the Gemara (bYoma 52a), there is uncertainty about whether we can say that 'almond-shaped' (in verse 34) also refers to the knobs and flowers (especially regarding the central branch; see [Maimonides’s] Mishneh L'Melech, Hilchot Beit HaBechirah 3:2). The pausal cantillation mark on “cups”  (in verse 34) serves as evidence for this (latter) supposition.”

READING: BOTH READING A and READING B.

STATEMENT of AMBIGUITY and DISAMBIGUATION TECHNIQUE:

Hirsch relies extensively on authoritative sources here, citing the gemara’s statement about the uncertainty about the word משקדים, as one of 5 such words. He notes that verse 33 describes the cups, specifically, as almond-shaped, hence supporting READING A. He states that Rambam applies the term to the knobs and flowers as well, hence READING B, and he observes that the cantilation tradition supports READING B; thus– BOTH READING A and READING B.

MALBIM  (1809- 1879)

שלשה – בא׹ תמונת הקנים, שבכל קנה ימשא שלשה גביעים משוקדים וכ׀תוך אחד ו׀ךח אחד, עד שבששה הקנים ימשאו י׮ח גביעים משוקדים וששה ׀ךחים וששה כ׀תוךים, [ומ׎ש כן לששת הקנים היינו וכן לששת הקנים, משא׎כ ב׀סוק ל׮ה לא אמך מלת כן, כי חשב כל הקנים]:

"Three” – in explaining the structure of the branches, in each branch, there shall be three almond-shaped cups, one knob, and one flower, so that in the six branches, there will be eighteen almond-shaped cups, six flowers, and six knobs.

[And the same for the six branches, and so for the other six branches; this is the meaning of the verse in 45, and it does not say 'the same' because it considers all the branches.]”

READING: READING A:

שלשה גביעים משוקדים וכ׀תוך אחד ו׀ךח אחד,

Malbim clarifies his understanding by enumerating the three items listed as parts of the branches in a manner that shows the distinction between the cups– enumerated as 6 cups on each branch, separated (with a conjunctive “and) from the one knob and the one flower per branch; he then repeats: “18 almond-shaped cups” in total for the 6 branches besides the center branch, and 6 flowers and 6 knobs.

R. Naftali Tzvi Yehuda Berlin (Netziv) (1816 - 1893) on Exod 25:33

נשי׮ב

משוקדים – ידוע בגמ׹א יומא (נב,א) שנסת׀קו במק׹א דלהלן (׀סוק ל׮ד) ׮ובמנו׹ה אךבעה גביעים משוקדים כ׀תוךיה ו׀ךחיה׎, אי קאי ׎משוקדים׎ על הגביעים או על הכ׀תוךים. והקשו התוס׀ות, ל׀י שהוכיחו דלא זכ׹ הש׎ס ס׀יקות אלא במקום דנ׮מ במשמעות, וה׹י הכא אין נ׀קא מינה במשמעות, בין אי קאי על הגביעים בין אי קאי על הכ׀תוךים.

והנ׹אה, דאע׎ג דלהלן (שם) ה׀יךוש ׎משוקדים׎ ל׀י תךגום אונקלוס ׮משוי׹ין׮, וב׀יךוש המשניות לה׹מב׮ם מנחות ׀׎ג (משנה ז׳) הוא מלאכה ידועה לאומנים, כל זה אינו אלא אי קאי על ה׎כ׀תוךים׎, אבל אי קאי על ה׎גביעים׎, וכן במק׹א שאנו עומדים בו דב׹ו׹ דקאי על ה׎גביעים׎, כמו שכתבו התוס׀ות שם משום דמ׀סיק בין ׎משוקדים׎ ל׎כ׀תוך ו׀ךח׎ בתיבות ׮בקנה האחד׮, א׮כ יש ל׀ךש ׎משוקדים׎ — כ׊וךת שקדים {ולא כתךגום אונקלוס ׮משיי׹ין׮, אלא ׎משוגדין׎, כמו שתךגם אונקלוס בס׀ך במדב׹ (יז,כג) ׎שגדין׎. וכך כתב ה׹מב׮ם בהלכות בית הבחי׹ה (ג,לב) ׳משוקדים כמו שקדים בעשייתו׳}, דמעשה גביע הוא כמו שקד — ק׊ך למטה ומתךחב למעלה, אלא דכל גביע ׀תוח למעלה במקום ה׹חב, מה שאין כן שקד למעלה מתעגל וסתום. וכן ה׀יךוש כאן ד׎הגביעים׎ יהיו ׎משוקדים׎ — סתום ועגול למעלה. מעתה ש׀יך הס׀ק להלן במשמעות — אי כעין שקד אי משוי׹ין, או כ׀יךוש ה׹מב׮ם ז׮ל, ב׀יךוש המשניות מנחות הנ׮ל.

“Almond-shaped”– it is known in the gemara Yoma (52a) that there is doubt in the next verse (vs. 34),

׮ובמנו׹ה אךבעה גביעים משוקדים כ׀תוךיה ו׀ךחיה׎

whether משוקדים refers to ( קאי על) the cups or the knobs. And Tosafot asked–since they proved that the gemara does not mention doubts except in a case where there are meaningful implications; and see: here, there is no implication for the meaning, whether it refers to the cups or it refers to the knobs.

It seems that even though in the same context there (in the Gemara) the explanation of 'meshukadim' according to the Targum Onkelos is 'משוי׹ין' (figured or ornamented), and in the Mishnah commentary of Maimonides (Menachot 3:7), it refers to craftsmanship known to skilled artists, all this applies only when it is on the knobs, not when it is on the cups. The same is true in the verse we are dealing with, where it is clear that it refers to the cups, as the Tosafot wrote there– because there is a pausal mark (etnah) between meshukadim and “its knobs and its flowers”, for the words “on one branch.” Thus, it meshukadim should be interpreted as “in the shape of almonds” {and not “ornamented” as translated by Targum Onkelos, here, but rather, 'משוגדין' (sculpted), as Onkelos translated in the Book of Numbers (17:23), 'שגדין.'  

So, too, Maimonides wrote in the Laws of the Chosen Temple (3:32), “meshukadim: like almonds in its making,” that is, the form of the cup is like an almond - narrow below and widening above. Only, every goblet is opened above at the wide point, which is not the case for an almond, which is rounded and closed at the top. And so, the explanation here is that the “goblets” will be “almond-shaped”--closed and rounded at the top–whether shaped like an almond or decorated, or in accordance with Maimonides.  in the aforementioned Mishneh Torah.

The Netziv seeks syntactic clarity in lexical clarification, attempting to determine the exact meaning of משוקדים in order to ascertain whether it describes the goblets, or knobs and flowers.

TORAH TEMIMA (1880 - 1942)

תוךה תמימה

מעמדים – תניא, איסי בן יהודה אומ׹, זה אחד מן חמשה מקךאות שאין להם הכךע.1 (יומא נ׮ב:)

Footnote in alhatorah.org (not clear to me who wrote it):


1. ׹׮ל די׮ל אךבעה גביעים משוקדים או משוקדים כ׀תוךיה ו׀ךחיה. וכתב ה׹מב׮ם ב׀׎ג ה׮ב מבית הבחי׹ה וז׮ל, בכל קנה וקנה שלשה גביעים וכ׀תך ו׀ךח והכל משוקדים, עכ׎ל. והנה באמת בענין הכ׀תךים ו׀ךחים (׀סוק ל׮ג) אינו מבוא׹ דהכ׀תךים ו׀ךחים מששת הקנים ש׹יכים להיות משוקדים, משום דא׮כ הו׮ל לכתוב שלשה גביעים בקנה האחד משוקדים כ׀תוך ו׀ךח, ול׀י׎ז ׊׎ע מנ׮ל ל׹מב׮ם דגם הכ׀תוךים ו׀ךחים שבששת הקנים ש׹יכים להיות משוקדים. והכ׮מ כתב בשם ׹׮י קוךקוס דטעמו הוא ע׎׀ הגמ׳ דמשוקדים אין לו הכךע, אבל זה תימא דהא הגמ׳ איי׹י במשוקדים שב׀סוק של׀נינו, והיינו בהכ׀תךים ו׀ךחים שבגו׀ה של מנו׹ה ולא שבששת הקנים, וכ׮כ ךש׎י ותוס׳, ועיין במל׮מ.

Chatgpt:

Meaning: we need to say “have four almond-shaped cups” or “almond-shaped [are] its knobs and flowers”.

The Rambam wrote in Hilchot Bet HaBechirah (3:2): “in each branch, there are three cups, a knob, and a flower, and all are almond-shaped.“ And indeed, concerning the knobs and flowers (verse 33), it is not explicitly explained that the knobs and flowers on the six branches must be almond-shaped, because if so, Scripture should have written: “three goblets on the one branch, [and an] almond-shaped knob and flower.” According to this, it is difficult to reconcile with the Rambam, as he asserts that even the knobs and flowers on the six branches must be almond-shaped. And הכ׮מ wrote in the name of Rabbi Joseph Corcos that his reasoning is based on the Talmud, stating that משוקדים has no decisive reading. But this is surprising, as that gemara refers to משוקדים in the verse before us, namely, the knobs and flowers in the body of the menorah and not those on the six branches. This is in line with the opinion of Rashi and Tosafot; and see further במל׮מ.

READING A: [four cups made like almond blossoms]; its buds and flowers

DICTIONARIES:

See: ס׀ך השוךשים ל׹ד"ק 

וה׀על ממנו [׀֎֌עֵל] שְׁלֹשׁ֞ה גְב֎ע֎ים מְשֻׁק֞֌ד֎ים (שמות כ׮ה:ל׮ג), מ׀ותחים כדמות שקדים.

Radak understands the participle to mean almond-shaped; the decision to cite verse 33:  שְׁלֹשׁ֞ה גְב֎ע֎ים מְשֻׁק֞֌ד֎ים could point to a preference for READING A, that it’s specifically the goblets that are almond-shaped.

BDB: vb. Pu. denom. – only Pt. pl. in גְ֌ב֎ע֎ים מְשֻׁק֞֌ד֎ים cups shaped like almond (blossoms) Ex 25:33(+), 34; 37:19(+), 20.

BDB seems to favor READING A.

( footnotes: maybe for incorporation in Tevet:


[1] Footnote, alhatorah,org::
1. almond-decorated | מְשֻׁק֞֌ד֎ים – See Rashi and Rashbam. Alternatively: "almond-shaped" or: "shaped like almond blossoms".

2. a knob and a blossom | כַ֌׀ְתֹ֌ך ו֞׀ֶךַח – See Shadal and Hoil Moshe that each goblet was composed of a knob and blossom, so that each of the side branches had not only three cups but also three knobs and flowers. See R"Y Bekhor Shor similarly, that each cup was decorated with knobs and flowers, and that these were not distinct objects. Others assume that they were distinct with each side branch containing three cups, but only one knob and one flower.

[2] S. Kogut, Correlations Between Biblical Accentuation and Traditional Jewish Exegesis Linguistic and Contextual Studies (Magnes) pp. 34-35; and more extensively in Studies in Biblical Syntax as Reflected in Traditional Jewish Exegesis (Magnes), pp. 186-187.

[3] Kogut cited his:

׎שימושים חלי׀יים בכינויים ׀ךוךים ובכינויים חבו׹ים להבעת קנין בעבךית המקךאית,׎ עיוני מקךא ו׀קשנות ג –ס׀ך זיכ׹ון למשה גושן-גוטשטיין, ךמת גן תשנ׎ג, עמ 401-411.

He explains the verse as predication, with a three-fold subject: (1) “four almond-shaped cups” (2) [and] “its knobs” [3] “and its flowers,” such that the verse says of all of these that [they are] “on the menorah.” (Syntax, p. 187).

[4] From Studies in Biblical Syntax, p. 186. There, Kogut further clarifies the predication in vs. 7 by placing the use of the pronominal suffixes in this verse in contrast to Isa 59:7: ךַגְלֵיהֶם֙ ל֞ךַ֣ע י֞ךֻ֔׊ו֌, where the whole noun, with the possessive suffix, functions as the subject of the verb  י֞ךֻ֔׊ו֌.  In Cantillation, p. 35, note 5, Kogut points out that in another instance, of a similar construction with pronominal suffix, the cantillation marks attribute the predicative function to the construction: Ezek 1:11, 18.  See Kogut, Cantillation, para 2.2.1.4, and Syntax, p. 187 where he cites Rashi on the difficulty of these verses and the significance of the cantillation for interpreting the verse.

[5] J. W. Etheridge, The Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan Ben Uzziel on the Pentateuch with the Fragments of the Jerusalem Targum from the Chaldee (London, 1862); Similarly, The Targum Onkelos to Exodus, translated with apparatus and notes by Bernard Grossfeld, 1988: “Now on the lampstand <were to be> embroidered four cups with a calyx and a lily.”  Less precisely, alhatorah.org:  “The [shaft of the] menorah shall have four cups, engraved in almond shaped patterns, with their knobs and their flowers.”

[6] Alhatorah.org footnote:

. בגיליון כ׮י ניאו׀יטי 1 מובא (במקום ׮חזו׹יה ושושניה׎) גם נוסח חילו׀י: ׮חזו׹א ושושנ׳⁠ ⁠׎.

[7] Targum Neofiti 1, Exodus / translated, with introduction and apparatus by Martin McNamara ; and notes by Robert Hayward. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Exodus / translated, with notes by Michael Maher, p. 108.

[8] J. W. Etheridge, The Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan Ben Uzziel on the Pentateuch with the Fragments of the Jerusalem Targum from the Chaldee (London, 1862)

[9] 

׹בינא אמך לא נשך באוכל ולא ךבית בכסף ש׹יכי קךא דאי כתיב את כס׀ך לא תתן לו בנשך ואכלך במךבית כדקאמךת השתא דכתיב את כס׀ך לא תתן לו בנשך ובמךבית לא תתן אכלך ק׹י ביה הכי את כס׀ך לא תתן לו בנשך ובמךבית ובנשך ובמךבית לא תתן אכלך

Ravina said: An explicit verse is not required, neither to derive neshekh of food nor to derive ribit of money. As, if it were written: You shall not give him your money with neshekh and your food with marbit, juxtaposing neshekh with money alone and marbit with food alone, it would be as you say, that there is a need for the derivation of the baraita. But now that it is written: “You shall not give him your money with neshekh and with marbit you shall not give him your food,” interposing both neshekh and marbit between money and food, read into the verse this interpretation: Your money you shall not give him for neshekh and for marbit; and for neshekh and for marbit you shall not give your food.

[10] As Rashi explains ad loc.: “it is though “and he will wash” is written two times:

ו׀שט וךחץ וךחץ ולבש - ו׀שט את בגדי הבד אשך לבש וגו' וסמיך ליה וךחץ את בשךו במים במקום קדוש ולבש את בגדיו והטיל הכתוב ׹חישה בין ׀שיטה ללבישה והאי וךחץ דךשינן ליה לקמן לענין קידוש ויל׀ינן מיניה תךי קידושי דשדינן וךחץ או׀שט ואולבש כאילו כתיב וךחץ תךי זימני:

[11] הֲלրוֹא א֎ם⁠֟תֵ֌יט֎יב֙ שְׂאֵ֔ת וְא֎ם֙ לֹ֣א תֵיט֎֔יב לַ׀ֶ֌֖תַח חַט֞֌֣את ךֹבֵ֑ץ וְאֵלֶ֙יך֞֙ תְ֌שׁ֣ו֌ק֞ת֔וֹ וְאַת֞֌֖ה ת֎֌מְשׇׁל⁠֟ב֌֜וֹ

[12] 

(ו) בְ֌סֹד֞ם֙ אַל⁠֟ת֞֌בֹ֣א נַ׀ְש֎ׁ֔י ב֎֌קְה֞ל֖֞ם אַל⁠֟תֵ֌חַ֣ד כְ֌בֹד֎֑י כ֎֌րי בְאַ׀֞֌ם֙ ה֣֞ךְגו֌ א֎֔ישׁ ו֌ב֎ךְ׊ֹנ֖֞ם ע֎קְ֌ךו֌⁠֟שׁ֜וֹך׃ (ז) א֞ךրו֌ך אַ׀֞֌ם֙ כ֎֌֣י ×¢ÖžÖ”×– וְעֶבְך֞ת֖֞ם כ֎֌֣י ק֞שׁ֑֞ת֞ה אֲחַלְ֌קֵ֣ם בְ֌יַעֲקֹ֔ב וַאֲ׀֎י׊ֵ֖ם בְ֌י֎שְׂך֞אֵ֜ל׃

[13] וַיֹ֌֚אמֶך מֹשֶׁրה אֶל⁠֟יְהוֹשֻׁ֙עַ֙ בְ֌חַך⁠֟ל֣֞נו֌ אֲנ֞ש֎ׁ֔ים וְ׊ֵ֖א ה֎ל֞֌חֵ֣ם בַ֌עֲמ֞לֵ֑ק מ֞ח֞֗ך א֞נֹכ֎րי נ֎׊֞֌ב֙ עַל⁠֟ךֹ֣אשׁ הַג֎֌בְע֞֔ה ו֌מַטֵ֌֥ה ה֞אֱלֹה֎֖ים בְ֌י֞ד֎֜י׃

[14] 

(טז) וַיֹ֌րאמֶך יְהֹו֞ה֙ אֶל⁠֟מֹשֶׁ֔ה ה֎נְ֌ך֥֞ שֹׁכֵ֖ב ע֎ם⁠֟אֲבֹתֶ֑יך֞ וְק֞ם֩ ה֞ע֚֞ם הַזֶ֌֜ה וְז֞נ֣֞ה׀ אַחֲךֵ֣י׀ אֱלֹהֵ֣י נֵכַך⁠֟ה֞א֞֗ךֶץ אֲשֶׁ֚ך הրו֌א ב֞א⁠֟שׁ֞֙מ֞֌ה֙ בְ֌ק֎ךְב֌֔וֹ וַעֲז֞בַ֕נ֎י וְהֵ׀ֵך֙ אֶת⁠֟בְ֌ך֎ית֎֔י אֲשֶׁ֥ך כ֞֌ךַ֖ת֎֌י א֎ת֌֜וֹ׃

[15] The Hebrew translation (via alhatorah.org) uses the Hebrew words, with their Hebrew masculine genders, and thus does not disambiguate:
ו֌בְגֶזַע הַמְ֌נוֹך֞ה אַךְב֞֌ע֞ה גְ֌ב֎יע֎ים מְעֻט֞֌ך֎ים ב֎֌דְמו֌י שְׁקֵד֎ים ע֎ם תְ֌׀ו֌חֶיה֞ וְשׁוֹשַׁנֶ֌יה֞.

  מהדוךת ה׹ב יום טוב גינדי, באדיבות המהדי׹ (כל הזכויות שמוךות)

[16] from alhatorah.org:

׎He refers to the first commentary as "Sefer HaYashar".

This is the "short commentary" of Ibn Ezra, which is generally the shorter of his two surviving commentaries on Torah; in this verse, it is longer than the later "long commentary".

[17] Alhatorah.org  bibliographic info:

תולדות אה׹ן השלם, מהדו׹ה חדשה ומתוקנת, עם מבוא, העךות וה׀ניות, מאת ה׹ב אב׹הם וייס, באדיבות המהדי׹ (כל הזכויות שמוךות). ל׀ךטים על המהדו׹ה לחשו כאן.

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