1. Oswald Spengler, Der Untergang des Abendlandes, IV (München, 1922), 105.

2. Oswald Spengler, Untergang des Abendlandes, IV, 106.

3. Robert A. Woods, “The Neighborhood in Social Reconstruction,” Papers and Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Society, 1913.

4. James Welden Johnson, “The Making of Harlem,” Survey Graphic, March 1, 1925.

5. “Wenn wir daher das Wort [Natur] als einen logischen Terminus in der Wissenschaftslehre gebrauchen wollen, so werden wir sagen dürfen, dass Natur die Wirklichkeit ist mit Rücksicht auf ihren gesetzmässigen Zusammenhang. Diese Bedeutung finden wir z. B. in dem Worte Naturgesetz. Dann aber können wir die Natur der Dinge auch das nennen was in die Begriffe eingeht, oder am kürzesten uns dahin ausdrücken: die Natur ist die Wirklichkeit mit Rücksicht auf das Allgemeine. So gewinnt dann das Wort erst eine logische Bedeutung” (H. Rickert, Die Grenzen der naturwissenschaftlichen Begriffsbildung, p. 212).

6. Walter Besant, East London, pp. 7–9.

7. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, pp. 28–29.

8. Walter Bagehot, The Postulates of Political Economy (London, 1885), pp. 7–8.

9. Cf. W. I. Thomas, Source Book of Social Origins, p. 169.

10. Charles Horton Cooley, Social Organization, p. 15.

11. Walter Besant, East London, p. 13.

12. William I. Thomas, “Race Psychology: Standpoint and Questionnaire with Particular Reference to the Immigrant and Negro,” American Journal of Sociology, XVII (May, 1912), 736.

13. Reports of the United States Immigration Commission, VI, 14–16.

14. Jacques Loeb, Comparative Physiology of the Brain, pp. 220–21.

15. Ibid., p. 221.

16. James Bryce, The American Commonwealth, I, 566.

17. Sumner, Folkways, p. 12.

18. Cf. Bryce, The American Commonwealth, p. 267.

19. “British Conurbations in 1921,” Sociological Review, XIV (April, 1922), 111–12.

20. See E. H. Shideler, The Retail Business Organization as an Index of Community Organization (in preparation).

21. For a study of this cultural area of city life see Nels Anderson, The Hobo, Chicago, 1923.

22. Weber, The Growth of Cities, p. 442.

23. Adapted from W. B. Munro, Municipal Government and Administration, II, 377.

24. Report of the Chicago Subway and Traction Commission, p. 81, and the Report on a Physical Plan for a Unified Transportation System, p. 391.

25. Data compiled by automobile industries.

26. Statistics of mailing division, Chicago Post-office.

27. Determined from Census Estimates for Intercensal Years.

28. From statistics furnished by Mr. R. Johnson, traffic supervisor, Illinois Bell Telephone Company.

29. From 1912–23, land values per front foot increased in Bridgeport from $600 to $1,250; in Division-Ashland-Milwaukee district, from $2,000 to $4,500; in “Back of the Yards,” from $1,000 to $3,000; in Englewood, from $2,500 to $8,000; in Wilson Avenue, from $1,000 to $6,000; but decreased in the Loop from $20,000 to $16,500.

30. Nels Anderson, The Slum: An Area of Deterioration in the Growth of the City; Ernest R. Mowrer, Family Disorganization in Chicago; Walter C. Reckless, The Natural History of Vice Areas in Chicago; E. H. Shideler, The Retail Business Organization as an Index of Business Organization; F. M. Thrasher, One Thousand Boys’ Gangs in Chicago; a Study of Their Organization and Habitat; H. W. Zorbaugh, The Lower North Side; a Study in Community Organization.

31. Encyclopedia Americana, New York (1923), p. 555.

32. As indicated later on in this paper, ecological formations tend to develop in cyclic fashion. A period of time within which a given ecological formation develops and culminates is the time period for that particular formation. The length of these time periods may be ultimately measured and predicted, hence the inclusion of the temporal element in the definition.

33. The word “position” is used to describe the place relation of a given community to other communities, also the location of the individual or institution within the community itself.

34. Park and Burgess, Introduction to the Science of Sociology, p. 509.

35. Although the actions of individuals may be designed and controlled, the total effect of individual action is neither designed nor anticipated.

36. Human Geography, p. 52.

37. Brunhes points out by a series of maps the very intimate relation between the distribution of human habitations and the water systems of different countries. He also demonstrates the relation of the modern industrial community to the regions of coal deposits.

38. The close relation existing between the coal and iron areas and the location of modern industrial communities has frequently been pointed out. L. C. A. Knowles says: “Apart from special and exceptional circumstances industry in Europe and the United States tends to grow up within easy railway access to the great coal areas and on these areas the population is massed in towns” (The Industrial and Commercial Revolutions in Great Britain during the Nineteenth Century, p. 24).

39. To be sure, if the interests in question are commercialized, the growth of the community is subject to the same laws of competition as the other types of communities, with the exception that change is likely to be more rapid and fanciful.

40. See H. P. Douglass, The Little Town, p. 44.

41. F. E. Clements, Plant Succession, p. 3. Carr-Saunders refers to the point of population adjustment to resources as the “optimum.”

42. J. Russell Smith, Industrial and Commercial Geography (1913), p. 841.

43. A. T. Hadley, “Economic Results of Improvement in Means of Transportation,” quoted in Marshall, Business Administration, p. 35.

44. L. C. A. Knowles, The Industrial and Commercial Revolutions in Great Britain during the Nineteenth Century (1921), p. 216.

45. See Gillette, Rural Sociology (1922), pp. 472–73.

46. For a good statistical summary of the decline in village population in the United States from 1900 to 1920 see Gillette, op. cit. (1922), p. 465.

47. Warren H. Wilson, “Quaker Hill,” quoted in Sims, Rural Community, p. 214.

48. In actual count of some thirty-odd communities in and around Seattle this was about the sequence of development.

49. The axial or skeletal structure of civilization, Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, is the ocean around which it grows up. See Ramsay Traquair, “The Commonwealth of the Atlantic,” Atlantic Monthly, May, 1924.

50. Compare F. E. Clements, Plant Succession, p. 6.

51. For good discussions of the effect of new forms of transportation upon communal structure see McMichael and Bingham, City Growth and Values (1923), chap. iv; also Grupp, Economics of Motor Transportation (1924), chap. ii.

52. By actual count in the city of Seattle over 80 per cent of the disorderly houses recorded in police records are obsolete buildings located near the downtown business section where land values are high and new uses are in process of establishment.

53. A term used by members of the Department of Sociology in the University of Chicago.

54. This has also been suggested by the Chicago group.

55. Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion, pp. 361–62.

56. Michael MacDonagh, The Reporters’ Gallery. Pp. 139–40.

57. George Henry Payne, History of Journalism in the United States, p. 120.

58. William I. Thomas, The Unadjusted Girl—with Cases and Standpoint for Behavior Analysis, Criminal Science, Monograph No. 4, Boston, 1923.

59. Thomas and Znaniecki, The Polish Peasant, I, 87–97, quoted in Park and Miller, Old-World Traits Transplanted, p. 34.

60. Ibid., II, 259, quoted in Park and Miller, Old-World Traits Transplanted, pp. 39–40.

61. W. I. Thomas, The Unadjusted Girl, p. 71.

62. Robert E. Park, “The Significance of Social Research in Social Service,” Journal of Applied Sociology (May-June, 1924), pp. 264–65.

63. J. Graham Cruickshank, Black Talk, p. 8.

64. Archbishop E. J. Hanna, head of the Catholic diocese of California, recently, during the drouth on the Pacific Coast, issued formal instructions to the pastors of all Catholic churches to offer the following prayer immediately after mass: “O God, in whom we live and move and are, grant us seasonal rain that we, enjoying a sufficiency of support in this life, may with more confidence strive after things eternal.”—From Los Angeles Evening Herald, January 17, 1924.

65. Thomas and Znaniecki, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (Boston, 1918), I, 3: “The oldest but most persistent form of social technique is that of ‘ordering-and-forbidding’—that is, meeting a crisis by an arbitrary act of will decreeing the disappearance of the undesirable or the appearance of the desirable phenomena, and the using arbitrary physical action to enforce the decree. This method corresponds exactly to the magical phase of natural technique. In both, the essential means of bringing a determined effect is more or less consciously thought to reside in the act of will itself by which the effect is decreed as desirable, and of which the action is merely an indispensable vehicle or instrument; in both, the process by which the cause (act of will and physical action) is supposed to bring its effect to realization remains out of reach of investigation.”

66. The following telegram was recently in the San Francisco Bulletin: “Stanford University, Jan. 24, 1924—Stanford has established what is termed a unique course in the curriculum of western universities. It teaches scientific yell-leading, according to the rally committee, which sponsors the course. The course is open to sophomores only. Practices will be held in Encina gymnasium.”

67. Frederick A. Ober, A Guide to the West Indies Bermudas, New York, 1908, p. 351.

68. J. B. Baillie, Studies in Human Nature, p. 242.

69. A distinction made by Professor Robert E. Park.

70. Park and Burgess, Introduction to the Science of Sociology, p. 163.

71. P. 163.

72. One of the committees of the Chicago Council of Social Agencies has a subcommittee which is studying this problem in connection with the subject of uniform districts for social agencies. Several departments of the city government are interested in considering the possibilities of uniform administrative districts.

73. See chapter “The Growth of the City” for a more elaborate analysis of urban expansion (pp. 47–62).

74. Numbers in parentheses after titles indicate that the work cited contains material bearing on the topics in the outline corresponding to these numbers.