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  1. Front Matter
    1. Table of Contents
    2. About
    3. Introduction
    4. Preface (1848 ed.)
      1. Addition to the Preface (1849 ed.)
    5. Preface (1852 ed.)
      1. Addition to the Preface (1857 ed.)
      2. Addition to the Preface (1862 ed.)
      3. Addition to the Preface (1865 ed.)
      4. Addition to the Preface: “The People's Edition,” (1865)
    6. Preface (1871 ed.)
  2. Preliminary Remarks
  3. BOOK I: PRODUCTION
    1. CHAPTER I: Of the Requisites of Production
    2. CHAPTER II: Of Labour as an Agent of Production
    3. CHAPTER III: Of Unproductive Labour
    4. CHAPTER IV: Of Capital
    5. CHAPTER V: Fundamental Propositions Respecting Capital
    6. CHAPTER VI: On Circulating and Fixed Capital
    7. CHAPTER VII: On What Depends the Degree of Productiveness of Productive Agents
    8. CHAPTER VIII: Of Co-Operation, or the Combination of Labour
    9. CHAPTER IX: Of Production on a Large, and Production on a Small Scale
    10. CHAPTER X: Of the Law of the Increase of Labour
    11. CHAPTER XI: Of the Law of the Increase of Capital
    12. CHAPTER XII: Of the Law of the Increase of Production From Land
    13. CHAPTER XIII: Consequences of the Foregoing Laws
  4. BOOK II: DISTRIBUTION
    1. CHAPTER I.: Of Property
    2. CHAPTER II.: The Same Subject Continued
    3. Chapter III.: Of the Classes Among Whom the Produce Is Distributed
    4. CHAPTER IV.: Of Competition and Custom
    5. CHAPTER V.: Of Slavery
    6. CHAPTER VI.: Of Peasant Proprietors
    7. CHAPTER VII.: Continuation of the Same Subject
    8. CHAPTER VIII.: Of Metayers
    9. CHAPTER IX.: Of Cottiers
    10. CHAPTER X.: Means of Abolishing Cottier Tenancy
    11. CHAPTER XI.: Of Wages
    12. CHAPTER XII.: Of Popular Remedies for Low Wages
    13. CHAPTER XIII.: The Remedies for Low Wages Further Considered
    14. CHAPTER XIV.: Of the Differences of Wages in Different Employments
    15. CHAPTER XV.: Of Profits
    16. CHAPTER XVI.: Of Rent
  5. BOOK III: EXCHANGE
    1. Chapter I: Of Value
    2. CHAPTER II: Of Demand and Supply in Their Relation to Value
    3. CHAPTER III: Of Cost of Production, in Its Relation to Value
    4. CHAPTER IV: Ultimate Analysis of Cost of Production
    5. CHAPTER V: Of Rent, in Its Relation to Value
    6. CHAPTER VI: Summary of the Theory of Value
    7. CHAPTER VII: Of Money
    8. CHAPTER VIII: Of the Value of Money, as Dependent on Demand and Supply
    9. CHAPTER IX: Of the Value of Money, as Dependent on Cost of Production
    10. CHAPTER X: Of a Double Standard, and Subsidiary Coins
    11. CHAPTER XI: Of Credit, as a Substitute for Money
    12. CHAPTER XII: Influence of Credit on Prices
    13. CHAPTER XIII: Of an Inconvertible Paper Currency
    14. CHAPTER XIV: Of Excess of Supply
    15. CHAPTER XV: Of a Measure of Value
    16. CHAPTER XVI: Of Some Peculiar Cases of Value
    17. CHAPTER XVII.: On International Trade
    18. CHAPTER XVIII: Of International Values
    19. CHAPTER XIX: Of Money, Considered as an Imported Commodity
    20. CHAPTER XX: Of the Foreign Exchanges
    21. CHAPTER XXI: Of the Distribution of the Precious Metals Through the Commercial World
    22. CHAPTER XXII: Influence of the Currency on the Exchanges and on Foreign Trade
    23. CHAPTER XXIII: Of the Rate of Interest
    24. CHAPTER XXIV: Of the Regulation of a Convertible Paper Currency
    25. CHAPTER XXV: Of the Competition of Different Countries in the Same Market
    26. CHAPTER XXVI: Of Distribution, as Affected by Exchange
  6. BOOK IV: INFLUENCE OF THE PROGRESS OF SOCIETY ON PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION
    1. CHAPTER I: General Characteristics of a Progressive State of Wealth
    2. CHAPTER II: Influence of the Progress of Industry and Population on Values and Prices
    3. CHAPTER III: Influence of the Progress of Industry and Population, on Rents, Profits, and Wages
    4. CHAPTER IV: Of the Tendency of Profits to a Minimum
    5. CHAPTER V: Consequences of the Tendency of Profits to a Minimum
    6. CHAPTER VI: Of the Stationary State
    7. CHAPTER VII: On the Probable Futurity of the Labouring Classes
  7. BOOK V: ON THE INFLUENCE OF GOVERNMENT
    1. CHAPTER I: Of the Functions of Government in General
    2. CHAPTER II: On the General Principles of Taxation
    3. CHAPTER III: Of Direct Taxes
    4. CHAPTER IV: Of Taxes on Commodities
    5. CHAPTER V: Of Some Other Taxes
    6. CHAPTER VI: Comparison Between Direct and Indirect Taxation
    7. CHAPTER VII: Of a National Debt
    8. CHAPTER VIII: Of the Ordinary Functions of Government, Considered as to Their Economical Effects
    9. CHAPTER IX: The Same Subject Continued
    10. CHAPTER X: Of Interferences of Government Grounded on Erroneous Theories
    11. CHAPTER XI: Of the Grounds and Limits of the Laisser-Faire or Non-Interference Principle
  8. Bibliographical Appendix
    1. A.—: The Mercantile System (p. 6)
    2. B.—: The Definition of Wealth (p. 9)
    3. C.—: The Types of Society (p. 20)
    4. D.—: Productive and Unproductive Labour (p. 53)
    5. E.—: The Definition of Capital (p. 62)
    6. F.—: Fundamental Propositions on Capital (p. 90)
    7. G.—: Division and Combination of Labour (p. 131)
    8. H.—: Large and Small Farming (p. 154)
    9. I.—: Population (p. 162)
    10. J.—: The Law of Diminishing Return (p. 188)
    11. K.—: Mill's Earlier and Later Writings on Socialism (p. 204)
    12. L.—: The Later History of Socialism (p. 217)
    13. M.—: Indian Tenures (p. 328)
    14. N.—: Irish Agrarian Development (p. 342)
    15. O.—: The Wages Fund Doctrine (p. 344)
    16. P.—: The Movement of Population (p. 360)
    17. Q.—: Profits (p. 421)
    18. R.—: Rent (p. 434)
    19. S.—: The Theory of Value (p. 482)
    20. T.—: The Value of Money (p. 506)
    21. U.—: Bimetallism (p. 510)
    22. V.—: International Values (p. 606)
    23. W.—: The Regulation of Currency (p. 677)
    24. X.—: Prices in the Nineteenth Century (p. 704)
    25. Y.—: Commercial Cycles (p. 709)
    26. Z.—: Rents in the Nineteenth Century (p. 724)
    27. AA.—: Wages in the Nineteenth Century (p. 724)
    28. BB.—: The Importation of Food (p. 738)
    29. CC.—: The Tendency of Profits to a Minimum (p. 739)
    30. DD.—: The Subsequent History of Co-Operation (p. 794)
    31. EE.—: The Subsequent History of Income Tax (pp. 806, 817)
    32. FF.—: The Taxation of Land (p. 819)
    33. GG.—: The Incidence of Taxation (p. 863)
    34. HH.—: Company and Partnership Law (p. 904)
    35. II.—: Protection (p. 926)
    36. JJ.—: Usury Laws (p. 930.)
    37. KK.—: The Factory Acts (p. 759)
    38. LL.—: The Poor Law (p. 969)
    39. MM.—: The Province or Government (p. 979)
  9. Index

INDEX

  • A
    • AnrtKiircK, remuneration for, 32,86, 729
    • Agriculture, natural advantages, 102; much division of labour impossible in, 131; grande and petite culture, 144–5; improvements in, 183; British, ib.; produce, 572–3
    • Allotment system, 368
    • America, Indiana in North A., 104; work in, 105 n.; Indian villages, 167–9; farming in, 180; emigration, 197; slavery (q.v.), 251; tenure in North A., 258; population, 350, 353; cotton trade, 414; profita, 420; silver mines, 485, 507; Spanish A., 655 cotton failure, 665; wages, 681 cotton, 682; rates of profits, 731 wealth and population, 761, 892
    • Arctic whale fisheries, 27
    • Argovie, population, 291; laws of marriage, 355
    • Arkwright, invention of, 96; its effect, 193, 350
    • Asia, economical condition, 14; cause of poverty in, 113; population in, 159; high rate of interest in, 176; limits of production in, 189
    • Attwood, on currency, 550
    • Australia, wool-growers, 43; Western A., 65; agriculture in, 194; colonisation, 197; growth of population in, 350; gold mines, 485; annual gold produce, 673; wealth and population, 761; colonisation, 973
    • Austria, serf labour, 252; currency reform, 667
  • B
    • BABBAOE, Mr., Economy of Machinery and Manufacture, 107; instances of frauds, 112; value of trust in business, ib.; on division of labour, 123, 125–6, 129; on production on a large scale, 132; on co-operation, 765, 772 n.
    • Bank Charter Act, 651
    • Bank notes, 519, 529
    • Barbara, Dr., 765
    • Bastiat, metayers, 305 n; on property in land, 430
    • Bavaria, farms, 298; laws of marriage, 354
    • Béam, small farms in, 279
    • Bedford Level, the, 92, 182, 230, 430
    • Bedfordshire, lace-making, 311; agricultural labourers, 357
    • Belgium, cattle in, 147 n.; peasant proprietors, 239, 271; manufacturing distress (in 1849), 275 n.; population, 296; Poor Colonies of. 424; peasant-class, 482
    • Bengal, Sand tenure, 327
    • Bentham, 223, 397, 806, 861, 885, 927
    • Bequest, 226
    • Berlin Decrees, the, 112
    • Berne, farms, 262 n., 269
    • Berwickshire, farmers in, 265
    • Birmingham, currency school, 550
    • Blacker, William, 146 n.
    • Blackstone, on entails, 895
    • Blanc, Louis, 203, 773, 780 n.
    • Bombay, land tenure, 327
    • Brazil, slavery in, 255; bullion, 608
    • Briggs, Messrs., co-operation, 771
    • Browne, Mr.,oonsul at Copenhagen, 292
    • Buckinghamshire, lace-making, 311; agricultural labourers, 357
  • C
    • CABBT, 203
    • Cairnes, Prof., on Ireland, 338 n.
    • California, gold mines, 485; gold from, 673
    • Edition: current; Page: [1006] Campagna of Rome, agricultural tenure, 240, 258; small farms in, 276 n.
    • Campbell, Lord, 886
    • Campine, the sands in, 271
    • Canada, emigration to, 197; timber trade, 415
    • Capital, defined, 54; distinction between C. and not-C., 56; wages a part of C., 57; further examples of use of, 59; fundamental propositions respecting C., 63; distinction between industry and C., 64; C. may perish for want of labour, 65; error that unproductive expenditure of C. will employ the poor, 66; C. and luxuries, 67–8; source of, 68; how consumed, 70; perpetual consumption and reproduction of C., 74; C. of producer pays labour, 79; circulating C. denned, 91; fixed C, defined, 92; distinction between circulating C. and fixed C., 93, 99; a primary requisite of production (g.c.). 101; law of increase of, 163; net-produce of, 164; great accumulation in England, 173; transfer among employments, 412; C. and profits, 452, 639; waste of, 731; sinking of, 742
    • Qarey, H. C., population, 157 n., 158 n.; on law of agricultural industry, 181–2; on rent, 430–2; on partnership, 902 n.; on chartered companies, 907; on protection, 922–5
    • Chalmers, Dr., 67 n., 75, 77; on land, 424, 557, 562, 690, 727, 840
    • Chancery, Court of, 885, 906
    • Channel Islands, peasant properties in, 276–7
    • Charity, 969
    • Charlevoix, 169
    • Cnateanvieux, on metayers, 303, 308, 310, 311
    • Cherbuliez, 777 n., 780 n.
    • Cheques, and prices, 536
    • Chevalier, on co-operation, 769
    • China, 105 n., 170; stationary state in, 172–3, 565; American ships trading to, 764
    • Circulating and fixed capital, 91
    • Clément, 295 n.
    • Colonisation, Wakefield on, 121; remedy for low wages, 381 (see Wakefield)
    • Commandite, 900
    • Communism, 202 n., 203; examined, 204–11
    • Competition, 242; in prices, 245; of different countries in the same market, 678–87; underselling, 679–84; advantage of, 793
    • Co-operation, increases productiveness of labour, 116; in agriculture (q.v.), 144; growth of, 698; forms of. 764–94; English, 783–8
    • Coquelin. 902, 904–5
    • Corn, laws, 186, 338; taxes, 840–7; laws (again), 920
    • Cornish miners, 765
    • Cost of production, 451–68, 566, 569
    • Cottiers, 318–28; means of abolishing cottier tenancy, 329–42
    • Cotton famine, 757
    • Credit, effect on profits, 413; as a substitute for money (q.v.), 511- 22; defined, 511; credit and commerce, 514; bills of exchange, 515; cheques, 520; influence on prices, 523–41; commercial prices, 527; bank notes, 531–52; Bank of England notes, 539; an inconvertible paper currency, 542–55; Bank of England (1819), 552
    • Crimean War, effect on currency, 665
    • Crises, 641, 644, 651, 709, 734, 845
    • Cuba, slavery in, 249, 255, 686
    • Cumberland, 257
    • Currency, influence of, on exchanges and foreign trade, 629–38; depreciated, 646; on the regulation of a convertible C., 656–7 n.; paper C., 651–77; Bank Charter Act (1844), 657–8; drains on Bank reserve, 672 n.; bank-note C., 674
    • Custom, 242; defined, 243; in prices, 247
  • D
    • DE L'ISLE BROCK, on Guernsey labouring classes, 276–7
    • Demand for commodities, 79; determines direction of labour, 87
    • Demand and supply, and value, 442; defined, 445; demand exceeding supply, 446; monopolies, 449; value of labour depends upon, 450; real law of, 455; recapitulation, 456
    • Denmark, 239 n.; abolition of slavery, 255; population, 292; currency reform, 667
    • Edition: current; Page: [1007] Deposits, bank, 648
    • De Quinoey, on value, 436–7, 442, 446, 449, 454
    • Devon Commiaaion on Ireland, 323, 337 n.
    • Diminishing Returns, law of, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 188, 190, 427, 469
    • Distributing class, defined, 39, 789
    • Distribution, laws of, 21, 200; digtribntion as affected by exchange, 688–94; influence of the progress of society on production and distribution, 695
    • Domestic manufactures, 683
    • Dorsetshire, agricultural labourers, 357
    • Doubleday, on population, 157 n., 158 n.
    • Dunning, T. J., 939 n.
    • Dunoyer, on extractive industry, 33, 950–2, 954 n.
  • E
    • ELLIOTT, J. H., 911 n.
    • Ellis, William, oa machinery, 728
    • Emigration, cause of, 193; in form of colonisation, 197, 701
    • Engadine, peasant proprietors, 261
    • Engineers, Society of, 936, 938
    • England, agriculture, 31; reproduction of wealth (q.v.), 74; compared with other nations, 101; workmen in, 105 n.; law and police, 111; security, 115; increase of production on a large scale, 142; small farms, 146; cattle, 147 n.; population, 160–1; accumulation of capital (q.v.), 173; land cultivation, 175, 182–5; Poor Laws (q.v.), 187; population progress, 192; wages (q.v.), 220; bequest, 228–9 n.; landed property, 232; yeomen, 256; farmers, 265; peasant!, 267; agriculture, compared with the Channel Islands (q.v.), 277; rate of population, 294; tenant farmers, 306; wages and food, 347–8; agricultural population, 356; retail pronto, 415–20; land in, 426–31; gold standard, 509; high prices, 610; currency, 633; banking, 677; agriculture, 704; interest, 730–5; overflow of capital abroad, 738; railways, 743–5; co-operation, 783–8; land-tax. 819; tithes, 845; law of inheritance. 890
    • Escher, Mr., of Zurich, 109
    • Europe, 2; ancient agriculture in, 14; source of wealth of modern E., 17; temperate regions, 102; security, 113; market for Indian goods, 122; population, 153, 159, 161; effective desire of accumulation, 170; cultivation, 179; property, 208; laws, 227; usage of tenure, 245; custom of prices, 247; farms, 270; hoarding, 554; profit and savings, 731; taxation of land, 819
    • Exchange, the operation of, 88; bflh of, 515, 529, 613
    • Exports and Imports, 578, 611, 619; disturbances of, 618, 624; undisturbed, 625; taxes on, 850–6
  • F
    • FANE, Cecil, 898 n., 905 n., 914 n.
    • Fawoett, Prof., 937
    • Feugueray, 774, 780 n., 781–2, 793
    • Flanders, 18; security, 114; small farms and peasant-farming, 147–8; high farming, 179; crops, 265, 271–5, 280; peasant proprietors, 284; population, 291; free cities, 882
    • Fkmuk Husbandry, treatise on, 147 n.
    • Florence, metayers near, 309–11
    • Food, importation of, 193; exports of, 195
    • Foreign exchanges, 612–18
    • Fourierism, 204, 212; examined, 213–16
    • France, agriculture, 31; railways, 144; cattle, 148 n.; labour, compared with England, 150–2; population, 153, 161; cultivation, 182; Socialism, 204, 211; bequest, 227, 229 n.; trades, 236; peasant proprietors, 239; agricultural tenure, 240, 260 n., 278; metayers, 306–7; food, 481; silver standard, 509 n.; credit, 522; assignals, 547; trade, 575; bank notes, 666; agriculture, 704; co-operation, 783; taxes, 820; law of inheritance, 890; partnership laws, 900; manufactures, 900–2
    • Frankfort, laws of marriage, 354
    • French Economists, on rent, 26
    • Fullarton, on currency, 498, 500 n., 537; bank circulation, 652–5, 668–70, 675
  • Edition: current; Page: [1008] G
    • GERMANY, medieval free towns, 18; wood-cutters, 34; peasant proprietors, 239; northern provinces, 252; cultivation of land, 260 n., 264 n., 267; population, 291; peasant class, 482; trade with, 575; international values with, 584–606; co-operation, 783
    • Gisquet, co-operation, 77 n.
    • Gladstone, income-tax, 806 n. taxation, 871
    • Godley, J. R., 179 n.
    • Gold and silver, at money (q.v.), 484; as commodities, 502, 607–11; their distribution in commerce, 619- 28; their cost of production varies, 629
    • Government, its functions, 795–801; revenues from taxation (q.v.), 802; on the ordinary functions of, considered as to their economical effects, 881–8; further effects, 889–915; interference of, 916–40; protection, 917–26; monopolies, 932; combinations of workmen, 933–9; limits of G., 941–79; laiuez-faire, 950
    • Graduated taxation, 806, 808
    • Gray, John, on money, 549
    • Great Britain, coal-fields, 103; farming, 180; emigration, 197; landed proprietors, 231; workmen, 239 n.; emigration for colonisation (q.v.), 384; land value, 431; credit, 521; agriculture, 704; population, 704; tithes, 845
    • Greece, soldiers' gains, 50; sculptores of, 74; its colonies, 114
    • Greeks, ancient, 48, 104
    • Guernsey, peasant farms, 278
  • H
    • HAINAULT, crops in, 271
    • Hanse towns, 686, 882
    • Hardenberg, land reforms, 334
    • Hargreaves, invention of, 96
    • Harlem, Lake of, 182
    • Head, Sir George, on Guernsey, 276
    • Holland, cattle in, 147 n.; low rate of interest, 173, 175; fens of, 185; crops in, 265; peasant farms, 271; trade, 687; profits, 884
    • Holyoake, 784–8
    • Howitt, W., 266
    • Hubbard, on income-tax, 815 n.
    • Huber, Prof., 780 n.
    • Hume, on money, 496, 550–1
    • Hungary, 20 n., 252 n., 738
  • I
    • INCAME-TAX 806–17; graduated, 808–10; on annuities, 811; savings, 813–17; defined, 829–32
    • Inconvertible currency, 642–55, 634
    • Increasing returns, 703
    • India, 13, 121; small towns, 122; native states, 173; tenure, 240; ryots, 243; customs in tenure, 244; land tenure, 324–8; high interest on loans, 409
    • Industry, extractive, defined, 33; limited by capital (q.v.), 63; distinction between I. and capital, 64; influence oi the progress of L and population on values and prices, 700–9; influence of the progress of I. and population on rents, profits, and wages, 710–24
    • Inglis, 260
    • Inheritance, 221
    • Inquisition, the, 940
    • Interest, defined, 406; market rate of, 411; on the rate of, 639–50; and loans, 639; fluctuations, 641; war loans, 643; rate depends on capital loaned, 647; value sod price of funds determined by, 649; low interest, 732–3
    • International trade, 574–606
    • Ireland, 102; farms small, 145–9, 180; tenancy, 187; emigration, 197; landed property, 232; tenure, 318; cottiers, ib.; peasantry, 322- 34; proposed reforms in cottier tenancy, 331–7; low wages, 419; low profits, 420; emigration for colonisation, 975
    • Irish peasantry, 56; landowners, 2341 cottier tenants, 258
    • Italy, ancient, 16; towns in medieval I., 18; security in, 114; peasant fanning in, 148, 239; agricultural tenure, 240, 268, 260n.; crops in, 280; peasant farming, 284; metayers, SOS, 307. 308, 311, 316; peasant-class, 482; free cities of, 882
  • Edition: current; Page: [1009] J
    • JACOB, L. H., on serf labour, 252
    • Jamaica, negroes, 105
    • Japan, Hfe in, 105 n.
    • Jersey, farms, 277
    • Johnson, Dr., on inheritance, 891
    • Joint-stock companies, promote production on a large scale, 137; disadvantages of, 138–40; with United liability, 642, 903
    • Jones, Prof. K., on serf labour, 252; population, 288; metayers, 307, 310, 316
  • K
    • KIT, Mr., 263 n., 269, 270 n., 271; population, 291, 354
  • L
    • LABOUB, a requisite ot production (q.v.), 22–9; various kinds of productive, 33–41; unproductive, 44; three classes of, 47; productive L. defined, 48; unproductive L. defined, 49; L. depends on capital (q.v.), 79; ta a primary requisite of production, 101; division of L., 116–18; of women, 119; limited by markets, 130; law of increase of L., 155–62; the produce does not increase in proportion to L., 177; cost of L. 420; value of. 450; cost of (again), 681, 691–4
    • Labourers, 20,31; effect on, of change of circulating capital (q.v.) into Axed capital, 94–9; Italian, French, English, Swiss, German, Dutch, Saxon, compared, 109–10; probable future of the labouring classes, 752–94
    • Labourers, Statute of, 934
    • Lacedemon, iron money, 485
    • Laiag [d. 1868], on productiveness, 106 n.; on peasant proprietors, 263–4, 289; English fanning, 298 n.; wages on the Continent, 371
    • Laug [d. 1897], on Cornish minera, 765 n.
    • Laitftr faire, 940, 950, 957
    • Lancashire, bills of exchange, 519
    • Land, 26, 74, 93, 108, 145, 155; is a requisite of production, 156; law of increase of production from, 176; limited quantity, ib.; law of production from, defined, 177; property in, 231; taxation of, 818–21
    • Latium, 258
    • Lavergne, Léonoe de, 154 n., 266 n., 285, 294, 295 n., 298
    • Leatham, on bill-circulation, 536 n.
    • Leclaire, and co-operation, 768–70
    • Legoyt, on population, 293 n., 294
    • Limited Liability, 899
    • Limited Partnership, 900, 903
    • Limousin, metayers, 307, 308
    • Lincolnshire Wolds, rent of, 430
    • Liverpool, population, 352
    • Loans, war, 77 n. (see Interest)
    • Lombardy, cattle in, 147 n; peasant proprietors, 264 n.; farming in, 265; metayers, 308
    • London, post office, 134; population, 352; wages, 387; the Clearing House, 521
    • Lubeok, laws of marriage, 354
    • Lyell, Sir Charles, farming in America, 179 n.; bequest in America, 229 n.
  • M
    • MoCULLOCH, 44; peasant farms, 271; population, 288; metayers, 307; property, 747; income-tax, 816 n.; tax on cost of production, 837
    • Machinery, effects, 94, 742
    • Madras, land tenure, 327
    • Maine, Ancient Law, 222 n.
    • Malthus, 67 n., 156, 157 n., 158 n., 160, 165, 349 n., 351–2, 359, 365. 376; rediscovered theory of rent, 425; on over-supply, 557, 562; on measure of value, 568; on population, 747
    • Manilla, Chinese co-operation, 771 n.
    • Manufactures, domestic, 64 n.; improvements in, 108
    • Margin of cultivation, 690, 716, 840
    • Market for commodities is not employment of labour (q.v.), 120
    • Massachusetts, 229 n., 907
    • Mecklenburg, laws of marriage, 353
    • Mercantile system, 2, 677, 918
    • Metayers, 302; defined, 303; Adam Smith on, 305; Arthur Young on, 306
    • Miohelet, on peasant proprietors, 284 n., 300 n.
    • Milan decrees, the, 112
    • Milanese, the, metayers. 307
    • Edition: current; Page: [1010] Mill, James, on over-supply, 562; on international trade (q.v.), 576; income-tax, 816 n.
    • Miiter, Prof., 165 n.
    • Honey, 3. 64, 72; defined, 483; gold Mid silver, 485; a commodity, 488; its valne depends on demand and supply, 490; M. and prices, 496; M. and cost of production (q.v.), 499–506; coining, 501; doable standard, 507–10; credit (q.v.), 511; commercial crisis, 561; as an imported commodity, 607–11; bills of exchange, 612–18; ita distribution in commerce, 619–23; M. and laws of value (q.v.), 626; loans, 645
    • Monopoly, 410, 449
    • Montesquieu, 482, 484
    • Mora-nans, the, 202
    • Munich, laws of marriage, 354
    • Mushet, Mr., on Bank restriction, 554
  • N
    • NAPLES, tenure, 245; metayers, 304 n.
    • Napoleonic wars, 77 n.
    • National Debt, 873–80; paying off, 876–80
    • Natural objects, as requisite of production (q.v.), 22, 101
    • Nature, man's power over, 25
    • Navigation laws, 920
    • New England, 197, 229 n.
    • New York, shipping, 903
    • New Zealand, colonisation, 973
    • Newmarch, on bill-circulation, 536 n.
    • Newry, tenant-right, Ireland, 341
    • Niebuhr, on peasant farms, 276 n.
    • Norway, 34; population, 160, 290; peasant proprietors, 239, 263; laws of marriage, 353
  • O
    • OLMSTED, on slave states, 251
    • One-pound notes, 656, 676
    • Oriental opulence, belief in, 12; famines in O. countries, 19; modern O. society, 20
    • Overstone, Lord, regulation of the currency, 656
    • Owen, Robert, 203, 773, 783
    • Owenism, 202 n., 210
  • P
    • PALATINATE, the, peseant proprietors 266, 296 n.
    • Paraguay, Indians in, 169, 212
    • Parennin, Father, on the Chinese, 171
    • Paris, population, 153 n; farms near, 285, 296; co-operation in, 768
    • Parliament, railway Acts, 98, 176
    • Passy, M., farms, 147 n.; large and small farms, 152; net produce, 153 n.; farming in France, 297; metayers, 307 n.
    • Peasant proprietors, 256; English, 257; Swiss, 258–63; Norway, 263; Flanders, 265; Germany, 266–71; Belgium, 271–5; the Channel Islands, 276–7; Fiance, 277–82; Arthur Young (q.v.), 283; of the Continent, 286
    • Peel, Sir Bobert (his Act of 1844), 651
    • Piedmont, small farms, 264 n.; metayers, 303 n., 308, 309; co-operation, 783
    • Plnmmer, 783 n., 784 n.
    • Poland, population, 195; trade with, 576; capital in, 738
    • Politics, science of, 891
    • Poor Law, the, 84; Report (1840), 109; English poor laws, 160; Irish poor laws, 197; Swiss, 262; new English, ib.; Act of Elizabeth. 368; Poor Law (of 1834), 368; Actof Queen Anne, 395; Poor Laws, 967
    • Population, 12, 120–1; increase of, 153, 156–61; over-population, 191; peasantry population, 288–96: table of various nations' population, 293 n.; progress of, 561; influence of the progress of industry and population on values and prices, 700–9; influence of the progress of industry and population on rents and profits and wages, 710–24
    • Possessions, origin of inequality of, 10
    • Prescription, 220
    • Prices, 245; retail and wholesale, 441; money and, 624; influence of credit (q.v.), 523–41; general rise, 551; influence of industrial progress on, 700–9; speculators, 706–8; fluctuations from supply, 709
    • Production, laws of, 22–8; the three Edition: current; Page: [1011] requisites of, 54, 101; on a large and on a small scale, 132, 134, 136- 7; law of increase of, 155; the three requisites (again), 156, 163; law of P. from land (q.v.), 177; cost of P., 183; laws of P. from wealth (q.v.), 199; cost of P. (again), 451, 453, 457–68; progress of, 561; Joint cost of P., 570–3; cost of P. (again), 700; increase of P., capital and population, 722; improvements inP., 735–6; tax on cost of P., 837
    • Productive agents, on what their degree of productiveness depends, 101; natural advantages of, 102; skilled labour in using, 109; security, 113
    • Productive and tutprodutitivo labour, 44–53
    • Profit, origin of, 32; P. of stock defined, 164; P. of capital, 462–4; extra P., 476; part of production, 477
    • Profits, 405; gran, 406; lowest rate possible, 407; retail, 409; vary, 412; custom affects, 415; causes determining amount of, 416; the rate of P, depends on wages, 419; tax on P., 824–7
    • Progress of society, summed op, 723–4
    • Progreotre taxation, 806, 808
    • Property, private, 201; P. and European nations, ib.; P. defined, 218–21; bequest of, 222,226
    • Prussia, serf labour, 252; peasant farms, 271; landed property reforms, 334; marriage laws, 354; ourancy reform, 667
  • Q
    • QUETELET, 293 n.
  • R
    • RAB, John, 129 n., 165 n., 106, 169, 170, 172,870 n., 922
    • Railway Board, 946
    • Ran, Prof., on small farms, 162, 269, 270
    • Registration of land, 886
    • Reiohensperger, Herr, 263 n., 270
    • Rent, of land, 26; not productive, 57; cause of, 422; theory of, 425; some agricultural capital pays no R., 427; R. and profits, 429; is not part of cost of production, 433, 468; R. in relation to value, 469–71; law of R., 472, 691; rents rise, 712–14; rents fall, 717- 20; tax on house and ground R., 823–36
    • Revans, Mr., on Irish peasantry, 322; on income-tax, 831
    • Rhine province, 269; crops in, 280, 285; division of farms, 298
    • Ricardo, 80; on wages, 347; on rent, 425, 432; on profits, 419; on value, 452, 458–9, 461; on over- snpply, 663; on international trade, 576; on gold and silver, 625; on interest, 638; on taxes, 822
    • Riokmanaworth, land experiments at, 336 n.
    • Roads, value of, 184
    • Robinson, on Irish Waste Land Society, 337 n.
    • Rochdale Pioneers, the, 784–8
    • Romans, the, 16, 50, 104, 114, 167, 485
    • Russia, emancipation of slaves [1861], 17; com from, 30; state of, 101, 190, 195; serf labour, 252; table of various populations, 293 n.; trade with, 576; currency reform, 667; capital in, 697, 738
    • Ryota, 243, 324
  • S
    • ST. SIMONISM, 204; examined, 212
    • Saving, defined, 70; enriches the com inanity, 72, 728
    • Savoy, 260 n.
    • Saxony, 269; peasant farms, 271; laws of marriage, 353
    • Say, 44,45,69; on demand for labour (q.v.), 80; on division of labour, 123; CourS d'Economie Politiqve Pratique, ib. n.; on demand and supply, 446; on over-supply, 562
    • Scotland, farming, 95 n., 102, 178, 263; colliers, 387; banking, 677; agriculture, 704; co-operation, 783 n.
    • Senior, on Continental marriage laws, 353; definition of profits, 405; on money, 505; on imports, 605; on gold and silver imports, 609; taxes. 842–5
    • Edition: current; Page: [1012] Serfs, origin of, 17, 244; unproductiveness of their labour, 252; gradual extinction, 253
    • Siamondi, on capital, 67 n.; on property, 231 n.; on peasant pro-prieton, 258, 260 n., 289; on metayers, 303, 304 n., 311, 315 n., 316 n.; on corporations, 355 n.; on population, 375; on over-supply, 557, 561–2; on usury, 926
    • Slaney, Mr., 783, 906 n.
    • Slavery, 249; unproductive labour of, 251; in America, ib.; compared with free labour, 253; negro S. abolished by England, Denmark, America, the Dutch (by 1865), 254 n.; still allowed by Spain in Brazil and Cuba (1863), 255
    • Slaves, ate not wealth, 8; Roman, 17; West Indian 8. ransomed [1834], 19; how maintained, 69; property in, 236; owned by the landowners, 239
    • Sleswick-Holstein, 239 n.
    • Smith, Adam, 2, 26, 67,122–8; joint-stock companies, 140; Malthas, 165; metayers, 305; workmen, 366 n.; on difference of wages in different employments, 385–97; retail profits, 410; value, 436–7, 462, 566–8; foreign trade, 579; paper money, 632; interest, 638; capital, 726–7; on a stationary state, 747; taxation, 802; tax on wages, 828; house-rent, 832; usury, 926, 928–9; market-rate, 937
    • Socialism, 202 n., 203; examined, 209–17, 792
    • Spam, 190, 255; trade with, 683; capital in, 738; state of, 940
    • Spice Islands, Dutch monopoly in, 449
    • Statics and Dynamics of political economy, 695
    • Stationary state, the, 746–51
    • Stein, land reforms, 334
    • Supply, defined, 445; excess, 556–63; a general over-supply, 558–62
    • Swan River Settlement, 65
    • Sweden, trade with, 576; currency reform, 667
    • Switzerland, 239; peasant proprietors, 268, 265, 271; population, 291; laws of marriage, 354; trade with, 575; co-operation, 783
  • T
    • TAILLB, 883
    • Taxation, fallacies of, 89; general principles of, 802–22; equality in, 804, 813, 817; of land, 819; comparison between direct and indirect T., 864–72
    • Taxes, 16, 57, 466; income-T., 806- 17; property T., 806–10; on profits, savings, and land, 811–19; direct T., 823–36; defined, 823; on rents, 832–6; oa commodities, 837–66; indirect T. defined, 837; tithes, 841; duties, 847–50; on imports and exports, 850–06; miscellaneous T., 857–63
    • Thaer, on peasant proprietors, 271
    • Thornton, on peasant proprietors, 276; on English peasantry, 348 n.; on allotments, 371; on paper credit (q.v.), 515, 519; oa international values, 596
    • Thurgao, peasant-farms in, 263
    • Tithes, incidence of, 841; see also Taxes
    • Tooke, on com prices, 447 n.; on ths currency, 521 n.; on credit, 533–5; on bills, 536 n.; on prices, 554; on bank credit, 648; on bank circulation, 662–5, 665; on money-prices of agricultural produce, 704
    • Torrens, on international trade (q.v.), 576 n., 693 n.; regulation of the currency, 657
    • Trade, international, 674–82; defined, 674; fictitious examples, 674–8; theories of, compared, 678- 82; international values in, 684- 606; equation of international demand, law of, 692, 600; value and cost in, 604; money in international T., 607–11; bills of exchange, 613; law of international T.. 621, 629; free T., 701
    • Turgot, on metayers, 307
    • Tuscany, farming in, 179; agricultural tenure, 240; peasant proprietors, 264 n.; metayers, 303, 304 n., 311- 16
  • U
    • ULSTER, tenant-right, 318,320, 335 n.
    • United States, the, 103, 152, 157 n., 158 n., 179, 194. 220. 229. 239, 213, Edition: current; Page: [1013] 430, 432, 655, 682, 721, 738, 907–8, 921, 925
    • Unsettled Questions of Political Economy, Essays on some, 48 n.
    • Ural Mountains, gold mines, 485
    • Dri, laws of marriage, 355
    • Usury, 926–30
    • Utility, 45, 442
  • V
    • VALUE, 27; defined, 437; V. and price, 439–40; law of V., 448; natural V., 452; market V., 453–9; law of (again), 471; theory of V., summary of, 478–80; money V., 488–98; measure of V., 564–8; peculiar cases of V., 569–73; international V., 583–606; law of international V., 622–7
    • Venice, 686
    • Venn, farms, 297
    • Villermé, on French labourers, 295 n.
    • Villiaumé, on co-operation, 769, 777 n., 778 n.
    • Voluntary system, 953. 977
  • W
    • WAES, Pays de, 147 n., 230
    • Wages, 57, 253, 343–6; W. and population, 349–60; popular remedies for low W., 361–2; allotment system, 368; Continental, 371; emigration, 384; women's W. in factories, 400; fixed by custom, 403; W. depends on profits, 419, 477; low W. and underselling, 684; law of W., 688–9; tax on W., 827–9
    • Wakefield, on co-operation, 116–17; on colonisation, 121; on agriculture, 144–52; his system of emigration, 330, 382; on capital, 727, 735; on protection, 925; on land in Colonies, 965; success of his colonisation system, 972–4
    • Walker, G., on currency, 673
    • Warehousing system, 867
    • Watt, inventor, 41; effect of his inventions, 193, 350
    • Wealth, 1, 6, 9, 19, 47, 48, 74, 108; distribution of, 200; progressive state of, 695–9; stationary state of, 746–51
    • West, Sir E., on theory of rent, 425
    • West Indies, ransom of slaves in [1834], 19; expenditure in, 166; slaves in, 240; slave population, 250, 253; Colonies, 685–6
    • Westbury, Lord, 887 n.
    • Westmorland, small farmers, 257
    • Wiltshire, agricultural labourers, 357
    • Women, work of, 119; efficiency of, 128; wages of, 400; employments for, 401, 759–60, 959
    • Wordsworth, on English peasantry, 257 n.
    • Wurtemberg, peasant proprietors, 239 n.; laws of marriage, 353
  • Y
    • YOUNG, Arthur, Travels in France (1787–9), 278–82; on population, 295 n,; on metayers, 303 n.; on English farmers, 306; against metayers, 306, 307, 308, 310
  • Z
    • ZEMINDABS, 325–7
    • Zurich, workmen at, 109; peasant proprietors, 200, 262 n., 269; weavers, 398; manufacturers and agriculturists, 683; oo-operation, 783

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