Skip to main content
table of contents
INDEX
- A
- AnrtKiircK, remuneration for, 32,86, 729
- Agriculture, natural advantages, 102; much division of labour impossible in, 131; grande and petite culture, 144–5; improvements in, 183; British, ib.; produce, 572–3
- Allotment system, 368
- America, Indiana in North A., 104; work in, 105 n.; Indian villages, 167–9; farming in, 180; emigration, 197; slavery (q.v.), 251; tenure in North A., 258; population, 350, 353; cotton trade, 414; profita, 420; silver mines, 485, 507; Spanish A., 655 cotton failure, 665; wages, 681 cotton, 682; rates of profits, 731 wealth and population, 761, 892
- Arctic whale fisheries, 27
- Argovie, population, 291; laws of marriage, 355
- Arkwright, invention of, 96; its effect, 193, 350
- Asia, economical condition, 14; cause of poverty in, 113; population in, 159; high rate of interest in, 176; limits of production in, 189
- Attwood, on currency, 550
- Australia, wool-growers, 43; Western A., 65; agriculture in, 194; colonisation, 197; growth of population in, 350; gold mines, 485; annual gold produce, 673; wealth and population, 761; colonisation, 973
- Austria, serf labour, 252; currency reform, 667
- B
- BABBAOE, Mr., Economy of Machinery and Manufacture, 107; instances of frauds, 112; value of trust in business, ib.; on division of labour, 123, 125–6, 129; on production on a large scale, 132; on co-operation, 765, 772 n.
- Bank Charter Act, 651
- Bank notes, 519, 529
- Barbara, Dr., 765
- Bastiat, metayers, 305 n; on property in land, 430
- Bavaria, farms, 298; laws of marriage, 354
- Béam, small farms in, 279
- Bedford Level, the, 92, 182, 230, 430
- Bedfordshire, lace-making, 311; agricultural labourers, 357
- Belgium, cattle in, 147 n.; peasant proprietors, 239, 271; manufacturing distress (in 1849), 275 n.; population, 296; Poor Colonies of. 424; peasant-class, 482
- Bengal, Sand tenure, 327
- Bentham, 223, 397, 806, 861, 885, 927
- Bequest, 226
- Berlin Decrees, the, 112
- Berne, farms, 262 n., 269
- Berwickshire, farmers in, 265
- Birmingham, currency school, 550
- Blacker, William, 146 n.
- Blackstone, on entails, 895
- Blanc, Louis, 203, 773, 780 n.
- Bombay, land tenure, 327
- Brazil, slavery in, 255; bullion, 608
- Briggs, Messrs., co-operation, 771
- Browne, Mr.,oonsul at Copenhagen, 292
- Buckinghamshire, lace-making, 311; agricultural labourers, 357
- C
- CABBT, 203
- Cairnes, Prof., on Ireland, 338 n.
- California, gold mines, 485; gold from, 673
- Edition: current; Page: [1006] Campagna of Rome, agricultural tenure, 240, 258; small farms in, 276 n.
- Campbell, Lord, 886
- Campine, the sands in, 271
- Canada, emigration to, 197; timber trade, 415
- Capital, defined, 54; distinction between C. and not-C., 56; wages a part of C., 57; further examples of use of, 59; fundamental propositions respecting C., 63; distinction between industry and C., 64; C. may perish for want of labour, 65; error that unproductive expenditure of C. will employ the poor, 66; C. and luxuries, 67–8; source of, 68; how consumed, 70; perpetual consumption and reproduction of C., 74; C. of producer pays labour, 79; circulating C. denned, 91; fixed C, defined, 92; distinction between circulating C. and fixed C., 93, 99; a primary requisite of production (g.c.). 101; law of increase of, 163; net-produce of, 164; great accumulation in England, 173; transfer among employments, 412; C. and profits, 452, 639; waste of, 731; sinking of, 742
- Qarey, H. C., population, 157 n., 158 n.; on law of agricultural industry, 181–2; on rent, 430–2; on partnership, 902 n.; on chartered companies, 907; on protection, 922–5
- Chalmers, Dr., 67 n., 75, 77; on land, 424, 557, 562, 690, 727, 840
- Chancery, Court of, 885, 906
- Channel Islands, peasant properties in, 276–7
- Charity, 969
- Charlevoix, 169
- Cnateanvieux, on metayers, 303, 308, 310, 311
- Cherbuliez, 777 n., 780 n.
- Cheques, and prices, 536
- Chevalier, on co-operation, 769
- China, 105 n., 170; stationary state in, 172–3, 565; American ships trading to, 764
- Circulating and fixed capital, 91
- Clément, 295 n.
- Colonisation, Wakefield on, 121; remedy for low wages, 381 (see Wakefield)
- Commandite, 900
- Communism, 202 n., 203; examined, 204–11
- Competition, 242; in prices, 245; of different countries in the same market, 678–87; underselling, 679–84; advantage of, 793
- Co-operation, increases productiveness of labour, 116; in agriculture (q.v.), 144; growth of, 698; forms of. 764–94; English, 783–8
- Coquelin. 902, 904–5
- Corn, laws, 186, 338; taxes, 840–7; laws (again), 920
- Cornish miners, 765
- Cost of production, 451–68, 566, 569
- Cottiers, 318–28; means of abolishing cottier tenancy, 329–42
- Cotton famine, 757
- Credit, effect on profits, 413; as a substitute for money (q.v.), 511- 22; defined, 511; credit and commerce, 514; bills of exchange, 515; cheques, 520; influence on prices, 523–41; commercial prices, 527; bank notes, 531–52; Bank of England notes, 539; an inconvertible paper currency, 542–55; Bank of England (1819), 552
- Crimean War, effect on currency, 665
- Crises, 641, 644, 651, 709, 734, 845
- Cuba, slavery in, 249, 255, 686
- Cumberland, 257
- Currency, influence of, on exchanges and foreign trade, 629–38; depreciated, 646; on the regulation of a convertible C., 656–7 n.; paper C., 651–77; Bank Charter Act (1844), 657–8; drains on Bank reserve, 672 n.; bank-note C., 674
- Custom, 242; defined, 243; in prices, 247
- D
- DE L'ISLE BROCK, on Guernsey labouring classes, 276–7
- Demand for commodities, 79; determines direction of labour, 87
- Demand and supply, and value, 442; defined, 445; demand exceeding supply, 446; monopolies, 449; value of labour depends upon, 450; real law of, 455; recapitulation, 456
- Denmark, 239 n.; abolition of slavery, 255; population, 292; currency reform, 667
- Edition: current; Page: [1007] Deposits, bank, 648
- De Quinoey, on value, 436–7, 442, 446, 449, 454
- Devon Commiaaion on Ireland, 323, 337 n.
- Diminishing Returns, law of, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 188, 190, 427, 469
- Distributing class, defined, 39, 789
- Distribution, laws of, 21, 200; digtribntion as affected by exchange, 688–94; influence of the progress of society on production and distribution, 695
- Domestic manufactures, 683
- Dorsetshire, agricultural labourers, 357
- Doubleday, on population, 157 n., 158 n.
- Dunning, T. J., 939 n.
- Dunoyer, on extractive industry, 33, 950–2, 954 n.
- E
- ELLIOTT, J. H., 911 n.
- Ellis, William, oa machinery, 728
- Emigration, cause of, 193; in form of colonisation, 197, 701
- Engadine, peasant proprietors, 261
- Engineers, Society of, 936, 938
- England, agriculture, 31; reproduction of wealth (q.v.), 74; compared with other nations, 101; workmen in, 105 n.; law and police, 111; security, 115; increase of production on a large scale, 142; small farms, 146; cattle, 147 n.; population, 160–1; accumulation of capital (q.v.), 173; land cultivation, 175, 182–5; Poor Laws (q.v.), 187; population progress, 192; wages (q.v.), 220; bequest, 228–9 n.; landed property, 232; yeomen, 256; farmers, 265; peasant!, 267; agriculture, compared with the Channel Islands (q.v.), 277; rate of population, 294; tenant farmers, 306; wages and food, 347–8; agricultural population, 356; retail pronto, 415–20; land in, 426–31; gold standard, 509; high prices, 610; currency, 633; banking, 677; agriculture, 704; interest, 730–5; overflow of capital abroad, 738; railways, 743–5; co-operation, 783–8; land-tax. 819; tithes, 845; law of inheritance. 890
- Escher, Mr., of Zurich, 109
- Europe, 2; ancient agriculture in, 14; source of wealth of modern E., 17; temperate regions, 102; security, 113; market for Indian goods, 122; population, 153, 159, 161; effective desire of accumulation, 170; cultivation, 179; property, 208; laws, 227; usage of tenure, 245; custom of prices, 247; farms, 270; hoarding, 554; profit and savings, 731; taxation of land, 819
- Exchange, the operation of, 88; bflh of, 515, 529, 613
- Exports and Imports, 578, 611, 619; disturbances of, 618, 624; undisturbed, 625; taxes on, 850–6
- F
- FANE, Cecil, 898 n., 905 n., 914 n.
- Fawoett, Prof., 937
- Feugueray, 774, 780 n., 781–2, 793
- Flanders, 18; security, 114; small farms and peasant-farming, 147–8; high farming, 179; crops, 265, 271–5, 280; peasant proprietors, 284; population, 291; free cities, 882
- Fkmuk Husbandry, treatise on, 147 n.
- Florence, metayers near, 309–11
- Food, importation of, 193; exports of, 195
- Foreign exchanges, 612–18
- Fourierism, 204, 212; examined, 213–16
- France, agriculture, 31; railways, 144; cattle, 148 n.; labour, compared with England, 150–2; population, 153, 161; cultivation, 182; Socialism, 204, 211; bequest, 227, 229 n.; trades, 236; peasant proprietors, 239; agricultural tenure, 240, 260 n., 278; metayers, 306–7; food, 481; silver standard, 509 n.; credit, 522; assignals, 547; trade, 575; bank notes, 666; agriculture, 704; co-operation, 783; taxes, 820; law of inheritance, 890; partnership laws, 900; manufactures, 900–2
- Frankfort, laws of marriage, 354
- French Economists, on rent, 26
- Fullarton, on currency, 498, 500 n., 537; bank circulation, 652–5, 668–70, 675
- Edition: current; Page: [1008]
G
- GERMANY, medieval free towns, 18; wood-cutters, 34; peasant proprietors, 239; northern provinces, 252; cultivation of land, 260 n., 264 n., 267; population, 291; peasant class, 482; trade with, 575; international values with, 584–606; co-operation, 783
- Gisquet, co-operation, 77 n.
- Gladstone, income-tax, 806 n. taxation, 871
- Godley, J. R., 179 n.
- Gold and silver, at money (q.v.), 484; as commodities, 502, 607–11; their distribution in commerce, 619- 28; their cost of production varies, 629
- Government, its functions, 795–801; revenues from taxation (q.v.), 802; on the ordinary functions of, considered as to their economical effects, 881–8; further effects, 889–915; interference of, 916–40; protection, 917–26; monopolies, 932; combinations of workmen, 933–9; limits of G., 941–79; laiuez-faire, 950
- Graduated taxation, 806, 808
- Gray, John, on money, 549
- Great Britain, coal-fields, 103; farming, 180; emigration, 197; landed proprietors, 231; workmen, 239 n.; emigration for colonisation (q.v.), 384; land value, 431; credit, 521; agriculture, 704; population, 704; tithes, 845
- Greece, soldiers' gains, 50; sculptores of, 74; its colonies, 114
- Greeks, ancient, 48, 104
- Guernsey, peasant farms, 278
- H
- HAINAULT, crops in, 271
- Hanse towns, 686, 882
- Hardenberg, land reforms, 334
- Hargreaves, invention of, 96
- Harlem, Lake of, 182
- Head, Sir George, on Guernsey, 276
- Holland, cattle in, 147 n.; low rate of interest, 173, 175; fens of, 185; crops in, 265; peasant farms, 271; trade, 687; profits, 884
- Holyoake, 784–8
- Howitt, W., 266
- Hubbard, on income-tax, 815 n.
- Huber, Prof., 780 n.
- Hume, on money, 496, 550–1
- Hungary, 20 n., 252 n., 738
- I
- INCAME-TAX 806–17; graduated, 808–10; on annuities, 811; savings, 813–17; defined, 829–32
- Inconvertible currency, 642–55, 634
- Increasing returns, 703
- India, 13, 121; small towns, 122; native states, 173; tenure, 240; ryots, 243; customs in tenure, 244; land tenure, 324–8; high interest on loans, 409
- Industry, extractive, defined, 33; limited by capital (q.v.), 63; distinction between I. and capital, 64; influence oi the progress of L and population on values and prices, 700–9; influence of the progress of I. and population on rents, profits, and wages, 710–24
- Inglis, 260
- Inheritance, 221
- Inquisition, the, 940
- Interest, defined, 406; market rate of, 411; on the rate of, 639–50; and loans, 639; fluctuations, 641; war loans, 643; rate depends on capital loaned, 647; value sod price of funds determined by, 649; low interest, 732–3
- International trade, 574–606
- Ireland, 102; farms small, 145–9, 180; tenancy, 187; emigration, 197; landed property, 232; tenure, 318; cottiers, ib.; peasantry, 322- 34; proposed reforms in cottier tenancy, 331–7; low wages, 419; low profits, 420; emigration for colonisation, 975
- Irish peasantry, 56; landowners, 2341 cottier tenants, 258
- Italy, ancient, 16; towns in medieval I., 18; security in, 114; peasant fanning in, 148, 239; agricultural tenure, 240, 268, 260n.; crops in, 280; peasant farming, 284; metayers, SOS, 307. 308, 311, 316; peasant-class, 482; free cities of, 882
- Edition: current; Page: [1009]
J
- JACOB, L. H., on serf labour, 252
- Jamaica, negroes, 105
- Japan, Hfe in, 105 n.
- Jersey, farms, 277
- Johnson, Dr., on inheritance, 891
- Joint-stock companies, promote production on a large scale, 137; disadvantages of, 138–40; with United liability, 642, 903
- Jones, Prof. K., on serf labour, 252; population, 288; metayers, 307, 310, 316
- K
- KIT, Mr., 263 n., 269, 270 n., 271; population, 291, 354
- L
- LABOUB, a requisite ot production (q.v.), 22–9; various kinds of productive, 33–41; unproductive, 44; three classes of, 47; productive L. defined, 48; unproductive L. defined, 49; L. depends on capital (q.v.), 79; ta a primary requisite of production, 101; division of L., 116–18; of women, 119; limited by markets, 130; law of increase of L., 155–62; the produce does not increase in proportion to L., 177; cost of L. 420; value of. 450; cost of (again), 681, 691–4
- Labourers, 20,31; effect on, of change of circulating capital (q.v.) into Axed capital, 94–9; Italian, French, English, Swiss, German, Dutch, Saxon, compared, 109–10; probable future of the labouring classes, 752–94
- Labourers, Statute of, 934
- Lacedemon, iron money, 485
- Laiag [d. 1868], on productiveness, 106 n.; on peasant proprietors, 263–4, 289; English fanning, 298 n.; wages on the Continent, 371
- Laug [d. 1897], on Cornish minera, 765 n.
- Laitftr faire, 940, 950, 957
- Lancashire, bills of exchange, 519
- Land, 26, 74, 93, 108, 145, 155; is a requisite of production, 156; law of increase of production from, 176; limited quantity, ib.; law of production from, defined, 177; property in, 231; taxation of, 818–21
- Latium, 258
- Lavergne, Léonoe de, 154 n., 266 n., 285, 294, 295 n., 298
- Leatham, on bill-circulation, 536 n.
- Leclaire, and co-operation, 768–70
- Legoyt, on population, 293 n., 294
- Limited Liability, 899
- Limited Partnership, 900, 903
- Limousin, metayers, 307, 308
- Lincolnshire Wolds, rent of, 430
- Liverpool, population, 352
- Loans, war, 77 n. (see Interest)
- Lombardy, cattle in, 147 n; peasant proprietors, 264 n.; farming in, 265; metayers, 308
- London, post office, 134; population, 352; wages, 387; the Clearing House, 521
- Lubeok, laws of marriage, 354
- Lyell, Sir Charles, farming in America, 179 n.; bequest in America, 229 n.
- M
- MoCULLOCH, 44; peasant farms, 271; population, 288; metayers, 307; property, 747; income-tax, 816 n.; tax on cost of production, 837
- Machinery, effects, 94, 742
- Madras, land tenure, 327
- Maine, Ancient Law, 222 n.
- Malthus, 67 n., 156, 157 n., 158 n., 160, 165, 349 n., 351–2, 359, 365. 376; rediscovered theory of rent, 425; on over-supply, 557, 562; on measure of value, 568; on population, 747
- Manilla, Chinese co-operation, 771 n.
- Manufactures, domestic, 64 n.; improvements in, 108
- Margin of cultivation, 690, 716, 840
- Market for commodities is not employment of labour (q.v.), 120
- Massachusetts, 229 n., 907
- Mecklenburg, laws of marriage, 353
- Mercantile system, 2, 677, 918
- Metayers, 302; defined, 303; Adam Smith on, 305; Arthur Young on, 306
- Miohelet, on peasant proprietors, 284 n., 300 n.
- Milan decrees, the, 112
- Milanese, the, metayers. 307
- Edition: current; Page: [1010] Mill, James, on over-supply, 562; on international trade (q.v.), 576; income-tax, 816 n.
- Miiter, Prof., 165 n.
- Honey, 3. 64, 72; defined, 483; gold Mid silver, 485; a commodity, 488; its valne depends on demand and supply, 490; M. and prices, 496; M. and cost of production (q.v.), 499–506; coining, 501; doable standard, 507–10; credit (q.v.), 511; commercial crisis, 561; as an imported commodity, 607–11; bills of exchange, 612–18; ita distribution in commerce, 619–23; M. and laws of value (q.v.), 626; loans, 645
- Monopoly, 410, 449
- Montesquieu, 482, 484
- Mora-nans, the, 202
- Munich, laws of marriage, 354
- Mushet, Mr., on Bank restriction, 554
- N
- NAPLES, tenure, 245; metayers, 304 n.
- Napoleonic wars, 77 n.
- National Debt, 873–80; paying off, 876–80
- Natural objects, as requisite of production (q.v.), 22, 101
- Nature, man's power over, 25
- Navigation laws, 920
- New England, 197, 229 n.
- New York, shipping, 903
- New Zealand, colonisation, 973
- Newmarch, on bill-circulation, 536 n.
- Newry, tenant-right, Ireland, 341
- Niebuhr, on peasant farms, 276 n.
- Norway, 34; population, 160, 290; peasant proprietors, 239, 263; laws of marriage, 353
- O
- OLMSTED, on slave states, 251
- One-pound notes, 656, 676
- Oriental opulence, belief in, 12; famines in O. countries, 19; modern O. society, 20
- Overstone, Lord, regulation of the currency, 656
- Owen, Robert, 203, 773, 783
- Owenism, 202 n., 210
- P
- PALATINATE, the, peseant proprietors 266, 296 n.
- Paraguay, Indians in, 169, 212
- Parennin, Father, on the Chinese, 171
- Paris, population, 153 n; farms near, 285, 296; co-operation in, 768
- Parliament, railway Acts, 98, 176
- Passy, M., farms, 147 n.; large and small farms, 152; net produce, 153 n.; farming in France, 297; metayers, 307 n.
- Peasant proprietors, 256; English, 257; Swiss, 258–63; Norway, 263; Flanders, 265; Germany, 266–71; Belgium, 271–5; the Channel Islands, 276–7; Fiance, 277–82; Arthur Young (q.v.), 283; of the Continent, 286
- Peel, Sir Bobert (his Act of 1844), 651
- Piedmont, small farms, 264 n.; metayers, 303 n., 308, 309; co-operation, 783
- Plnmmer, 783 n., 784 n.
- Poland, population, 195; trade with, 576; capital in, 738
- Politics, science of, 891
- Poor Law, the, 84; Report (1840), 109; English poor laws, 160; Irish poor laws, 197; Swiss, 262; new English, ib.; Act of Elizabeth. 368; Poor Law (of 1834), 368; Actof Queen Anne, 395; Poor Laws, 967
- Population, 12, 120–1; increase of, 153, 156–61; over-population, 191; peasantry population, 288–96: table of various nations' population, 293 n.; progress of, 561; influence of the progress of industry and population on values and prices, 700–9; influence of the progress of industry and population on rents and profits and wages, 710–24
- Possessions, origin of inequality of, 10
- Prescription, 220
- Prices, 245; retail and wholesale, 441; money and, 624; influence of credit (q.v.), 523–41; general rise, 551; influence of industrial progress on, 700–9; speculators, 706–8; fluctuations from supply, 709
- Production, laws of, 22–8; the three Edition: current; Page: [1011] requisites of, 54, 101; on a large and on a small scale, 132, 134, 136- 7; law of increase of, 155; the three requisites (again), 156, 163; law of P. from land (q.v.), 177; cost of P., 183; laws of P. from wealth (q.v.), 199; cost of P. (again), 451, 453, 457–68; progress of, 561; Joint cost of P., 570–3; cost of P. (again), 700; increase of P., capital and population, 722; improvements inP., 735–6; tax on cost of P., 837
- Productive agents, on what their degree of productiveness depends, 101; natural advantages of, 102; skilled labour in using, 109; security, 113
- Productive and tutprodutitivo labour, 44–53
- Profit, origin of, 32; P. of stock defined, 164; P. of capital, 462–4; extra P., 476; part of production, 477
- Profits, 405; gran, 406; lowest rate possible, 407; retail, 409; vary, 412; custom affects, 415; causes determining amount of, 416; the rate of P, depends on wages, 419; tax on P., 824–7
- Progress of society, summed op, 723–4
- Progreotre taxation, 806, 808
- Property, private, 201; P. and European nations, ib.; P. defined, 218–21; bequest of, 222,226
- Prussia, serf labour, 252; peasant farms, 271; landed property reforms, 334; marriage laws, 354; ourancy reform, 667
- Q
- QUETELET, 293 n.
- R
- RAB, John, 129 n., 165 n., 106, 169, 170, 172,870 n., 922
- Railway Board, 946
- Ran, Prof., on small farms, 162, 269, 270
- Registration of land, 886
- Reiohensperger, Herr, 263 n., 270
- Rent, of land, 26; not productive, 57; cause of, 422; theory of, 425; some agricultural capital pays no R., 427; R. and profits, 429; is not part of cost of production, 433, 468; R. in relation to value, 469–71; law of R., 472, 691; rents rise, 712–14; rents fall, 717- 20; tax on house and ground R., 823–36
- Revans, Mr., on Irish peasantry, 322; on income-tax, 831
- Rhine province, 269; crops in, 280, 285; division of farms, 298
- Ricardo, 80; on wages, 347; on rent, 425, 432; on profits, 419; on value, 452, 458–9, 461; on over- snpply, 663; on international trade, 576; on gold and silver, 625; on interest, 638; on taxes, 822
- Riokmanaworth, land experiments at, 336 n.
- Roads, value of, 184
- Robinson, on Irish Waste Land Society, 337 n.
- Rochdale Pioneers, the, 784–8
- Romans, the, 16, 50, 104, 114, 167, 485
- Russia, emancipation of slaves [1861], 17; com from, 30; state of, 101, 190, 195; serf labour, 252; table of various populations, 293 n.; trade with, 576; currency reform, 667; capital in, 697, 738
- Ryota, 243, 324
- S
- ST. SIMONISM, 204; examined, 212
- Saving, defined, 70; enriches the com inanity, 72, 728
- Savoy, 260 n.
- Saxony, 269; peasant farms, 271; laws of marriage, 353
- Say, 44,45,69; on demand for labour (q.v.), 80; on division of labour, 123; CourS d'Economie Politiqve Pratique, ib. n.; on demand and supply, 446; on over-supply, 562
- Scotland, farming, 95 n., 102, 178, 263; colliers, 387; banking, 677; agriculture, 704; co-operation, 783 n.
- Senior, on Continental marriage laws, 353; definition of profits, 405; on money, 505; on imports, 605; on gold and silver imports, 609; taxes. 842–5
- Edition: current; Page: [1012] Serfs, origin of, 17, 244; unproductiveness of their labour, 252; gradual extinction, 253
- Siamondi, on capital, 67 n.; on property, 231 n.; on peasant pro-prieton, 258, 260 n., 289; on metayers, 303, 304 n., 311, 315 n., 316 n.; on corporations, 355 n.; on population, 375; on over-supply, 557, 561–2; on usury, 926
- Slaney, Mr., 783, 906 n.
- Slavery, 249; unproductive labour of, 251; in America, ib.; compared with free labour, 253; negro S. abolished by England, Denmark, America, the Dutch (by 1865), 254 n.; still allowed by Spain in Brazil and Cuba (1863), 255
- Slaves, ate not wealth, 8; Roman, 17; West Indian 8. ransomed [1834], 19; how maintained, 69; property in, 236; owned by the landowners, 239
- Sleswick-Holstein, 239 n.
- Smith, Adam, 2, 26, 67,122–8; joint-stock companies, 140; Malthas, 165; metayers, 305; workmen, 366 n.; on difference of wages in different employments, 385–97; retail profits, 410; value, 436–7, 462, 566–8; foreign trade, 579; paper money, 632; interest, 638; capital, 726–7; on a stationary state, 747; taxation, 802; tax on wages, 828; house-rent, 832; usury, 926, 928–9; market-rate, 937
- Socialism, 202 n., 203; examined, 209–17, 792
- Spam, 190, 255; trade with, 683; capital in, 738; state of, 940
- Spice Islands, Dutch monopoly in, 449
- Statics and Dynamics of political economy, 695
- Stationary state, the, 746–51
- Stein, land reforms, 334
- Supply, defined, 445; excess, 556–63; a general over-supply, 558–62
- Swan River Settlement, 65
- Sweden, trade with, 576; currency reform, 667
- Switzerland, 239; peasant proprietors, 268, 265, 271; population, 291; laws of marriage, 354; trade with, 575; co-operation, 783
- T
- TAILLB, 883
- Taxation, fallacies of, 89; general principles of, 802–22; equality in, 804, 813, 817; of land, 819; comparison between direct and indirect T., 864–72
- Taxes, 16, 57, 466; income-T., 806- 17; property T., 806–10; on profits, savings, and land, 811–19; direct T., 823–36; defined, 823; on rents, 832–6; oa commodities, 837–66; indirect T. defined, 837; tithes, 841; duties, 847–50; on imports and exports, 850–06; miscellaneous T., 857–63
- Thaer, on peasant proprietors, 271
- Thornton, on peasant proprietors, 276; on English peasantry, 348 n.; on allotments, 371; on paper credit (q.v.), 515, 519; oa international values, 596
- Thurgao, peasant-farms in, 263
- Tithes, incidence of, 841; see also Taxes
- Tooke, on com prices, 447 n.; on ths currency, 521 n.; on credit, 533–5; on bills, 536 n.; on prices, 554; on bank credit, 648; on bank circulation, 662–5, 665; on money-prices of agricultural produce, 704
- Torrens, on international trade (q.v.), 576 n., 693 n.; regulation of the currency, 657
- Trade, international, 674–82; defined, 674; fictitious examples, 674–8; theories of, compared, 678- 82; international values in, 684- 606; equation of international demand, law of, 692, 600; value and cost in, 604; money in international T., 607–11; bills of exchange, 613; law of international T.. 621, 629; free T., 701
- Turgot, on metayers, 307
- Tuscany, farming in, 179; agricultural tenure, 240; peasant proprietors, 264 n.; metayers, 303, 304 n., 311- 16
- U
- ULSTER, tenant-right, 318,320, 335 n.
- United States, the, 103, 152, 157 n., 158 n., 179, 194. 220. 229. 239, 213, Edition: current; Page: [1013] 430, 432, 655, 682, 721, 738, 907–8, 921, 925
- Unsettled Questions of Political Economy, Essays on some, 48 n.
- Ural Mountains, gold mines, 485
- Dri, laws of marriage, 355
- Usury, 926–30
- Utility, 45, 442
- V
- VALUE, 27; defined, 437; V. and price, 439–40; law of V., 448; natural V., 452; market V., 453–9; law of (again), 471; theory of V., summary of, 478–80; money V., 488–98; measure of V., 564–8; peculiar cases of V., 569–73; international V., 583–606; law of international V., 622–7
- Venice, 686
- Venn, farms, 297
- Villermé, on French labourers, 295 n.
- Villiaumé, on co-operation, 769, 777 n., 778 n.
- Voluntary system, 953. 977
- W
- WAES, Pays de, 147 n., 230
- Wages, 57, 253, 343–6; W. and population, 349–60; popular remedies for low W., 361–2; allotment system, 368; Continental, 371; emigration, 384; women's W. in factories, 400; fixed by custom, 403; W. depends on profits, 419, 477; low W. and underselling, 684; law of W., 688–9; tax on W., 827–9
- Wakefield, on co-operation, 116–17; on colonisation, 121; on agriculture, 144–52; his system of emigration, 330, 382; on capital, 727, 735; on protection, 925; on land in Colonies, 965; success of his colonisation system, 972–4
- Walker, G., on currency, 673
- Warehousing system, 867
- Watt, inventor, 41; effect of his inventions, 193, 350
- Wealth, 1, 6, 9, 19, 47, 48, 74, 108; distribution of, 200; progressive state of, 695–9; stationary state of, 746–51
- West, Sir E., on theory of rent, 425
- West Indies, ransom of slaves in [1834], 19; expenditure in, 166; slaves in, 240; slave population, 250, 253; Colonies, 685–6
- Westbury, Lord, 887 n.
- Westmorland, small farmers, 257
- Wiltshire, agricultural labourers, 357
- Women, work of, 119; efficiency of, 128; wages of, 400; employments for, 401, 759–60, 959
- Wordsworth, on English peasantry, 257 n.
- Wurtemberg, peasant proprietors, 239 n.; laws of marriage, 353
- Y
- YOUNG, Arthur, Travels in France (1787–9), 278–82; on population, 295 n,; on metayers, 303 n.; on English farmers, 306; against metayers, 306, 307, 308, 310
- Z
- ZEMINDABS, 325–7
- Zurich, workmen at, 109; peasant proprietors, 200, 262 n., 269; weavers, 398; manufacturers and agriculturists, 683; oo-operation, 783