ADAR:
โWhen the month of Adar begins, we rejoice abundantlyโ
A summary of this ambiguity has been publishedย here, on the website of TheTorah.com.
ืืฉื ืื ืกย ืืืจย ืืจืืืย ืืฉืืื
Adar offers an excuse to add some silliness to this rather dry LISHMAH project, to demonstrate and explain SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY. An example of the sort of ambiguity that this project explores can be found in the 1958 song โPurple People Eater.โ An example of the sort of ambiguity that this project will explore can be found in the 1958 song โPurple People Eater.โ The ambiguity that underlies this song is a โscope ambiguityโ (which we will encounter further in the verse discussed in Cheshvan):
Is theย โOne-eyed, one-horned, flyin' purple people eaterโ:
(A) a flying creature, colored purple, which itself has one eye and one horn, and which eats people of any sort? ย
OR is it
(B) a creature that specifically eats purple people (or even, that eats flying purple people who are one-eyed and one-horned)?
To play the video, click on this link to open on youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jV-E09efRE
IN EACH MONTH of this LISHMAH project, we will explore an Ambiguous verse in the Hebrew Bible. The presentation will will consist of the following sections:
- The text of the verse in Hebrew
- Selected ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS of the verse
- DESCRIPTION OF the AMBIGUITIES in the VERSE
- TRADITIONAL COMMENTARIES on the VERSE: citations of commentaries on the verse (generally pasted from alhatorah.org), in roughly chronological order, with an analysis of each commentaryโs identification and resolution of the ambiguity in question.
- Our ADAR verse is Esther 6:8.
ืึธืึดึืืืึผึ ืึฐืึฃืึผืฉื ืึทืึฐืึืึผืช ืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ืึธึฝืึทืฉืึพืึผึืึน ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึฐืกึืึผืก ืึฒืฉึถืึจืจ ืจึธืึทึคื ืขึธืึธืืึ ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึทืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ื ึดืชึทึผึื ืึถึผึฅืชึถืจ ืึทืึฐืึืึผืช ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉึฝืืึนืย
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-haman-mordecai-nhamans-daughter-throwing-the-contents-of-a-chamber-95526469.html. Miniature illuminated manuscript from Leipzig Mahzor, Upper Rhine, Germany, c1300-1325 (check copyright)3D%3D<script async
- Modern English Translations:ย
let them bring royal clothing, that the king has worn,[1]ย and the horse upon which the king has ridden, and on whose head a royal crown was placed,[2]
Let the royal apparel be brought which the king useth to wear, and the horse that the king rideth upon, and the crown royal which is set upon his head.
NRSVUE (biblegateway.com): ย let royal robes be brought, which the king has worn, and a horse that the king has ridden, with a royal crown on its head.
JPS (2006; sefaria.org): let royal garb which the king has worn be brought, and a horse on which the king has ridden and on whose head a royal diadem has been set;
- ย AMBIGUITIES and READING OPTIONS
WHAT SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY DO YOU DISCERN in this verse?
WHAT possible READING OPTIONS and RESOLUTIONS do you anticipate finding in ย COMMENTARIES?
***Iโve written my description of the Syntactic Ambiguity Iโll be addressing below, in white lettering; To see this description, please use the 
WHITE FIELD BEGINS<<<:
The example of Syntactic Ambiguity selected for the month of Adar is an ambiguity that involves an ambiguous referent for a pronominal suffix (whose โheadโ is intended in ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉึฝืืึน?-- on whose head was the royal crown placed?) and an ambiguous referent for a relative clause (what or who does ย โืึทืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ื ึดืชึทึผึื ืึถึผึฅืชึถืจ ืึทืึฐืึืึผืช ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉึฝืืึนโ refer to?)>>>>END of WHITE FIELD.
ืึธืึดึืืืึผึ ืึฐืึฃืึผืฉื ืึทืึฐืึืึผืช ืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ืึธึฝืึทืฉืึพืึผึืึน ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึฐืกึืึผืก ืึฒืฉึถืึจืจ ืจึธืึทึคื ืขึธืึธืืึ ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึทืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ื ึดืชึทึผึื ืึถึผึฅืชึถืจ ืึทืึฐืึืึผืช ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉึฝืืึนื
*SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITIES
MAIN SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY: what is the referent of the 3rd person masculine singular possessive pronominal suffix of ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉึฝืืึน? Who is wearing the crown in the verse?
SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY/DIFFICULTY: what is the function of the entire relative clause?
ืึทืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ื ึดืชึทึผึื ืึถึผึฅืชึถืจ ืึทืึฐืึืึผืช ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉึฝืืึน
Persian horseman depicted on a felt saddlecloth from Pazyrik, fifth century BCE (https://persianthings.wordpress.com/2013/08/28/the-horse-in-achaemenid-persia/)
CHECK and arrange RIGHTS: ย http://judithweingarten.blogspot.com/2009/01/laser-scanning-hung-e-azhdar-rock.html: โThe prancing horse with arched neck and raised foreleg is a Greek image which spread throughout the Near East during the Seleucid period. This stallion (quite clearly male) has the short, clipped mane and high flowing tail of Greek horses. His bridle ornaments and fluttering ribbons, too, are very un-Parthian. If the rider is heroized, his mount might be too. Could he be copied from Bucephalos, the famous horse of Alexander the Great?โ research: seems that ornamental headgear became a practice in Greek times???
***Investigate: ย Ceremonial dress of the royal horse of ancient Egypt. Handmade work???
https://suleimansultan.artstation.com/projects/kD1gLx
SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY: THREE READINGS
READING A: "his head" refers toย the horseโs head Both relative clauses also refer to the horse: | ย ย ืึธืึดึืืืึผึ ืึฐืึฃืึผืฉื ืึทืึฐืึืึผืช ืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ืึธึฝืึทืฉืึพืึผึืึน ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึฐืกึืึผืกย ืึฒืฉึถืึจืจ ืจึธืึทึคื ืขึธืึธืืึ ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึทืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ื ึดืชึทึผึื ืึถึผึฅืชึถืจ ืึทืึฐืึืึผืช ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉึฝืืึนื |
READING B: " his head" refers to the head of the kingโ the crown had been placedย on the head of the king. The most common explanation of the relative clause for this reading is temporal: as though ืืืฉืจ is ืืืฉืจ, often paraphrased: โon the day thatโ; โat the time thatโ: | ย ืึธืึดึืืืึผึ ืึฐืึฃืึผืฉื ืึทืึฐืึืึผืช ืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ืึธึฝืึทืฉืึพืึผึืึน ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐย ืึฐืกึืึผืก ืึฒืฉึถืึจืจ ืจึธืึทึคื ืขึธืึธืืึ ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึทืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ื ึดืชึทึผึื ืึถึผึฅืชึถืจ ืึทืึฐืึืึผืช ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉึฝืืึนื |
READING C: " his head" refers to the head of the man who is to be honored. This man is not mentioned in the current verse, but appeared in the previous verse, verse 7: ืึทืึผึนึฅืืึถืจ ืึธืึธึื ืึถืึพืึทืึผึถึืึถืึฐ ืึดึืืฉื ืึฒืฉืึถึฅืจ ืึทืึผึถึืึถืึฐ ืึธืคึตึฅืฅ ืึผึดืืงึธืจึฝืึนื Haman said, โA man whom the king desires to honorโฆโ | ืึดึืืฉื ืึฒืฉืึถึฅืจ ืึทืึผึถึืึถืึฐ ืึธืคึตึฅืฅ ืึผึดืืงึธืจึฝืึนย ืึธืึดึืืืึผึ ืึฐืึฃืึผืฉื ืึทืึฐืึืึผืช ืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ืึธึฝืึทืฉืึพืึผึืึน ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึฐืกึืึผืก ืึฒืฉึถืึจืจ ืจึธืึทึคื ืขึธืึธืืึ ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึทืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ื ึดืชึทึผึื ืึถึผึฅืชึถืจ ืึทืึฐืึืึผืช ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉึฝืืึนื |
- There is a textual/contextual difficulty that is related to the syntactic ambiguities: Some commentators are bothered by the omission of the royal crown in Hamanโs further elaboration of the honor that he is suggesting (in verse 9) and in the kingโs command to Haman to implement the instructions (in verse 10) and in the description of the actual implementation of the instructions (in verse 11). This is especially troublesome for those who read the reference to the crown in vs. 9 as a statement that the royal crown should be placed on the head of the individual to be honored (READING C).
ืึธืึดึืืืึผึ ืึฐืึฃืึผืฉื ืึทืึฐืึืึผืช ืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ืึธึฝืึทืฉืึพืึผึืึน ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึฐืกึืึผืก ืึฒืฉึถืึจืจ ืจึธืึทึคื ืขึธืึธืืึ ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึทืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ื ึดืชึทึผึื ืึถึผึฅืชึถืจ ืึทืึฐืึืึผืช ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉึฝืืึนื
ืึฐืขึธื ึดึจืืชึธ ืึฐืึธืึทืจึฐืชึธึผึ ืึดืคึฐื ึตึฃืื ื' ืึฑ-ืึนืึถึืืึธ ืึฒืจึทืึดึผืึ ืึนืึตึฃื ืึธืึดึื ืึทืึตึผึฃืจึถื ืึดืฆึฐืจึทึืึฐืึธื ืึทืึธึผึฅืืืจ ืฉึธืึื ืึดึผืึฐืชึตึฃื ืึฐืขึธึื ืึทึฝืึฐืึดืึพืฉึธืึื ืึฐืึฅืึนื ืึธึผืึืึนื ืขึธืฆึฅืึผื ืึธืจึธึฝืื
- EXEGETICAL SOURCES
*** CANTILLATION[a]ย
ืึธืึดึืืืึผึ ืึฐืึฃืึผืฉื ืึทืึฐืึืึผืช ืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ืึธึฝืึทืฉืึพืึผึืึน ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึฐืกึืึผืกย ืึฒืฉึถืึจืจ ืจึธืึทึคื ืขึธืึธืืึ ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึทืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ื ึดืชึทึผึื ืึถึผึฅืชึถืจ ืึทืึฐืึืึผืช ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉึฝืืึนื
READING A: The etnahtaย separates the two parts of the verse. The zakef katonย : ย isย a lesser pause, with the second part of that second portion referring to the horse.
Dura Europos Synagogueย wall painting (3rd century C.E.: 244-245(?) C.E.)
See Dalia Tawil, "The Purim Panel in Dura in the Light of Parthian and Sasanian Art," in Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Apr., 1979), pp. 93-109.
The horse does not seem to be wearing a crown, so this would not support Reading A. Mordecai is wearing a crown, which would match either Reading Bโ the rider should be adorned with a crown that the kingย had worn, or Reading Cโ let the rider be adorned, continuing from verse 7, but problematic grammatically.
First Targum to Estherย (c. 500-700 CE)
ืึธืฉึดืืื ืึทืึฐืึธึผื ืึฐืขึตื ืึทืึฐืชืึผื ืึฐืืึผืฉื ืึทืจึฐืึฐืึธื ึธื ืึดื ืึฐืึดืืฉืืึผ ืึตืืึผ ืึทืช ืึทืึฐืึธึผื ืึฐึผืืึนืึธื ืึดื ืขึทื ืึฐืึทืึฐืืึผืชึธืย ืึฐืกืึผืกึธื ืึดื ืจึฐืึทื ืขึฒืืึนื ืึทืึฐืึธึผื ืึฐืืึนืึธื ืึฐืขึทื ืึฐืึทืึฐืืึผืชึธืย ืึฐืึดื ืึดืชึฐืึฐืึตื ืึฐึผืึดืืึธื ืึฐืึทืึฐืืึผืชึธื ืึฐึผืจึตืืฉึตืืืึผ.
English Translation: <<<Let the king make a decree that they bring purple clothing that the king wore on the day that he ascended to the kingship and the horse that the king rode upon it on the dayย that he ascended to the kingship and that the crown of kingship was placed on his head.>>>
Which READING does this source adopt? For a reminder of the 3 readings, click hereย <<<READING B: ย โhis headโ refers to ย the head of the king
The double addition of ย โon the day he ascended to the kingship,โ ืึฐึผืืึนืึธื ืึดื ืขึทื ืึฐืึทืึฐืืึผืชึธื, situates the wearing of the royal garments and the riding of the horse on the kingโs coronation day and the continuity of โand that the crown ย was placedโ indicates that the crown too was something that had been used by the king specifically on his coronation day. This is reinforced by the verb ย ืึดืชึฐืึฐืึตื, situated in the past.>>>
Observations: The Targum twice adds the word ย ืึฐืืึนืึธื, โon the day.โ This may imply a temporal understanding of ย ืืืฉืจ as ืืืฉืจ; it supplies a referent for the troubling relative clauseโ it is โthe dayโ upon which the royal crown was placed on his head, i.e., the head of the king. The Aramaic retains the Hebrew conjunction + relative pronoun (ืืืฉืจ =ืึฐืึดื), and the word order of the Hebrew and it retains the ambiguous pronominal suffix ืึฐึผืจึตืืฉึตืืืึผ, but the context now indicates that it refers to the head of the king.
Instead of the Hebrew singular verb ืึธึฝืึทืฉื, with the king as subject, the Aramaic uses the plural ย ืึดื ืึฐืึดืืฉืืึผ, reducing the force of the kingโs role in the verse, in an extension of ย the impersonal subject of the initial word ืึธืึดึืืืึผึ.ย
DISAMBIGUATION READING STRATEGY: likely dependence on a tradition about the kingโs coronation day.
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: adding the words ืึฐึผืืึนืึธื ืึดื ืขึทื ืึฐืึทืึฐืืึผืชึธื.
Note: this translation introduces a temporal focus into the verse, โon the dayโ-- as Nachmias does, but without supplying a rationale as he does.
Second Targum to Estherย (4th-11th centuries CE?)
ืืืชืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืื ืืืื, ืืกืืกืื ืืืื ืจืืื ืขืืืื, ืืืชืืืื ืืชืจื ืืืืืืชื ืืจืืฉืื.
(translation via alhatorah.org)<<<: โlet royal apparel be brought which the king is accustomed to wear, and the horse that the king is accustomed to ride, and let the crown of the kingdom be placed on his head.โ>>>
Which READING does this source adopt?<<< READING C:ย the futureย ืืืชืืืื indicates that this refers to the order to be fulfilledโ โlet the crown be placed on his headโ; contextually, this best fits the person who is to be honored.
Observations: The final relative pronoun has been omitted: the formย ืืืชืืืื is a jussive,ย indicating that it refers to the command, like ืืืืื, modified from the Hebrew ืึทืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ื ึดืชึทึผึื.>>>ย
ืจ' ืืืกืฃ ืืจ' ืฉืืขืื ืงืจื (c. 1050-1130) Commentary A
ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืืช โ ืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉ ืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืย ืฉืืืขืื ืืืืืืช, ืืื ืกืืก ืฉืจืื ืขืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืชืจ ืืืืืื, ืืฉืจ ื ืืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื โ ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืขืื ืืืืื.
โLet them bring royal clothing.โ โ The king had royal clothing that he wore only on that specific dayย when he was appointedย to the kingship, and so too a horse that the king rode upon, and so tooย the royal crown,ย that the royal crown was placed on his headโ of the king, on the day that he arose to reign.
Which READING does this source adopt? <<<
READING B: " his head" refers to ย the head of the kingโ the crown was placedย on his headโ of the king.
DISAMBIGUATION READING STRATEGY: likely dependence on tradition about the kingโs coronation day.
A temporal element is introduced, as in the First Targum โ ย โon the dayโ ย โ ย without explicitly explaining how this can accommodate the wording of the verse.
Qara adds the words โthe royal crown,โ presenting this as though the crown is an element in the itemized list of things that โthey will bringโ: โclothingโฆ horseโฆ. crown,โ preceding the relative clause, without addressing the fact that in the verse, โroyal crownโ follows the relative pronoun ืืฉืจ and cannot be its grammatical referent. He uses the expression twice, retaining it in the relative clause but also repeating it prior to the relative clause. He also adds the words โof the king,โ explicitly identifying the referent of the pronominal suffix.
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: adding words and rearranging word order; adding the temporal word, โon the dayโ; adding โthe royal crownโ before the relative clause.ย The explicit addition of โof the king,โ following the citation of โthat the royal crown had been placed on his head,โ explicit;y shows that the king is the referent of the pronominal suffix.>>>
Observations: The words โon the dayโ are added twice, once about the garments and once about the crown. The words โthe royal crownโ are added prior to the relative clause. There is an explicit statement that the crown was placed on the head of the king, specifically on his coronation day, and this placement of the crown is contextualized together with the kingโs wearing of the royal garments and the kingโs riding of the horse, specifically on the day that the king assumed the kingship.
ืจ' ืืืกืฃ ืืจ' ืฉืืขืืย ืงืจื (c. 1050-1130) Commentary B
ืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืขืืื ืืืื โ ืืื ืชืืืจ: ืืจืื ืคืขืืื ืจืื ืืืื ืืฉืขืช ืืฆืืจื ืขื ืกืืก ืฉืืื ืจืืื ืืจืืื ืขืืื ืืคืืื ืืฉืจ ืฉืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืื, ืืื ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืจืืื ืขืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืงืจ ืืืืืื, ืืื ื ืืืจ: ืืืฉืจ ื ืืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื โ ืืคืชืจืื ื: ืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื, ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืจืืื ืขืืื ืืื ืื ืืงืจ ืืืืืื.
โand a horse that the king rode uponโ ย โ and if you say: many times, the king would ride in an hour of need upon a horse that it is not worthy for even a minister who is second to the king to ride upon, and if they would lead Mordecai on horseback on it, this would not be โhonor and greatnessโ (Esther 6:3,6) for him. Therefore, it states, โand that a royal crown was placed on his headโ โ and its meaning is: the horse that the king rode upon him on the day that the royal crown was placed on his headย โ let them lead Mordecai on it, and this will be for him honor and greatness.
Which READING does this source adopt? <<<
READING B: " his head" refers to ย the head of the king. The focus is upon the kingโs coronation day, i.e., the day on which the royal crown was placed on the head of the king. As in his Commentary A, part of Qaraโs reasoning here is the supposition that some very distinctive special quality is needed in order for clothing or a horse to be considered royal โ having been used by the king is insufficient. >>>
Observations: the words โon the dayโ are added, as in Commentary A. In Commentary B, in contrast to Commentary A, the addition is configured with the placement of the second added โthe dayโ prior to the relative clause, so that it serves as the antecedent for the relative pronoun.>>>
DISAMBIGUATION STRATEGY:
likely dependence on tradition about the kingโs coronation day.
Introduction of a temporal element โ ย โon the dayโ, which is the focus of the commentary, in a way that enables it to serve as the antecedent for the relative pronoun.
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: adding words: โon the day.โ
ืจ' ืืืกืฃ ืืจ' ืฉืืขืื ืงืจื (c. 1050-1130)ย Commentary C (onย verse 7)ย
(ื-ื) ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืงืจื โ ืืืืืฉ ืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืฉ ืื ืืืื ืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื โ ืคืชืจืื: ืืืืชื ืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืขืืื ืืืืย ืืืฉืจย ื ืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื.
โHaman said to the king, โA man whom the king desires to honorย โ with โroyal clothing that the king wore and a/the horse that the king rode upon,โ and โthat the royal crown was placed on his headโย โ [its] meaning: on that sameย horse upon which the king rode whenย the royal crown was placed on his head.
Which READING does this source adopt? <<<READING B: " his head" refers to ย the head of the king: โwhichย the king rode when the royal crown was placed on his head.โ
The substitution of the syntactically difficult relative pronoun with conjunction, ืืืฉืจ (and which) by the temporal ืืืฉืจ (when), is a significant emendation; it facilitates the reading that Qara presents in Commentary A and Commentary B such that the head is the kingโs head and the placement of the crown took place on his coronation day. Adding the word โthe kingโ before โwhenโ supplies the explicit referent for the pronominal suffix.>>>
Observations: the word โon that sameโ is added to โhorseโ, along with the definite article, facilitating the understanding presented in his Commnentary A and Commentary B. ย The relative pronoun with conjunction, ืืืฉืจ (and which) is replaced by the temporal ืืืฉืจ (when), eliminating the need for an antecedent, while retaining a similar sense to the additions of โon the dayโ in Commentary A and Commentary B.
DISAMBIGUATION STRATEGY:
likely dependence on tradition about the kingโs coronation day.
Introduction of a temporal element โ ย โwhenโ, ืืืฉืจ, which is the focus of the commentary, which changes the relative clause to a temporal one.
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: substituting the word: โwhenโ for relative pronoun ืืืฉืจ and adding the word โthe kingโ preceding this word, setting the king up to be the referent of the pronominal suffix.
ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืืช โ ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืฉื ืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืฉืืืขืื ืืืืืช ืืื, ืืืืื ืฉื ืชืืืฉื ืื ืืืืื,ื ืืื ืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืขืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืชืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื โ ืืชืจ ืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืฉื ืืื.
โLet royal apparel be brought.โ The king had royal garments which he wore only on the day that he was inaugurated to be king and on the day of his recoronation. The same applies to ย โa horse that the king rides upon." And the same applies to the โroyal crown.โ โAnd on whose head a royal crown is setโ-- The crown that was placed on the head of the king.
Which READING does this source adopt? <<<READING B: " his head" refers to ย the head of the king. The focus is upon the kingโs coronation day, i.e., the day on which the royal crown was placed on the head of the king, and the recurring anniversary of this day. Part of the reasoning is the supposition that some very distinctive special quality is needed in order for clothing or a horse to be considered royal โ having been used by the king is insufficient.>>>
DISAMBIGUATION STRATEGY: likely relying on tradition about the kingโs coronation day;
a temporal element is introduced, as in the Targum and in Qaraโs Commentaries: โon the dayโ, with additional explanation of which day is intended, and without explicitly explaining how this can accommodate the wording of the verse. Rashbam, like Qara, presents โthe royal crownโ as though it is an element in the itemized list of things that โthey will bringโ: โclothingโฆ horseโฆ. crown,โ without addressing the fact that in the verse, the former two items function smoothly as antecedents for the relative clauses that are associated with them, ย whereas the term ย โroyal crownโ is embedded in the relative clause about the crown, and so cannot be the grammatical referent for the relative pronoun. Similarly to Qaraโs Commentary A, Rashbam adds the words โof the kingโ following โon the headโ, replacing the pronominal suffix and thereby explicitly spelling out its referent.
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: rearranging word order; adding the temporal word, โon the dayโ; adding the words โof the kingโ following the citation ย of โthat the royal crown had been placed on his head.โ
Ibn Ezra Commentary A (c. 1088 - 1167)
(ื-ื) ืืืืื โ ืืืฉืจืชืื.
ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื โ ืืฉ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืจืืืฉ ืฉืืจื ืขื ืืืื ืขื ืืชืจ ืืืืืืช ืืขืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืืช, ืขื ืื ืืืจ ืื ืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก, ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ. ืืื ืืื ืืขืื ื ืฉืืืดื ืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืกืืกย ืื ืืฉ ืกืืกืย ืฉื ืืืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืจืื ืขืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืจืฉืื ืืจืืื ืขืืื. ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืข.
(8-9) โlet them bringโ - the servants.
โand the one that a royal crown was placed on his headโ - some say that he [Haman] sensed that the king was angry about the royal crown,2ย for the sake of the honor of the king,3ย therefore he said โlet the clothing and the horse be givenโ [verse 9], and did not mention the crown.
And what is correct in my view is that the wawย of โon his headโ ืืจืืฉื refers to the โhorseโ because there is the horse of the king that they would place a royal crown on its head when he would ride on it, and none of the king's servants would be allowed to ride upon it. And this is a known thing.4.
1. Hebrew, yavi. Literally shall bring. Hence Ibn Ezra's comment.
2. Literally, the king was angry because of the royal crown.
3. Literally, for the kingdom.
4. To place a royal crown on the king's horse. (Mishaly and Zipor.)
Which READING does this source adopt? For a reminder of the 3 reading options, click here.<<<READING A: โhis headโ refers to ย the head of the horse: โAnd what is correct in my view is that the wawย of โon his headโ ืืจืืฉื refers (ย ืฉื ืื) ย to the โhorse.โโ
DISAMBIGUATION STRATEGY: the relative clause is not ambiguous. ย Ibn Ezra is reading with the text. With โhorseโ as the referent for the pronominal suffix and the relative clause, the syntax of the verse is smooth.
Ibn Ezra claims to also be relying on general common historical knowledge.
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: explicit statement with a technical term, ืฉื ืื:
And what is correct in my view is that the wawย of โon his headโ ืืจืืฉื refers to the โhorse.โ >>>
Additional observation: an additional textual/contextual rational consideration is raised and resolved - ย the omission of the crown in verse 9, in Hamanโs elaboration of his suggestion. (It is also omitted in the kingโs command in vs. 10 and in the execution of the command in vs. 11).
โSome say that he [Haman] sensed that the king was angry about the royal crown,2ย for the sake of the honor of the king,3ย therefore he said โlet the clothing and the horse be givenโ [verse 9], and did not mention the crown.โ
Ibn Ezra Commentary B (c. 1088 - 1167)
ืืืืื โ ืืืฉืจืชืื, ืืื: ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืชืื ืืืื ืืืฆืจืื (ืืืืืจ ืืดื:ื ืดื).
ย ืื โ ืืขืืืจื, ืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ื ืจืืื ืืื (ื ืืืื ืืณ:ืืดื), ืื ืืขืืืจื ืืงืจื ืจืืื. ืืฉ ืืจืฉ ืขื ืืชื ืืืืืืช. ืืจืณ ืืจืื ืืก ืืืจ: ืฉืืืืืช ืืคืืืืช, ืืื ืืื: ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืจืืฉื. ืืื ืืื ืืขืื ื ืฉืืื ื ื ืืคืื, ืืืื ืคืืจืืฉื ืฉืืจืืืืื ืขื ืกืืก ืืืืข ืฉืจืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืื ืชื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืกืืก ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืขื ืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืขืฉื, ืื ืืกืคืืง ืืืจ ืืกืืก ืื ืืืข, ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืคืจืก. ืืืขื ืฉืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืื ืชืคื ืืืจ ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืช (ืืกืชืจ ืืณ:ืืณ), ืืดื ืืื ืืืกืจ ืืืชืจ.
ื. ืื ืืืดื ืืืืงื 78. ืืืดื ืืื ืืื ืืจืื 269: ืืืชื.ื. ืื ืืคืกืืง ืืืืดื ืืืืงื 78.
(8-9) โlet them bringโ.[3]ย The servants.[4]ย Like:, โwho was born to Leviโ (Num. 26:59) [a more suitable translation is: โthat she bore her to Levi in Egypt,โ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืชืืย ืืืื ืืืฆืจืื. [i.e., both the subject of the verb and the referent of the pronominal object suffix are unstated โ that the one <i.e., the wife of Levi> who bore her <i.e. Yocheved> bore to him; here, too โ ย let those who are responsible for bringing bring the clothing].]
The word boย (on/in it), asher lavash bo ha-melekhย (which the king useth to wear) <is to be rendered> "because of it."[5]ย Like: bah (upon/in), โ[except the animal I rode onโ ืืฉืจ ืื ื ืจืืื ืื,โ (Neh. 2:12), for Nehemiah was called a rider because of the beast.[6]ย
There is a midrashic explanation about โthe royal crownโ[7]ย
Rabbi Marinus said: the words [ืืืฉืจ ื ืืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื] are out of order, and that the correct [order would beย ืืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ื ืืชื ืืจืืฉืย [8](ืด (โand the royal crown which was placed on his head.โ).
What is correct in my view is that it is not out of order. Its meaning is: ย that they shall lead ย him on a horse widely known as the horse upon which the king rides[9]ย and that there was placed upon the head of the horse the royal crown is placed.[10]
It is for this reason that Scripture does not mention the crown when telling us that Mordecai was seated on the royal horse, for mentioning the known horse alone was sufficient being that it was the practice of the Persian kings[ to place a royal crown on the head of the horse upon which the king rides.[11]] ย Textual evidence (ืืืขื) is that the king said to him "let nothing fail of all that thou hast spoken" (Esther 6:10).[12]
Then, why would he omit the crown?[13]
*i.e., the text should be read as if it were written:....
Which READING does this source adopt? <<<RExplicit statement: And what is correct in my view is that the wawย of โon his headโ ืืจืืฉื refers ( ืฉื ืื) ย to the โhorseโย >>>
DISAMBIGUATION STRATEGY: likely relying on tradition about the kingโs coronation day.
With โhorseโ as the referent for the pronominal suffix and the relative clause, the syntax of the verse is smooth.
Ibn Ezra claims to also be relying on general common historical knowledge.
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: explicit statement with a technical term, ืฉื ืื:
And what is correct in my view is that the wawย of โon his headโ ืืจืืฉื refers to the โhorse.โ
Also, textual evidence (ืืืขื) from another verse, in support of part of the argument.
Additional observation: Ibn Ezra addresses the additional textual/contextual rational concern about the omission of the crown in vss. 9-11:
One opinion: โSome say that he [Haman] sensed that the king was angry about the royal crown,2 for the sake of the honor of the king, therefore he said โlet the clothing and the horse be givenโ [verse 9], and did not mention the crown.โ His own view: mentioning the known horse alone was sufficient to include the crown.
One explanation is that Haman omitted it because he saw the kingโs anger. This involves assuming extraneous information that is not found in the biblical text; the midrash serves as a source for the information. Ibn Ezra opts for an alternative explanation, through reasoning rather than additional informationโ it goes without saying that the crown was included, since that was a known custom.
Mishaly and Zipor,
ืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉื ืฆืคืืจ, ืฉื ื ืคืืจืืฉื ืจ ืืืจืื ืืื ืขืืจื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืกืชืจ
Mishaly and Zipor. CHECK:
ืฉื ื ืคืืจืืฉื ืจ' ืืืจืื ืืื ืขืืจื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืกืชืจ : ืืืืืจื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืจืช : ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืคื ืืืจืกืืืช, ืืจืื ืืงืืืืช, ืืืืืจ ืืืืื / ืืืช ืืืืื ืืฉืืื, ืืฉื ืฆืคืืจ
ืขืจืืื ืืืขืืช: ืืืจืืื ืกืืืื.
Abraham Ibn Ezra's two commentaries on Megilat Esther : an annotated critical edition / by Ayala Mishaly, Moshe A. Zipor
edited and with a foreword by Uriel Simon. Ramat Gan: University of Bar Ilan, 2019.
On Ibn Ezraโs first commentary to Esther (p.90):
ืืฉ ืืื ย โ โืืฉืืืชื ืฉื ืืืชืจ ืืืืฉื ืืฆืขืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืคืกืืง ืืื ืืืืจืช ืืจืฉื ืืฅ ืจืืืดืข ืคืืชื ืืคืชืจืื ืฉื ืืืืจืฉ, ืฉืืื ืจืื ืืืืขืช ืคื ืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืฉืืฆืขืชื ืืขืืจ ืืช ืดืืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืงืจืืด ืื ืืืชืจ ืืืขืืช ืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืกืื, ืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืขื ืืืชืจ (ืจืื: ืงืืืช ืจืื, ืคืดื (ื) ืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืฉืดื ื-ืโ, 9). ืคืืจืืฉ ืื ืืืืืก ืืช ืืืดื ืืงื ืืื ืืืืื ืดืืจืืฉืืด ืื ืืืืฉ ืฉืืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืงืจื. ืืื ืื ืืืื ืื, ืืฉืื ืืคืกืืงืืช ืดืืืฉืจ ื ืืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืด โ ืงืฉื.
ืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืย โ ืืืขืช ืจืืืดืข ืืืดื ืฉื ืดืืจืืฉืืด ืืืืจืช ืื ืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ื ืืืจ ืงืืื ืืื ืืคืกืืง. ืืืืืจ: ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืกืืก ืืืกืืื, ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืฉื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืจืื ืขืืื ืืืื. ย ืขื ืกืืก ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืจืฉืื ืืจืืื. ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืฉื ื ืดืืื ืจืืืืื ืขื ืกืืกืืด (ืกื ืืืจืื ืโ,ืโ). ืืืืจื ืจืืืดืข, ืขืืืืจ ืืกืืก ืืืืืืชื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืข. ืืืชืื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืื ืื ืืื ืื ืฆืืจื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืชืจ ืืคืกืืงืื ืืืืื.
On Ibn Ezraโs second commentary to Esther (p.155):
ืืฉ ืืจืฉย โ ืจืืืดืข ืจืื ืืคืชืจืื ืืืืจืฉื ืืืฉืืืช 'ืืืชืจ' ืืืฉื ืืืจื ืืื: ืดืื ืชื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก ืขื ืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืจื ืืืื...ืด (ืืืื ืคืก' 9; ืจืื ืื ืคืก' 10,11) โ ืดืืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืื (ืืืื) ืืช ืืืชืจ ื ืฉืชื ื ืคื ืื...ืด, ืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืืจื (ืจืื: ืคืืจืดื, ื ', ืขื' ืชืดืค).
ืืจ' ืืจืื ืืก ืืืจ โ ืืคืกืืงืืช ืดืืืฉืจ ื ืืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืด ืืื ื ืืจืืจื. ืจ' ืืจืื ืืก (ืจืืืดื) ืกืืืจ ืฉืฉืืขืืจ ืืืชืื ืืื ,ืืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ื ืืชื ืืจืืฉื, ' ืืืงืืื ื'ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉ ืืืื' ืื'ืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืขืืื ืืืื'. ืืคื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืื, 'ืืฉืจ ื ืืชื ืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืืืื'.
ืืฉ ืืคืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืฉืืฉ ืืงืืช: ืืืืฉ, ืกืืก ืืืชืจ (ืจืื: ืืจืงืื, ืขื' ืฉื ืดื).
ืืื ืืื ืืขืื ื โ ืืื ืฆืืจื ืืกืจืก ืืืงืจื. ืืช ืชืืจืช ืืงื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืดืืจืืฉืืด ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืืก ืื ืืกืืก, ืฉืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืคืจืก ืฉืืขืืจืื ืืช ืจืืฉื ืฉื ืืกืืก ืืืืืืชื ืืืชืจ. ืืื ืืฆืืข, ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืดืืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืงืจืืด ืืฉืืื ืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืืกืืก ืืชืจ. ืืฉืื ืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืื ืืคืืขื (ืดืืืขืฉืืด; ืคืก' 11; ืื ืื ืืคืก' 9, 10) ืืื ืฆืืจื ืืืืืจ ืขื ืืืชืจ ืื ืืืืืจื ืดืืกืืกืด, ืืืืืืข, ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืฉืฉืืื ืืกืืก.
ืืืขื โ ืจืืืดืข ืืืืื ืืช ืฆืืงืช ืคืืจืืฉื: ืืจื ืืืื ืคืงื ืขืืื ืดืื ืชืคื ืืืจ ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืช!ืด (ืืืื ืคืก' 10) โ ืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืขื ืดืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื.ืด ืืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืง ืืืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืขืืจื ืืช ืืจืืื ืขืฆืื, ืืืืข ืฆืืืื ืืืื ืดืืืจ ืงื ืืช ืืืืืฉ ืืืช ืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืืืจืช, ืืขืฉื ืื ืืืจืืืืด, ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืชืจ? ืืจืืจ ืืคืื ืฉืืืชืจ ืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืื, ืืืื ืจืง ืชืืฉืื ืืกืืก.
ืฉื ืืคืขื โ ืืงืืจ, ืืืงืื ืคืืขื ื ืืื ืืืืฃ ื ืกืชืจืื, ืืืชืจ ืืคืขืืื ืืคืกืืง.
https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0229/0080/1614/files/Esther_GN_sample_pages-compressed.pdf?v=1674485792&18185
Anonymous Northern French Commentary
ืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืขืืื ืืืืย โ ืืื ืชืืืจ ืืืื ืจืืื ืขื ืกืืก ืฉืืื ื ืืื, ืืื ื ืืืจ: ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื.
"and a horse that the king rode uponโ โ and if you say that the king rides upon a horse that is not good, therefore it says: โand that a royal crown was placed on his headโ.
This is similar to Qaraโs Commentary B, without the explanations offered by Qara.[b]
R. Yosef Nachmias 14th century
ืจ' ืืืกืฃ ื ืืืืืฉ
ืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื โ ืืฉ ืืคืจืฉืื: ืืฉืคืื, ืืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืจืืฉื, ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืกืืก,ย ืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืืืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืขื ืจืืฉื ืกืืกืืื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืฉืจืืืืื ืขืืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืขืื ื, ืฉืืดื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืื ืืดืฃ, ืืจืืฆื ืืืืจ: ืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื,ย ืืืืืจ: ืืืื ืฉืืื. ืืืชืจืืื ืืกืืืขื ืย ืืกืกื ืืจืืื ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืืืืืชื ืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืชื ืืจืืฉืื. ืืืฆืืชื ืืชืื ืืืืจ: ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืืื ืืืขื ืืืืื (ืืืื ืืดื:ืืณ) ืืฉืคืื: ืืืื ืืืขื ืืืืื. ืื ืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก โ ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืคืขื ืืืจืช ืืชืจ ืืืืืช, ืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก, ืื ืืจื ืืืงืจื. ืืืืจื: ืืืืืจ ืืฉื ืื ืฉื ืืื (ืฉืืืช ืืดื:ืืดื) ืืื ืืืจ ืคืขื ืืืจืช ืืจืื ืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืฆืข, ืืืืืื ืจืืื.
โAnd a horse on which the king rode and that a royal crown was placed on its headโ - there are those who explain: itsย proper meaning is [as though it were written]ย โand the royal crown that was placed on his head,โ and it would be referring to the horse, because it was the way of the kings that they would place a royal crown on the heads of their horses when they were riding them. And in my opinion it is correct thatย the wawย of ืืืฉืจ is in place of a khaf, and it intends to say: โand a horse on which the king rode whenย a royal crown was placed on his headโ that is: on the day that he reigned.ย
And the Targum supports me:
ืืกืกื ืืจืืื ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืืืืืชืย ืืืย ืืชืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืชื ืืจืืฉืื.
And I found a verse that says: โFor the ear tries words, as [lit. โandโ] the palate tastes food.โ(Job 34:3) Its proper meaningย is [as though it were written]:ย as/whenย the palate will taste to eat.*
โand let the clothing and the horse be givenโ (Esther 6:9) - as for that, that Haman did not mention a royal crown another time, as he mentioned the clothing and the horse: That is the way of the Bible.ย As they said: โAnd Moses chose capable menโ(Exodus 18:25) and it did not repeat another time,โGod-fearing, men of truth, haters of unjust gainโ (Exodus 18:21), and there are many like these. *with ืืืื ย = ืืืื
Which READING does this source adopt? <<<READING B: ย โhis headโ refers to ย the head of the king.ย The substitution of the syntactically difficult relative pronoun with conjunction, ืืืฉืจ (and which) by the temporal ืืืฉืจ (when), eliminates the syntactic difficulty of the clause, and facilitates taking โthe kingโ as the referent of the pronominal suffix in โon his head.โย >>>
DISAMBIGUATION STRATEGY:
likely dependence on tradition about the kingโs coronation day.
Introduction of a temporal element โ ย โwhenโ, ืืืฉืจ, which is the focus of the commentary, which changes the relative clause to a temporal one.
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: substituting the word: โwhenโ for relative pronoun ืืืฉืจ and adding the word โthe kingโ preceding this word, setting the king up to be the referent of the pronominal suffix.
Observations: This commentary is the reverse of Ibn Ezraโ Nachmias presents the option of READING A, but rejects it. He prefers an explanation like Qaraโs Commentary C, which he presents together with an explicit explanation, including a prooftext of a parallel usage, where a conjunctive wawย functions like a prepositional khaf.
ืืื ืืกืคื
ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืืณ โ ืืืืชืจ ื ืืืช ืืฆืื ืฉืื ืื ืืจืืฉืย ืจืืื ืืืืย ืื ืืฉ ืืื ืฉืขืืืื ืืื ื ืืขืืืจ.
"and that there was placed etc.โ the most fitting, in my opinion, is that the pronominal suffix in ืืจืืฉื hints to the king.ย
Which READING does this source adopt? <<<READING B: โhis headโ refers to the head of the kingโ the crown had been placedย on the head of the king. The added temporal element is different in Ibn Kaspi than in other commentators, and I do not yet understand the point he intends to make with โbecause there is a king that is not yet crowned.โ>>>
DISAMBIGUATION STRATEGY:
likely dependence on tradition about the kingโs coronation day.
Introduction of a temporal element โ ย โbecause there is a king that is not yet crowned.โ???
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: explicit technical terms: because the pronounย (ืื ืื) in โon his headโ refers to the king (ืจืืื ืืืื).
ืจืืืดื
ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื โ ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ื ืจืฆื ืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืชืจืืื ืืช ืืืื (ืฉืืืช ืืณ:ืืณ) ืฉืืืจ ืืขื ืื ืกืชืื ืชืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืฉืืื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืจ ืื ืื ืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก ืืื ืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืงืฆืจ ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืจืื ืืืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืจืื ืืคืจืงืื ืฉืืชื ืืืืชืจ ืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืจืืฉื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืคื ืืื. ืืืืื ืขืื ืฉืืจืฆื ืืื ืฉืืงืื ืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื. ืืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ื ื ืืฉื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืขืชืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืขืช ืฉืืื ืจืืื ืขื ืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืชืืชืื ืืฉื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืกืืก ืืืืชืจ ืืคื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืืืช ืืกืื ืื ืื ืืืคื ื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืกืืก ืืืื.
โAnd that a royal crown was placed on his headโ - he wants to say: โand that was placed on the head of a king,โ which is the crown of kingship. And behold, he (Haman) wants (to say) by this that the royal crown should be placed on his (presumably Hamanโs) head in order to honor him as much as possible, so that his saying โandย that a royal crown was placed on his headโ will be like โand she saw him, the childโ (Exodus 2:6) such that the referent of the matter is hidden at first and afterwards it (scripture) clarifies it. So too, the matter in this place: he wants to say, โand that it was placedโ-- which is the royal crownโon his head, and he says in this manner, โand let the clothing be placed and the horseโ and he does not mention the crown, to abbreviate the statement. Thus did R. Eliezer the Great understand, as we can see in his Pirke de R. Eliezer, that he wrote:โand the crown that was placed on his headโ and this is a beautiful explanation. And it would seem further that he would want (to say) by this that they should take the horse that the king rode upon, at the time when the royal crown was placed on his head. In fact, he said this because the king does not wear the royal crown at all times when he rides, but it was the custom then among those kings who reigned over all the kings of the nations that at the time that he would ride with very great ministers and the kings who were under him, then he would bear the royal crown, for recognition that he is the ruler and then he would ride on the most beautiful horse that he had. For this reason as well, and because of this, Haman chose that horse.
Which READING does this source adopt? For a reminder of the 3 reading options, click here.<<<READING B: ย โhis headโ refers to ย the head of the king.ย >>>
DISAMBIGUATION STRATEGY: ???
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: ???
(ื-ืื) โฆืืื ืจืืื ืืืื ืฉืืงื ืืื ืฉืืชืืจ ืืืืื ืืชืช ืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืชืชื. ืืื ืชืจืื ืื ืืื ืืฉื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืงืจื (ืืกืชืจ ืืณ:ืืณ) ืืงืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืืคื ืฉื ืชืคืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืขืจื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืฉืืฉืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืคื ื ืืคืฆื ืืืงืจ ืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืื ืฉืฉืื ืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืกืจ ืื ืจืง ืืืกื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืฉืช ืืืืฉ ืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืฉ ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืฉ ืฉืืืฉ ืืขืช ืืืืื ืืืจืืืื ืขื ืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืจืืฉื ืืฉืืืื ื ืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก ืขื ืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืืคืจืชืืื ืืขืื ืื ืื ืืืืืื1 ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืจ ืฉืืงืจืื ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืงืจื ืืื ื ืืืืช ืืกืื ืืชืคืขื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืฉืื ืงืื ืืืจ ืฉืืขืฉื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืคื ืืืจ ืืื ืื ืื ืืืชื ืกืืช ืฉื ืงืจื ืืื ืื ืืฉืชื ืืกืชืจ ืืืจื ืงืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืจื ืืช ืืื (ืืกืชืจ ืืณ:ืืณ) ืืื ืื ืืฉืชื ืืกืชืจ ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืงื ืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืจ ืฉืืืช ืืกืชืจ ืคืขืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืชื ืืฉืจ (ืืกืชืจ ืืณ:ืืณ,ืืณ) ืชืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืงืื.
โฆBecause he asked for the wearing of royal clothing that the king wore, and it is the clothing that he wore at the time of his assumption of the kingship, and the riding of the horse that the king rode on, and the royal crown that he put on his head, and that the clothing and the horse should be given by one of the king's ministers, the advisors, and all that remains for him is the kingship, were it not for what he said that they should call out before him โThus shall be done for the man that the king desires his honor.โ...
Which READING does this source adopt?<<<READING B: โhis headโ refers to the head of the king, on his coronation day.
The added temporal element reinforces this reading.
DISAMBIGUATION STRATEGY:
likely dependence on tradition about the kingโs coronation day.
Introduction of a temporal element.
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืจืืฉื : โand the royal crown that he put on his head.โ The โroyal crownโ is added as though it is in the list of โroyal clothingโฆhorseโฆroyal crownโ and then can function as the referent.>>>
ืจ' ืืืืจ ืขืจืืื
ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืืช โ ืื ื ืืจืฉืข ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืืง ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืจ (ื) ืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืงืจื. ืืจืฆื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืจืฆืื ื ืืชืช ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืชื ืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืจ. ืืื ื ืืงืฉ ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืจื ืืดื (ืกื ืืืจืื ืืดื.) ืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืื ืืคื ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ื ืืืข ืฉืื ืืื ืืืขื ืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืขืฉื ืืื ืืื (ืืืืื ื ืืณ) ืื ืดื ืืฉื ืฉืืฉืืืื ืืขืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืชืืืช ืืืืืชื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืช ืืขืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื ืื ืื ืืจืืฉ ืืกืืก ืืืจืืืช ืื ืื ืฉืืขืฉื ืืืืืื ืขืืจื ืืจืืฉื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืขืงื ืืกืืกื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืชืืชืื ืืขื ืื ืื ืืืฆืจื ืืืืจ ืืจืืืืช ืืกืืก ืืขืืจื ืื ืื ืืขืฆืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืคืื ืืืจ ืืืดืฉ ืืืื ืื ืชืคื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืกืคืง ืืืณ.
โLet them bring royal robesโ - behold, this wicked man (Haman) was wise and he meticulously interpreted the king's words and said โa man whom the king wishes for his honor.โ (Haman reasoned:) He wants another whom it is your will to give only secondary glory. Let them do things which have nothing other than apparent honor, because after that honor is finished, nothing will remain. Although he requested that he should honor in all those manners that the (sages) of blessed memory said (b.Sanhedrin 22a) that a commonor may not use them because of the honor of the king. And it was already known that this was practically a request for the kingship, from the case of Adonijah (1Kings 2). And it seems to me that just as they place a diadem on the heads of kings at the beginning of their reigns, so do they place there (=then) the diadem on the head of the horse that the kingโthe king of kings and ruler over all the worldโrode upon, as mentioned. And maybe they did not place this diadem on the head of the kings but rather on the head of the horse in order to show that that which the kings do, making a diadem for their head, he will do ืขืงื ืืกืืกืย since all of them are beneath him. Therefore it was not necessary to state โthe crownโ in the riding of the horse (in later verses), because this is self-evident after (it was specified) not to let one thing fall as the king said, โDo not omit anythingโฆ!", and with this, the doubt in the text is resolved.
ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืืชย ืืืืณ โ ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ื ืืืย ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืย ืืคืขื ืืจืืฉืื ื.
โLet them bring royal clothingโ โ he intends to say: the clothing that the king wore, and the horse that the king rode on the day when he became king, and that the royal crownย was placed on his head the first time.
Which READING does this source adopt?<<<READING B: the reference to the coronation day and โthe first timeโ indicates ongoing wearing of the crown, which points to the king.>>>
ืืืจืช ืืืืื ืืืจืดื
ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืืช ืืืณ โ ืคืืจืืฉ: ืื ืื ืืกืจ ืืื ืืืช. ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื โ ืคืืจืืฉ: ืืืชื ืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ื ืืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื.
ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืืณ โ ืืืืชืจ ื ืืืช ืืฆืื ืฉืื ืื ืืจืืฉื ืจืืื ืืืื ืื ืืฉ ืืื ืฉืขืืืื ืืื ื ืืขืืืจ. ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื โ ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ื ืจืฆื ืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืชืจืืื ืืช ืืืื (ืฉืืืช ืืณ:ืืณ) ืฉืืืจ ืืขื ืื ืกืชืื ืชืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืฉืืื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืจ ืื ืื ืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก ืืื ืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืงืฆืจ ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืจืื ืืืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืจืื ืืคืจืงืื ืฉืืชื ืืืืชืจ ืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืจืืฉื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืคื ืืื. ืืืืื ืขืื ืฉืืจืฆื ืืื ืฉืืงืื ืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื. ืืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ื ื ืืฉื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืขืชืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืขืช ืฉืืื ืจืืื ืขื ืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืชืืชืื ืืฉื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืกืืก ืืืืชืจ ืืคื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืืืช ืืกืื ืื ืื ืืืคื ื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืกืืก ืืืื.
โLet them bring royal clothing etc.โ โย Its meaning: because nothing was missing other than this. โAnd that the royal crown was placed on his headโ โย Itโs meaning: that same clothing and horse that the king rodeย on the day on whichย the royal crown was placed on his head.
โAnd which was placedโ โ the most suitable (interpretation) seems to me to be that the pronominal suffix of ืืจืืฉื points to the king, because there are kings who are not yet crowned. โAnd that a royal crown was placed on his headโ-- this intends to say: and that it was placed on the head of the king, and this is the royal crown, and indeed what he wanted by this is that the royal crown would be placed on his head, in order for him to be honored more than is possible. His statement, โand that a royal crown was placed on his headโ is like โand she saw him, the childโ (Exodus 2:6), such that the referent of the matter is unclear at first, and afterwards (Scripture) explains it. And so too is the matter in this place; he wants to say, โand that which was placedโ-- that is, the royal crown, โon his head.โ And after this it says, โand the clothing and the horse be givenโ (verse 9) and it does not mention the crown, to shorten the statement. Thus did R. Eliezar the Great understand, as we will see in his Chapters (Pirke de R. Eliezar), that he wrote: and the crown that was placed on his head, and this is a beautiful interpretation. And it would seem further that he would want by this that they should take the horse upon which the king had ridden, while the royal crown was still placed on his head. However, he said this because the king does not wear a royal crown at all times when he rides, but rather it was customary at that time for those kings who rule over all the kings of the nations, that at the time that he would ride with very great ministers and with kings who were under, then he would wear a royal crown to demonstrate that he is the ruler and then he would ride on the most beautiful horse that he had. For this reason, as well, and because of this, Haman chose that horse.
READING B: the horse that the king would ride at the times when the king rode a horse while wearing the royal crown (when he was flaunting his status as ruler over lesser kings and officers)
https://persianthings.wordpress.com/2013/08/28/the-horse-in-achaemenid-persia/
ืจ ืืดืฉ ืจืืืืื
Reggio does not specifically address the exegetical and syntactic problems we are analyzing. It is of tangential interest that in his comments supporting his positive evaluation of Ahasueros and his identification of the king with the historical Persian king Darius he refers to a legend about royal garments and a loyal supporter of Darius prior to his ascension to the throne (compare Oebaresโ ย and the role of the kingโs horse in Dariusโ assumption to the throne in Herodotus The Persian Wars 3: 86-88)
ืืืฉืจ ื ืชืย โ ืืดื ืฉืืื ื ืืชื ืื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืกืืก, ืืืดื ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืขืช ืฉื ืืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื, ืืืื ื ืืืื ืฉื ืืชืจ ืืืืืื.
There are some who explain that they would place a royal crown on the head of the horseย and there are some who explain that it is โthat the kingย rode upon itโ at the time when the royal crown was placed on his head, i.e., on the day that he was crowned to the kingship.
Which READING does this source adopt?<<<
Awareness of ambiguity: โsome sayโฆ and some sayโฆโ
Some explain: READING A: โon the head of the horseโ
And some explain: READING B: โthat the king rode upon itโ at the time when the royal crown was placed on his head, i.e., on the day that he was crowned to the kingship.โ>>>
R. Moshe Yitzchak Ashkenaย (1821-1898)
ืืืืื ืืฉื
ืืฉืจ ืืืฉ ืืืืณ โ ืืืื ืฉืืชื ืขื ืืกื ืืืืืื. ืืืฉ ืืื ืื ืฉืงืืื ืดืืืฉืจ ื ืชืืด ืืกืจื ืชืืืืช ืดืืืื ืืืฉืืืด ืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืฆืื ื ืืืจ ืื (ืืณ:ืืดื) ืฉืืจืืื ืืฆื ืืขืืจืช ืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืจืืื ืฉืชืืืืช ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืฉืืคืกืืง ืื ืื ืืืฉืจ ืื ืชื ืืฉืื ืฆืืื, ืื ืืื ืืขืืจื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืืฉ ืืืืืช, ืืืืื ืื ืื ืขืืจื ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื.
โThat [the king] woreโ - on the day ofย his enthronementย upon the royal throne. And it must be assumed that before (the words) โand that was placed (ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื)โ the words โon the day of his anointingโ are missing [and must be supplied by the reader]. And if we find later (Esther 8:15) that Mordecai went out with a large golden crown, this is not evidence that the words โand that was placedโ in this verse are โlet there be placedโ in the language of the imperative, because certainly the crown is included here in the words โroyal clothingโ, and also maybe the crown in vs 15 (ืขืืจื) is a separate thing and the crown (ืืชืจ ืืืืืช, in this verse) is a separate thing.
Which READING does this source adopt?<<<READING B:>>>
ืืงืจืืืช ืฉืืืืืช
ืึธืึดืืืึผ ืืืฉืจืชืื[14]ย ืึฐืืึผืฉื ืึทืึฐืืึผืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึธืึทืฉื ืึผืึน ืึทืึถึผืึถืึฐ ืืืืชื ืืื ืฉืืืขืื ืืืืืืช[15], ืึฐืกืึผืก ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืจึธืึทื ืขึธืึธืื ืึทืึถึผืึถืึฐ, ืึทืึฒืฉึถืืจ โ ืืืกืืก ืืื ืืืื ืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืขืืื ืจืื ืืืื ืืขืช[16]ย ืฉึถืื ึดืชึทึผื ืึถึผืชึถืจ ืึทืึฐืืึผืช ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉืืึน ืฉื ืืืื[17]ย ืืืื ืืืืืชื[18]:
The servants[19]ย will bring ย royal clothing that the king wore on the day he was enthroned[20], and a horse that the king rode on, and which - and this horse will be the horse on which the king rode at the time5ย that a royal crown was placed on the king's head[21]ย on the day of his coronation.[22]
Commentary on Surrounding verses:
(ื)ย ืึทืึธึผืืึนืึฎ ืึธืึธืึ ืึทืึนึผึคืืึถืจ ืืึนึ ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึทืึพืึทึผืขึฒืฉืึืึนืช ืึธึผืึดึืืฉื ืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึธืคึตึฃืฅ ืึดึผืืงึธืจึืึน ืึทืึนึผึคืืึถืจ ืึธืึธืึ ืึฐึผืึดืึผึืึน ืึฐืึดึื ืึทืึฐืคึนึผึฅืฅ ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึทืขึฒืฉืึฅืึนืช ืึฐืงึธึืจ ืืึนืชึตึฅืจ ืึดืึถึผึฝื ึดึผืื
Haman came, and the king said to him, "What shall be done to the man whom the king desires to honor?" Haman said to himself, "Whom would the king desire to honor more than me?"
โโืืืื ืืื โ 1ืื ืืกืคืืง ืืืืจ ืขื ืฉืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืงืจื, ืืกืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืจืฆืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืชื, ืืืจ ืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืฉ ืื ืืืื, ืืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืขืืื, 2ืืืืฉ ืฉืืืืื ืืืจืืืฉ ืืืืื ืช ืืื, ืืืื ืืจืืง ืฉืืืืื ืืืืจืฉ:
ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื โ 3ืืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืื ื ืฉืชื ื ืคื ืื ืฉื ืืื, ืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืชื ืจืืื, ืืืจ ืืื ืืขืชื ืฉื ืื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืชืืชื:
โAnd Haman cameโ - 1 He did not have time to speak before the king told him what to do with the man whom the king wished to honor, as Haman believed that the king wished to honor only ย him. He told him, โlet them bring royal clothing that the king wore, and the horse that he rode uponโ: 2 clothing that they had brought to Darius from the sea country, and green garments that they had brought to Cyrus.
โAnd that a royal crown was placed on his headโ - 3 when he mentioned the crown, the face of the king changed immediately. He said: surely this is the dream that I have seen.* He said this one has no intention other than to reign instead of me.
Which READING does this source adopt?<<<This could be READING Bย or READING C: the sense is that Haman is suggesting that the crown that was on the kingโs head should be placed on the head of the person to be honored. But it is not clear how precisely the words are interpreted to convey this.>>>
1. ืื ืืกืคืืง ืืืืจ. ืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฃ ืงืดืก ืขืดื ืืฉื ืืืจืฉ ืืงื ืืื:2. ืืืืฉ ืฉืืืื ืืืจืืืฉ, ืขืืื ืฉื ืืืืจืฉ ืืดื ืืคืจืฉื ืืณ ืืืืขืจื ืืณ:3. ืืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ. ืืืจืฉ ืืดื:
* See Midrash Esther Rabbah 10ย (see below)
(ื)ย ืึทืึนึผึฅืืึถืจ ืึธืึธึื ืึถืึพืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึดึืืฉื ืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึธืคึตึฅืฅ ืึดึผืืงึธืจึฝืึนื
Haman said, "The man whom the king desires to honorโฆโ
ืึฐืขึทื ืึธืึธื ืึทืึฒืึทืจ ืึตืืึผ ืึทืึฐืึธึผื ืึธื ืึฒืึตื ืึฐืึดืชึฐืขึฒืึธืึธื ืึดืึฐืึทืจ ืึดื ืึทืึฐืึธึผื ืฆึธืึตื ืึดืืงึธืจึตืืึผ ืึฐืึธืฉึดืืื ืึธืึธื ืึฐึผืึดืึตึผืืึผ ืึฐืึธืึทืจ ืึทื ืึดืฆึฐืึตึผื ืึทืึฐืึธึผื ืึฐืึถืขึฐืึทึผื ืึฐืงึธืจึธื ืึทืชึดึผืืจ ืึดื ึดื. ืืขื ืืื, ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื: ืื ืืืขืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืฆืื ืืืงืจืื. ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจ: ืืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืจ ืืืืชื, ืืืืื ืืชืจืขื ืืืื ืืืขืื ืืงืจ ืืชืืจ ืื ื. [ื] ืึทืึธึผืืึนื ืึธืึธื ืึทืึนึผืืึถืจ ืืึน ืึทืึถึผืึถืึฐ ืืืืณ ืึทืึนึผืืึถืจ ืึธืึธื ืึฐึผืึดืึผืึน โ ืึธืจึฐืฉึธืืขึดืื ืึดึผืจึฐืฉืืึผืช ืึดืึธึผื, (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืดื): ืึทืึนึผืืึถืจ ืขึตืฉึธืื ืึฐึผืึดืึผืึน. (ืชืืืื ืืดื:ืืณ): ืึธืึทืจ ื ึธืึธื ืึฐึผืึดืึผืึน. (ืืืืื ื ืืดื:ืืดื): ืึทืึนึผืืึถืจ ืึธืจึธืึฐืขึธื ืึฐึผืึดืึผืึน. ืึทืึนึผืืึถืจ ืึธืึธื ืึฐึผืึดืึผืึน. ืึฒืึธื ืึทืฆึทึผืึดึผืืงึดืื ืึดืึธึผื ืึดึผืจึฐืฉืืึผืชึธื, ืึฒืึธื ืืึผื ืึดืึฐืชึดืื (ืฉืืืื ื ืืณ:ืืดื): ืึฐืึทื ึธึผื ืึดืื ืึฐืึทืึถึผืจึถืช ืขึทื ืึดืึธึผืึผ. (ืื ืืื ืืณ:ืืณ): ืึทืึธึผืฉึถืื ืึธึผื ึดืึตึผืื ืขึทื ืึดืึผืึน. (ืฉืืืื ื ืืดื:ืืณ): ืึทืึนึผืืึถืจ ืึธึผืึดื ืึถื ืึดืึผืึน. ืึฐืืึนืึดืื ืึฐืืึนืจึฐืึธื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืณ:ืืดื): ืึทืึนึผืืึถืจ ืืณ ืึถื ืึดืึผืึน. ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื โ ืืืืืจ ืขืฉื ืืืื (ืืชืื ืืฉืืืื ืืจืื ืขืดื). ืืื ืืืคืืฅ ืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืงืจ ืืืชืจ ืืื ื โ ืื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืื ืืืืื ืืื ื, ืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืฉืืื ืืขืฆืื ืื ื ืฉืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ื ืฉืชื ื ืคื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืฉืจืืืชื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืจืื ื, ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ, ืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืื ืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก
And Haman arose, and the king said to him, โWhat do you think should be done for a man that the king wishes to honor him?โ And Haman thought in his heart, and said: To whom would the king wish to do honor more than me? Haman thought in his heart and said: WHo among all the kingโs servants is dearer than me? [3] And to whom would the king wish to do honor more than me?
โAnd Haman cameย and the king said to him,โ (Esther 6:6) and โHaman said in his heartโย - the wicked are in the power of their hearts, (Genesis 27:41); โAnd Esau said in his heartโ (Psalms 14:1); โNabal said in his heart.โ (1 Kings 12:26): And Jeroboam said in his heart. And Haman said in his heart. But the righteous: their hearts are in their control. This is what is written (1 Samuel 1:13): โAnd Hannah spoke in her heartโ; (Daniel 1:8): โAnd Daniel resolved in his heartโ; (1 Samuel 27:1): โAnd David said in his heart;โ And they are similar to their Creator (Genesis 8:21): โAnd God said to Godself.โ
โAnd Haman said in his heartโ - โand Esau said in his heartโ (written in Samuel in Ramez 18)
โTo whom would the king wish to do honor more than to meโ - who is greater than me, who is more honorable than me. Everything that I request, ย I request for myself. When he mentioned the crown, the king's face changed. He said: this is what I saw in a dream* that he was seeking to kill me. ย When Haman saw this he did not mention the crown, he went back and said, And let the clothing and the horse be givenโฆโ
See Midrash Esther Rabbahย 10:1 (See alhatorah.org on Esther 6:1)
ืึทึผืึทึผืึฐืึธื ืึทืืึผื ื ึธืึฐืึธื ืฉึฐืื ึทืช ืึทืึถึผืึถืึฐ โ ื ึธืึฐืืึผ ืฉึธืืึทืึดื ืึดึผืกึฐืืึน ืฉึถืื ืึถืึถืึฐ ืึทืึฐืึตื ืึทืึฐืึธืึดืื ืึทืงึธึผืืึนืฉื ืึธึผืจืึผืึฐ ืืึผื, ืฉึถืืจึธืึธื ืึถืช ืึดืฉึฐืืจึธืึตื ืึทึผืฆึธึผืจึธื. ืึฐืึดื ืึตืฉื ืฉึตืื ึธื ืึดืคึฐื ึตื ืึทืึธึผืงืึนื, ืึทืึฒืึนื ืึฐึผืึธืจ ื ึถืึฑืึทืจ (ืชืืืื ืงืืดื:ืืณ): ืึดื ึตึผื ืึนื ืึธื ืึผื ืึฐืึนื ืึดืืฉึธืื ืฉืืึนืึตืจ ืึดืฉึฐืืจึธืึตื, ืึถืึธึผื ืึดึผืึฐึผืึทื ืฉึถืืึดึผืฉึฐืืจึธืึตื ืฉึฐืืจืึผืึดืื ืึฐึผืฆึทืขึทืจ ืึฐืึปืึผืึนืช ืึธืขืึนืึธื ืึฐึผืฉึทืืึฐืึธื, ืึฐืึธืึฐ ื ึถืึฑืึทืจ (ืชืืืื ืืดื:ืืดื): ืขืึผืจึธื ืึธืึธึผื ืชึดืืฉึทืื ืืณ. ืึฐื ึธืึฐืึธื ืฉึฐืื ึทืช ืึทืึถึผืึถืึฐ ืึฒืึทืฉึฐืืึตืจืึนืฉื, ืฉึถืืจึธืึธื ืึทึผืึฒืืึนืืึน ืึถืช ืึธืึธื ืฉึถืื ึธึผืึทื ืกึทืึธึผืฃ ืึฐืึธืจึฐืืึน, ืึฐื ึดืึฐืึทื ืึฐืึตืงึดืืฅ ืึดืฉึฐืื ึธืชืึน, ืึฐืึธืึทืจ ืึฐืกืึนืคึฐืจึธืื ืึธืึดืืืึผ ืกึตืคึถืจ ืึทืึดึผืึฐืจืึนื ืึนืช ืึดืงึฐืจืึนืช ืึฐืึดืจึฐืืึนืช ืึทื ืฉึถึผืืขึธืึทืจ ืขึธืึธืื, ืึผืคึธืชึฐืืึผ ืึทืกึฐึผืคึธืจึดืื ืึผืึธืฆึฐืืึผ ืึถืช ืึทืึธึผืึธืจ ืฉึถืืึดืึดึผืื ืึธืจึฐืึณึผืึทื ืขึทื ืึดึผืึฐืชึธื ึธื ืึธืชึถืจึถืฉื, ืึฐืึตืืึธื ืฉึถืืึธืึฐืจืึผ ืึทืึถึผืึถืึฐ: ืึดื ึตึผื ืึธืึธื ืขืึนืึตื ืึถึผืึธืฆึตืจ, ืึธืึทืจ ืึทืึถึผืึถืึฐ ืึฑืึถืช ืึทืึธึผืึธืจ ืฉึถืืจึธืึดืืชึดื ืึทึผืึฒืืึนืึดื, ืึนื ืึธึผื ืึถื ืึฐึผืฉึธืืขึธื ืืึน ืึถืึธึผื ืึฐืึธืจึฐืึตื ึดื.
โThat night the king's sleep was restlessโ โ the heavens were disturbed: the throne of the king of all kings, the Holy One Blessed Be He, who saw Israel in distress. And does God (lit. The Place) actually sleep? Hasnโt it already been said (Ps 121:4): โ Does it not already say: โBehold, the guardian of Israel neither slumbers nor sleepsโ? Rather, at a time when Israel is immersed in trouble and the nations of the world are at peace [it is said allegorically that God is sleeping, and] for this [reason] it says: โRouse Yourself; why do You sleep, O Lord?โ (Psalms 44:24). King Aแธฅashveroshโs sleep was disturbed as he saw in his dream that Haman took a sword to kill him; he was frightened and awoke from his sleep. He said to his scribes: โBring the book of records,โ to read and to see what had happened to him. They opened the scrolls and found the matter that Mordekhai reported about Bigtana and Teresh. When they said to the king: โHere is Haman standing in the courtyardโ (Esther 6:5), the king said: โThe thing I saw in my dream is true. This one would not come at this hour except to kill me.โ
R. Joseph Qara Commentary C: see above.
ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืงืจื โ ืืืืืฉ ืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืฉ ืื ืืืื ืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื โ ืคืชืจืื: ืืืืชื ืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช
Ralbag Toelet:
(ื-ืื) ืืชืืขืืช ืืฉืืฉืื ืืฉืืขื ืืื ืืืืืช. ืืืื ืืืืืืข ืฉืืื ืจืืื ืืืื ืฉืืงื ืืื ืฉืืชืืจ ืืืืื ืืชืช ืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืชืชื. ืืื ืชืจืื ืื ืืื ืืฉื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืงืจื (ืืกืชืจ ืืณ:ืืณ) ืืงืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืืคื ืฉื ืชืคืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืขืจื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืฉืืฉืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืคื ื ืืคืฆื ืืืงืจ ืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืื ืฉืฉืื ืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืกืจ ืื ืจืง ืืืกื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืฉืช ืืืืฉ ืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืฉ ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืฉ ืฉืืืฉ ืืขืช ืืืืื ืืืจืืืื ืขื ืืกืืก ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืจืืฉื ืืฉืืืื ื ืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก ืขื ืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืืคืจืชืืื ืืขืื ืื ืื ืืืืืื1 ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืจ ืฉืืงืจืื ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืงืจื ืืื ื ืืืืช ืืกืื ืืชืคืขื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืฉืื ืงืื ืืืจ ืฉืืขืฉื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืคื ืืืจ ืืื ืื ืื ืืืชื ืกืืช ืฉื ืงืจื ืืื ืื ืืฉืชื ืืกืชืจ ืืืจื ืงืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืจื ืืช ืืื (ืืกืชืจ ืืณ:ืืณ) ืืื ืื ืืฉืชื ืืกืชืจ ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืงื ืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืจ ืฉืืืช ืืกืชืจ ืคืขืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืชื ืืฉืจ (ืืกืชืจ ืืณ:ืืณ,ืืณ) ืชืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืงืื.
(ื)ย ืึฐื ึธืชึจืึนื ืึทืึฐึผืึืึผืฉื ืึฐืึทืกึผึืึผืก ืขึทืึพืึทืึพืึดึืืฉื ืึดืฉึธึผืืจึตึคื ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐึ ืึทึฝืคึทึผืจึฐืชึฐึผืึดึืื ืึฐืึดืึฐืึดึผึืืฉืืึผึ ืึถืชึพืึธืึดึืืฉื ืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึธืคึตึฃืฅ ืึดึผึฝืืงึธืจึืึน ืึฐืึดืจึฐืึดึผืืึปึคืืึผ ืขึทืึพืึทืกึผืึผืกึ ืึดึผืจึฐืึฃืึนื ืึธืขึดึืืจ ืึฐืงึธืจึฐืึฃืึผ ืึฐืคึธื ึธึืื ืึธึผึืึธื ืึตืขึธืฉึถืึฃื ืึธืึดึืืฉื ืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึธืคึตึฅืฅ ืึดึผืืงึธืจึฝืึนื
and let the clothing and the horse be given into the hand of one of the king's noble1ย officers, and they shall dress the man whom the king desires to honor and lead him on horseback through the city square and call before him, 'So shall be done to the man whom the king desires to honor.'"
ืจืฉืดื
ื ืชื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก โ ืืืช ืืืชืจ ืื ืืืืืจ, ืฉืจืื ืขืื ื ืฉื ืืื ืจืขื ืขื ืฉืืืจ ืฉืืชื ื ืืืชืจ ืืจืืฉ ืืื.[23]
Let the robe and the horse be handed to a man โ But he did not mention the crown, because he saw that the king became jealous when he said that they should place the crown on [another] person's head.[24]
Which READING does this source adopt?<<<Seems like READING C: paraphrase โplace the crown on a personโs headโ>>>
Qara Commentary A
ืื ืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก โ ืืืื ืืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืื ืฉืืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก ืฆืจืื ืืืจืืื, ืืืฆืจืื ืืืืืืจ, ืืืืชืจ ืฉืืื ืขืฆืื ื ืืชื ื ืขื ืืจืืฉ, ืืคืืื ืื ืืืฆืจื ืืืืืืจ
ืืงื ืืื
ืื ืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก โ 1ืืืื ืฉืจืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉืชื ื ืคื ืื ืฉื ืืื, ืื ืืืืืจ ืขืื ืืืชืจ:
ืจ' ืืืืจ ืขืจืืื
ืื ืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก โ ืืืจ ืืืจ ืฉืจืืื ืืกืืก ืืขืืจื ืฉืขืืจื ืื. ืืืืืฉ ืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืฉืจืชืื ืื ืฉืจื ืืืื ืืคืจืชืืื ืจืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืื ืืืงื ื ืืืื ืขื ืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืฉื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืขื ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืงืจืื ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืืฉ ืื ืืขืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืง ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื.
And the clothing and the horse be given - he said: โonce he is riding on the horse in the crown with which they crowned him. And he is wearing the king's clothing and his servants are the king's ministers, the parthamimโ see he is a king and who will know whether he is my king or not?! And the king became jealous because of this, for he thought that Haman had set his heart upon the kingship, and therefore he said that they will call before him, โThus shall be done to the manโฆโ for the kingship will remain forever with the king and all this is nothing other than that he is distributing from his honor to his servants.
Meshulavot:
ื ืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก โ ืืืจ ืืืจ ืฉืจืืื ืืกืืก ืืขืืจื ืฉืขืืจื ืื. ืืืืืฉ ืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืฉืจืชืื ืื ืฉืจื ืืืื ืืคืจืชืืื ืจืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืื ืืืงื ื ืืืื ืขื ืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืฉื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืขื ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืงืจืื ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืืฉ ืื ืืขืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืง ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื. ืืืืืืฉ ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืฉืื ืืฉืจื ืืืื. ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืก ืืืืคืจืชืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืขืืจ. ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืื ืืคืจืกื ืืืืจ. ืืืขื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืชื ืื ื ืขืฉื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืืข ืืืคื ืืขืืชื ืขื ืืืืืช. ืืืจ ืื ืืงืจืื ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืงืจื โ ืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืื ืขืืื. ืืืืืื ืื ืขืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืคืขื ืืืฉืคืขื ืืืช ืืขืืชื ืขืืื. ืืื ืื ืืขืฅ ืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืข ืื ืืืืื ืืื. ืืืืืฉื โ ืืกืจ ืืืดื. ืืืจืืืื โ ืืกืจ ืืืดื. ืื ืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืณ โ ืคืืจืืฉ: ืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืกืจืื ืืกืืก ืืืื ืืจืืื ื ืืชื ืฉืจ ืืคืจืชืืื ืืช ืืกืืก ืืืขืื ืืฉืจ ืืืกืจ ืืช ืืกืืก ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืืืช ืืขืฉื ืื. ืืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืฉ โ ืคืืจืืฉ: ืขืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืจืืืืืื ืืื ืืงืจืื. ืืืืืืฉื ืืืจืืืืื โ ืืื ืจืฆื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื ืขืดื ืฉืจืื ืจืืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืฉืืชืคืจืกื ืืืืจ, ืขืดื ืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืจืืื ืฉืืขืฉื ืืืืจ ืขืดื ืจืืื ืื ืืืืื. ืื ืชืื โ ืขืืดืฉ ืืืขืื ืืณ:ืืณ. ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืจืฆื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื ืขืดื ืฉืจืื ืืืืืืืื ืจืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืืืจ[25], ืึฐื ึธืชืึนื โ ืึฐืึดื ึธึผืชึฐื ืึผ[26]ย ืึทืึฐึผืืึผืฉื ืึฐืึทืกึผืึผืก[27]ย ืขึทื ืึทื ืึดืืฉื ืึดืฉึธึผืืจึตื ืึทืึถึผืึถืึฐ ืึทืคึทึผืจึฐืชึฐึผืึดืื โ ืืฉืืืืื[28], ืึฐืึดืึฐืึดึผืืฉืืึผ โ ืืืืืืฉื ืืฉืจ ืขื ืืฉืจืชืื[29]ย ืึถืช ืึธืึดืืฉื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึทืึถึผืึถืึฐ ืึธืคึตืฅ ืึดึผืืงึธืจืึน, ืึฐืึดืจึฐืึดึผืืึปืืึผ โ ืืืจืืืื ืืืชื[30]ย ืขึทื ืึทืกึผืึผืก ืึดึผืจึฐืืึนื ืึธืขึดืืจ ืฉืืฉื[31]ย ืฉืืจืื ืืืช ืื ืืขื[32], ืืืงืืกื ืืืชื[33], ืึฐืงึธืจึฐืืึผ โ ืืืืจืืื ืืืืืจื[34]ย ืึฐืคึธื ึธืื, ืดืึธึผืึธื ืึตืขึธืฉึถืื ืึธืึดืืฉื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึทืึถึผืึถืึฐ ืึธืคึตืฅ ืึดึผืืงึธืจืึนืด โ ืืืืืื.[35]
ืย ืึฐื ึธืชึจืึนื ืึทืึฐึผืึืึผืฉื ืึฐืึทืกึผึืึผืก ืขึทืึพืึทืึพืึดึืืฉื ืึดืฉึธึผืืจึตึคื ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐึ ืึทึฝืคึทึผืจึฐืชึฐึผืึดึืื ืึฐืึดืึฐืึดึผึืืฉืืึผึ ืึถืชึพืึธืึดึืืฉื ืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึธืคึตึฃืฅ ืึดึผึฝืืงึธืจึืึน ืึฐืึดืจึฐืึดึผืืึปึคืืึผ ืขึทืึพืึทืกึผืึผืกึ ืึดึผืจึฐืึฃืึนื ืึธืขึดึืืจ ืึฐืงึธืจึฐืึฃืึผ ืึฐืคึธื ึธึืื ืึธึผึืึธื ืึตืขึธืฉึถืึฃื ืึธืึดึืืฉื ืึฒืฉึถืึฅืจ ืึทืึถึผึืึถืึฐ ืึธืคึตึฅืฅ ืึดึผืืงึธืจึฝืึนื
and let the clothing and the horse be given into the hand of one of the king's noble1ย officers, and they shall dress the man whom the king desires to honor and lead him on horseback through the city square and call before him, 'So shall be done to the man whom the king desires to honor.'"
RE-CHECK THE COMMENTARIES FOR OTHER HINTS?
TARGUM SHENI:
ืืืจ ืืื ืืืฉืืจืืฉ: ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืืชืื ืขื ืชืจืขื ืืืื.
ืื ืฉืืข ืืื ืืช ืคืชืืื ืืืื, ืกืื ืืืฉ ืขืืืื, ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืชื ื, ืืขืื ืืื ืืืชืืฉืื, ืืคืืืื ืืืกืชืืฃ, ืืจืขืืื ืืื ืืฉืชืืืฉื, ืืงืืจื ืืจืฆืื ืืฉืชืจืืื, ืืืจืืืืชืื ืื ืืื ื ืงืฉื. ืขื ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื: ืืจื ืืืื, ื ืคืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืจืืื ืืืืช ืืขืืื, ืืืืช ืื ื ืืืข ืขื ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืช ืืืจ. ืขื ื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื: ืืื ืื ืืืจืืช ืื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืื ืืืชืื ืืชืจืขื ืืืื. ืขื ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื: ืืจื ืืืื ื ืคืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืชืจืขื ืืืืื, ืืืืช ืื ื ืืืข ืขื ืืืืื ืชืจืขื ืืช ืืืจ ืื. ืขื ื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื: ืื ืื ืืืจืืช ืื ืืื ืขื ืชืจืขื ืืขืืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืช ื ืฉืื ืืขื ืืืช ืืืื. ืขื ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื: ืืืจื ืืืื ืกื ืื ืืื ืืกื ืื ืืืืืชืื, ืขืฉืจื ืืืคื ืืืจื ืืกืคื ืืชืืืืื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืงืจื ืื ืืชืขืืื ืืื. ืขื ื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื: ืขืฉืจื ืืืคืื ืืืจื ืืกืคื ืืชืืืืื ืืื, ืืขื ืื ืืืชื ืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืื, ืืื ืืชืื ืข ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืงืจื. ืขื ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื: ืขืฉืจื ืื ืื ืืืืช ืื ืืจืืืื ืงืื ืืืจืกืื, ืืืืื ืืงืจื ืื ืืชืขืืื ืืื. ืขื ื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื: ืืช ืืื ื ืืืืชืชื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืื, ืืืืื ืืงืจื ืื ืืชืื ืข ืืื ืื. ืขื ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื: ืืจื ืืืื, ืืืจ ืืืืื ืืื, ืื ื ืืชืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืื ืื ืขื ืจืืกืชืงื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืงืจื ืื ืืชืขืืื ืืื. ืขื ื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื: ืขื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืื ืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืชืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืฉืชื ืืฉืชืืขืื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืงืจื ืื ืืชืื ืข ืืื ืื. ืขื ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื: ืืืืขืื ืืืืืขื ืืืืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืชื, ืืืืื ืืงืจื ืื ืืชืขืืื ืืื. ืขื ื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื: ืืืจื ืืืืจ ืืืชื ืขื ืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืงืืื, ืืืขื ืืืืขืื ืืืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืชื, ืืืืื ืืงืจื ืื ืืชืื ืข ืืื ืื. ืขื ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื: ืคืจืืืชืงืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืฉืชืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืขืืื ืืืจืืื ืืชืืืื, ืืืืื ืืงืจื ืืื ืืชืขืืื ืืื. ืขื ื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื: ืืืืจื ืืคืจืืืชืงืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืื ื ืืืื ืืชืืื, ืืืืื ืืงืจื ืื ืืชืื ืข ืืื ืื. ืชื ืืื ืืช ื ืืฃ ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืื: ืืื ืืื, ืืขืืื, ืื ืชืืื ืคืชืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืืจืืชื
ืจ' ืืืกืฃ ืืจ' ืฉืืขืื ืงืจื (c. 1050-1130) Commentary A
ืจ' ืืืกืฃ ืืจ' ืฉืืขืื ืงืจื
ืื ืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก โ ืืืื ืืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืื ืฉืืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก ืฆืจืื ืืืจืืื, ืืืฆืจืื ืืืืืืจ, ืืืืชืจ ืฉืืื ืขืฆืื ื ืืชื ื ืขื ืืจืืฉ, ืืคืืื ืื ืืืฆืจื ืืืืืืจ.
ืคืจืงื ืืจืื ืืืืขืืจ 50
ืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืฉื ืช ืืืื, ืืืืชื ืืืืื ื ื ืืกืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืื"ื, ืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืจืฅ ืืขืื ืืฉืื ืชื, ืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืช ืืกืืืฃ ืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืขืื ืืฉืื ืชื, ืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืฉื ืืกืคืจื ืืืชืื ืกืคืจื ืืืื ืืงืจืืช ืืกืคืจืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืข ืื ืฉืขืืจื ืขืืื, ืืคืชืื ืืกืคืจืื ืืืืฆืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฆืื ืืงืจืืช ืืืชื, ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจืื, ืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืงืจืื ืื ืฉืืชืื ืืคื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฆืื ืืงืจืืช, ืืืืชืืืื ืื ื ืงืจืืื ืืคื ื ืืืื ืืืืืื, ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืืื ื ืงืจืืื ืืคื ื ืืืื, ืืืืื ืงืืจืืื (ืืช) [ืืื] ืืชืื ืืื, ืืื ืืืืื ื ืงืจืืื, ืืืจ ืืืื ืืขืืืื ืงืจืื ืื ืืืื, ืืืจื ืื ืืจื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืฅ, ืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืก ืืคื ื, ืืื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืื ื ืจืืฆื ืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืฉ ืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืื"ื ืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืงืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืื ื, ืืื ืืจืขื ืฉื ืขืืืง ืืื ืืืืื ืืกืื ืืคืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืื, ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื, ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืืจ ืื ืื ืจืฆืืช ืืขืฉืืช ืืงืจ ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืงืจื ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืฉ ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืืืื ืืกืืก ืฉืจืืืช ืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืช ืืืชืจ ืฉื ืชื ืืจืืฉื ืืืื ืฉืืืืช, ืืืขืก ืืืื ืขื ืืืชืจ ืืจืื ืืื, ืืืจ ืืืื ืืจืฉืข ืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืืืืืฉ ืืขื ืืกืืก ืืื ืืฃ ืขื ืืืชืจ ืฉืืจืืฉื, ืื ืื ืื ืื ืื ืื, ืืืื ืฉืจืื ืืื ืฉืืขืก ืืืื ืขื ืืืชืจ, ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืื ืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืก ืขื ืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืืคืจืชืืื, ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืฆื ืืขืฉื ืื ืืืจืืื, ืฉืืข ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืจืืื ืืฉ, ืืืจ ืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืจ ืื ืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืจืื, ืืืจ ืื ืืืืฉื ืืฉืขืจ ืืืื, ืืืจ ืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืกืืืจ ืื ืื ืขื ืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืจ, ืืื ืชื ืื ืฉืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืขืื ืื, ืืืจ ืื ืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืืจืช, ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืชืช ืื ืื ืื ืฉืืืจืช, ืืืจ ืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืชื ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืืขืฉื ืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืืจืช ืขืื, ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืืืชื ืื ื ืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื.
"On that night the king's sleep fled" (Esth. 6:1). That night the throne of the King who is King of kings, the Holy One, blessed be He, became unsteady, because He saw that Israel was in great distress. The sleep of the king on earth fled, for he had seen in his dream Haman taking the sword to slay him; || and he became agitated and arose from his sleep, and he told the sons of Haman, the scribes, to read in the books so as to see what had happened to him. They opened the books, and found the incident which Mordecai had told, but they did not wish to read this, and they rolled up the scrolls. The king said to them: Read ye what is written before you. But they were unwilling to read, and the writing was read (of its own account) by itself, as it is said, "And they were read before the king" (ibid.). It is not written here, "They were reading," but "They were read." The king spake to his servants: Call ye Haman to me. They said to him: Behold, he is standing outside. The king said: The thing is true which I saw in my dream; he has come only in this hour to slay me. He said: Let him come in. He entered before the king. The king said to him: I wish to exalt and aggrandize a certain man; what shall be done to him? Haman said in his heart, for the seed of Esau speak in their hearts, but never reveal their secret with their mouths, as it is said, "And Haman said in his heart" (Esth. 6:6). Haman said in his heart: He does not desire to exalt any other man except me. I will speak words so that I shall be a king just as he is. He said to him: Let them bring the apparel || which the king wore on the day of the coronation, and (let them bring) the horse upon which the king rode on the coronation day, and the crown which was put upon the head of the king on the day of coronation. The king was exceedingly angry because of the crown. The king said: It does not suffice this villain, but he must even desire the crown which is upon my head. Haman saw that the king was angry because of the crown; he said: "And let the apparel and the horse be delivered to the hand of one of the king's most noble princes" (Esth. 6:9). (The king) said to him: Go, and do thus to Mordecai. As soon as Haman heard this he became greatly agitated, and he said to him: My lord, O king! There are very many named Mordecai. The king answered: "The Jew." (Haman) said to him: There are very many Jews. The king said to him: "He who sits at the king's gate" (Esth. 6:10).
ADDED Anonymously on 2 March, 2023: ย needs to be checked for relevance to the ambiguity and/or to any of the commentaries, and incorporated as appropriate:
ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืงืืื
ืืืืฆืืื ืืืืกืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืฉืืืจืืฉ ืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืืื ืืืืฉืจ ืืจืืื. ืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืช ืฉืื ื ืืืืจื, ืืคื ื ืฉืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืืขื ืืืื ืืื, ืืื ืืืจ, ืืืื ืืืชืจ
ืืืืจ: ืืืจื ืคื ืืกื
ืืืืืช ืืกืชืจ ืืชืืื ืืคืจืืืื ืกืคืจืืชืืช ืืื ืืชืืื ืืกืชืชืจืช ืื ืืจืื ืืืกืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืกื ืืืชื ื ืืกืืคืืจ ืฉืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืงืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืื ืืจืื ืกืคืจื ืืชื ื.
ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืคืจืื ืืคืจืกืืช ืืืืงืื ืืื ืฉืืฉื, ืืืจืช ืืืืืคืจืื.
ืืฉื ืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืืจืฉ (521 ืืคื ื"ืก) ืืฉื ืขื ืืืกื ืืืืืคืจืื ื ืืื, ืืจืืืืฉ ืืจืืฉืื, ืขื ืฉื ืช 486 ืืคื ื"ืก. ืืืฉืืื ืืฆืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืืืืฉ ืืคืื ืืช ืคืจืก ืืืืืคืจืื ืืืืืื. ืืืชืืืช ืืืื ืืจืืืืฉ ืฉื ืืฆืื ืืคืจืกืคืืืืก ื ืืืจ:
ืืืืจ ืืจืืืืฉ ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืืืง ืื ืื ืืกืงืืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืืจ ืืกืืืื, ืืฉื ืืืืฉ, ืื ืืืื, ืืฉื ืขื ืกืคืจื โ ืืฉืจ ืืืืจืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืขื ืืง ืื.
ืืืืจ ืืืชื ืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืกืจืืกืก, ืืื ืืืฉืืจืืฉ. ืืืจ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืฉืืจืืฉ ืขื ืืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืขืืืืืช. ืืืื ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืขื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืคื ืืืืื. ืืื ืจืื ืขืฆืื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืจืช ืืืืืคืจืื ืืคืจืกืืช ืื ืงืฆืืื ืืืขืจื. ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืฉืืื, ืฉืืืืจ, ืืืคืฉ ืื ืืคืืคื.fluffyย ืืืฉืืืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืจ ืืจืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืฆืื ืืชืื ืืืืคืจืื, ืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืงืืืื ืื ืฉืืข ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืฆืืจื ืืงืจื ืืืืืืฉ ืขืืื ืืืืืก ืฆืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืืคืจืื, ืืื ืืืชืืกืก ืจืง ืขื ืฆืื ืืงืืื.
ืืฆืืจื ืืย ืคืฆืย openedย ืืืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืคืืืืืืช ื ืืจืฆืช ืืืืจื ืืขืืจ ืืืืจื ืฉืืฉื ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืืคืจืื, ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืช ืืืืืชื ืืฆืืืืช ืืืจืชืืย harnessย ืืช ืื ืฆืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืงืจืื ืืช ืกืืคืืจ ืืืืืื ืืฉืงื, ืืื ื ืขืืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืืขืื ืืื, ืืจืื ืืช ืืกืืคืืจ ืืื ืืชืืขื ืืคื ืืคืจืง ื.
ืืื ืคืจืง ื (ืฉื ื ืฉืืืฉืืชย ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืืจืืฉ) ืืืื ืคืจืง ื (ืฉื ื ืฉืืืขืืชย ืืืืืืชื) ืขืืืจืืช ืืจืืข ืฉื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืย ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืคืจืก. ืืจืืข ืืฉื ืื ืืกืืขืจืืช ืฉื ืืงืจืืืช ืืื ืคืจืก ืืืจืืช ืืขืืื ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืืืื. ืืกืืื ืืงืคืืฆื ืืื ืืจืืจื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืขืฆื ืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืงืจืืงืืืจื ืืืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืกืจ ืืื, ืืคืืคื, ื ืชืื ืืงืคืจืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืฉื ืขืืืื.subject to his whimsย and that ofย hisย servants. ืืื ืืืืืื ืชืคืืืจื ืืืจืช ืืืืฅ ืืชืคืืืจืช ืืืจืืื ืืกืืืืืชืื. ืืืื ืืฆืื ืขื ืืืงืื ืื ืืืืืื. Sharp and special focus ืชืคืงืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ื ืืกืคืจ ืืช ืืืืกืืืจืื ืืื "ืืืืื" to trick ืืช ืืืื ืืืขืืช ืืช ืืฉืืืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจ, ื ืกืชืจ ืืืชืจ, ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฆืื ืืืชืจ - ย ืืืื ืฉืืชืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืขื ืื ืืืขืฉืื.
ืืชื: ืืจื ืื ื ืืื
ืคืืจืืย ืืืฉืืืจืืฉย Translations of ืึทืึฐืึธื
ืืกืชืจ ืคืจืง ืื"ื ืืืจ ืืชืฉืค"ื / 27.03.2025
ืชืืจืื ืคืืจืกืื ืืงืืจื:ื"ื ืฉืื ืืชืฉืข"ื / 07.02.2018
ืืื ืืื ืขืื ืื ืืจืืืช
ืืช ืืืืืช ืืกืชืจ ื ืืืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืืคืืจืื. ืืืืจ ืขื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืงืืืืฆืื ืืฉืื ืื, ืืืคืขื: ืืืจืื ืฉื ื"ื ืืืจืืื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืกืชืจ
ืฆืืืื: ืฉืืจื ืื-ืืขืงื, ืืืื ืฉืืืื
ืืืื ื ืขืจืืชื ืืืขืชื โ ืื ืืืื ืืืชื โ ืฉืขืื ื, ืชืืืขืช ืืขืงื, ื ืืชื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืฉื, ืืช ืืืืืช ืืกืชืจ โ ืืกืืืจ ืืืืจื - ืืืื ืืืื ืขืฆืืช: ืืื, ืฆืื, ืืืกืคื; ืืืื ืฉืคืืืช: ื ืก ืืคืืงืคืง ืืชืืจืข ืืืืืช ืืืฉื ืืคืืงืคืงืช...A questionable miracle happens thanks to a questionable womanย ืืืืืฆื ืืื ืืืจืื, ืฉืืืืืงื ืืืืขืืื ื ืืฉ ืงื ืืึนืช ืืืจืืื ื โ ืืฉ ืืืืขืึนืช.who lit a fire of bigotry in his minority - a fire of assimilation
ืืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืช ืืืืืื, ืฉื ืืชื ืืช ืืืืืื ื... ืฉื ืืชื ืืช ืขืฆืื.
ืืืืื, ืืฉืขืืืชื ืขื ืืขืชื ืืืฆืืชื ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืื, ืืืฉืืื, ืจืืืชื ืฉืื ืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืชืืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืจืื ืฉืฉืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืืืื ืืฉืื ื" ืฉืื ืืคืืื.
ืื ื ืจืืืชื ืืืคื ืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืคื ืืชืคืืืช.
ืื ืจืืืชื ืืช ืืจืืื, ืื ืืืืืื "ืืฉืคื" ืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉ"ืื ืืืจืข ืืื ืืฉืชืืื". ืืืช ืืื, ืจืืฉ ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืจืฆืื ื ืจืืืชื ืืขืืืชื โ ืืื ื ืืื "ื ืืคื ืขื ืืืื" ืืืืงืฉ ืขื ื ืคืฉื.
ืืืจื ืื ืื ืืชืื ืืืคืืจืฉ ืืืื, ืืื ืืื ืขืื ื ืืจืืืช! How the eyes of mirrors were wet! ืืช ืืกืชืจ ืจืืืชื, ืืขืืื ื, ืืฆื ืืขื ืืื ืจืขืืชืื ืืืคืืจืืกืืช ืืืืคืจืืกืืช ืืืฆืื ืื, ืืืืืื ืฉ"ืื ืืงืฉื ืืืจ" ืืืฉืืืจืช ืืฆืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืฆืจ ืืืืืื. ืื ืื ื ืขืื ืืื ื โ ืืืฆืืืช ืืืจืื, ืืืขืืงืจ, ืืขืืงืจ ืจืืืชื "ืขื ืืื ืืคืืืจ ืืืคืืจื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช" ืืืืืคืจืื ืืคืจืกืืช, ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืจ ืขื ืฆืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืช "ืืชื ืืืื ืืื ื ืขืืฉืื".
ืจืืืชื ืฉื ืื ืืืขืืช, ืขืืืงืืช, ืืืคืฉืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืคืืคื โ ืืืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืชืืื ื!
ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืืขืช? ืืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืฆืืชื ื ืืกืื ืืฆืืืื ืช ืืืฆื ืื: "ืื ืื ืืขืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืชืงืืื ืืชืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืจืืื ืืืื ืื-ืื ืืจืื ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืคืืืช ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืื ืืชืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื?" (ื"ื ืืืจืืื)
[1966 , ืืืื ื-"ืขืืืืื"]
ืืืขืื = MINORITY
ืืกืชืจ ืคืจืง ืื"ื ืืืจ ืืชืฉืค"ื / 27.03.2025
ืชืืจืื ืคืืจืกืื ืืงืืจื:ื"ื ืฉืื ืืชืฉืข"ื / 07.02.2018
ืฉืืจ ืืช ืืืื
ืืฉื ืืืืช ืฉื ืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืฉืชื ืืชืืื ืช ืืืจืื ืืืกืชืจ, ืืณืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืจืฉืขืชืณ ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื. ืื ืขื ืขืืืืช ืชื ืืขืืช ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืฉื, ืืืชื ืืฉืชื ืืงืจืืื ืืืืืฉืช
ืืืฉืืจืจืช ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืงื, ืืืงืืฉืืชืืฃ
ืื ืืงืืื ืฉื ืืฉืชื, ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ื, ืืืืืื ื ืฉื ืงืืจืื ืืืืืื?
ืืฉื ืืืืช ืฉื ืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืฉืชื ืืชืืื ืช ืืืจืื ืืืกืชืจ, ืืณืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืจืฉืขืชืณ ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืืจืฉ ืืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืื ื, ืืืจืฉ ืืืจ ืชืืืจ ืืืชื ืื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืืื ืืฆืจ ืืื ืืื, ืืืจืื ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ (ืชืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ื, ื ; ืื, ื). ืืืืกื ืืคืจืืืกืื ืืืืช, ืืจืืื ืืืชืจ, ืจืื ืืืฉืชื ืื ืืืคืืก ืืื ืืฉื ืฉืืื ื ืฆืืืชื ืืช: ืดืื ืืื ืขืืืืช ืืกืืจืืื, ืืืคืืจ ืืื ื. ืงื ืื ืืกืชืจ ืืฉืื ืืช ืืฉืชื, ืืื ืฉืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืฉืืจืืฉืด.
ืื ืขื ืขืืืืช ืชื ืืขืืช ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืฉื, ืืืชื ืืฉืชื ืืงืจืืื ืืืืืฉืช. ืื ืืฉื ืช 1911 ืืงืืืฉื ืืืฉืืจืจืช ืืืืจืืงืืืช ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืงืืงืก ืฉืืจ ืืืฉืชื, ืฉืืืืื ืงืจืืืช ืืชืขืืจืจืืช ืื ืฉืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืืขืืง ืืงืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืืจื.
ืดืืช ืืื ืืืืชื ืงืืื ืืืืชื ืืืื,
ืืจืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืื!
ืื ื ืืชืืืื ืื ืืืชืจ ืฉืขืฉื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืฉื!
ืืื ื ืขืืืืช ืืืืฉื - ืจืขืื ืืฉื ืืืื,
ืืขืชื, ืื ืขืื ืืืื ืืื ืจืขืื, ืืื ืืืฉื ืขืืื ื,
ืื, ืืืฉื ืืืงื ืืื
ืื ืงืื ืืื ืืช ื ืงืืชื".
ืืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืืืงืืงืก, ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืชื ื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฆืจ ืืืคื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืื. ืืขืืืช ืืืฉืืืจืืฉ, ืฉืขื ืคื ืืืชื ืืืจืฉ ื ืืฉื ืืืฉืชื ืจืง ืืืื ืืงืจื ืขืฆืื ืืืืืช, ืืืืืช ืืฉืชื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืคื ืืืืืช. ืืฉืชื, ืืืืจื ืืคืกืืง ืืกืคืจ ืืฉืื, ืืื ืงืืื ืื ืืช ืืื, ืื ืืืฆืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืขืฆืื ืืื ืืขืื ืืฉืืืืจ. ืขืืืจ ื ืฉืื ืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืฆืืืช ืืืชื ืกืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืขืืืื, ืืชื ืืกืกืืช ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืชื ืืืืืืจื ืืื: ืงืืื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืื ืจืขืื, ืดืืืฉื ืขืืื ื, ืื, ืืืฉื ืืืงื ืืื".
ืืชืื ืดืืกืชืจ: ืคืืจืืฉ ืืฉืจืืื ืืืฉืด ืื ืืฆื ืืืชืืืื, ืืืช ืืืฉืื ืฆืืื, ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืืืจ ืฉื ืื ืืืชืืืืช ืงืจื ืืื ืื.
ืขื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืชื ืืกืคืจืืช ืืืืื ืืช, ืขืืื ืย ืืงืืืื ืืชืขืจืืื ืดืืฉืชื: ืืคืจืง ืืื ืืืด, ืืืฆืจืช: ืฉืืจื ืคืจืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืจ.
ืืจื ืืืฉืื ืฆืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืชืื ืืช ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืชืจืืืช ืืืืืืช
ืืืงืกื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืฉืืืื
ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืฉืืืื
[1]ย 1. that the king has worn | ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึธืึทืฉื ืึผืึน ืึทืึถึผืึถืึฐย โ See R. Yosef Kara and Rashbam that the verse refers to the garments the king wore on the day of his coronation.
[2]ย and on whose head a royal crown was placed | ืึทืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึดืชึทึผื ืึถึผืชึถืจ ืึทืึฐืืึผืช ืึฐึผืจึนืืฉืืึนย โ See Ibn Ezra that the words "his head" refer back to the horse; noting that there was a practice to place a crown on the king's horse to mark it is as his. Alternatively: "when the royal crown was placed on his head", reading "ืึฒืฉึถืืจ" as "ืืืฉืจ" (R. Yosef Nachmias). A third reading suggests: "and the royal crown that was put on his head" (Ibn Janach and Rashbam, who switch the word order to present Haman as suggesting that the man also be adorned with the royal crown). According to this last reading it is surprising that the crown is not mentioned in the continuation. One could explain that it is simply assumed, or that though the king agreed to the other suggestions of Haman, he was not willing for someone else to wear his crown.
[3]ย Literally, they shall bring (yavi'u) royal clothing.
[4]ย Scripture reads, they shall bring (yavi'u) royal clothing. (See note 11) It does not tell us who shall bring in royal clothing. Hence Ibn Ezra's comment.
[5]ย According to Ibn Ezra asher lavash bo ha-melekhย is to be rendered "that because of it, the king is dressed." If scripture merely intended to say which the king wore, it would have read, asher lavash ha-melekh.
[6]ย According to Ibn Ezra Neh. 2:12 is to be rendered" the beast because of which I ride," that is, Nehemiah was a rider because of the beast. If Scripture would have wanted to say "the beast that I ride upon" it would have read ha-behemah asher ani rochev alehahย not asher ani rochev bah.
[7]ย (ืืชืจ ืืืืืช. There may an error in the online Hebrew text on alhatorah.org). [In Ibn Ezraโs Commentary A, he presented the midrash before presenting his own preferred understanding]. According to Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezar 50 keter malkhutย (a crown royal) refers to Ahasuerus's crown. The Midrash notes that Ahasuerus become angry when Haman wanted the royal crown too be placed up the head of the man in whom the king delights, for the king surmised that Haman wants the royal crown to be placed on his own head. According to the Midrash, Haman noticed that the king was angry at him for mentioning the royal crown and hence did not mention it again. Thus when Scripture describes what array was put on Mordecai, it omits the crown.
[8]ย ย Rabbi Marinus agrees with the Midrash that keter malkhutย (a crown royal) refers to Ahasuerus's crown even though he does not take the rest of the Midrash as the plain meaning of the text.
[9]ย Literally, rode.
[10]ย Literally, was.
[11]ย Literally, rode.
[12]ย That Haman placed a royal crown upon the horse that Mordecai rode.
[13]ย If the king told Haman "let nothing fail of all that thou hast spoken" how could Haman omit the royal crown from the horse?
[14]ย ืืื ืขืืจื
[15]ย ืจืดื ืงืจื, ืจืฉืืดื. ืืงื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืฉืืืืื ืืืจืืืฉ ืืืืื ืช ืืื
[16]ย ืจืดื ืงืจื, ืจืืืดื, ืืืืืจ ืืืจืดื, ืืืืืดื
[17]ย ืจืดื ืงืจื, ืจืฉืืดื. ืืืฉ ืืจืืืชืื ื ืฉืคืืจืฉื ืฉืขื ืืกืืก ื ืืชื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืืื ืจืื ืขืืื, ืืืืฅ ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืฃ ืืื ืจืฉืืช ืืจืื ืขื ืืืชื ืกืืก, ืืื ืขืืจื. ืืืจืฉืดื ืืคืกืณ ืืื ืืฉืืข ืฉืืืื ืชื ืืืชื ืฉืืชื ื ืืช ืืืชืจ ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉ ืฉืืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืงืจื.
[18]ย ย ืืืืืดื. ืืืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืื ื ืฉืชื ื ืคื ืื ืฉื ืืื, ืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืชื ืจืืื, ืืื ืืขืชื ืฉื ืื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืชืืชื, ืืงื ืืื.
Malbi'm. And since he mentioned the crown immediately the face of a king changed, he said surely this is the dream I would have seen, there is no opinion of this but to reign under me, a good lesson.
[19]ย
[20]ย
[21]ย R. J. Kara, Rashbam. And some of our rabbis interpreted that the crown was given on the horse when the king rode on it, and besides the king no one had permission to ride on that horse, Ibn Ezra. And from Rashi in the next verse it can be learned that his intention was to put the crown on the head of the man whom the king wished to visit.
[22]ย
[23]ย ืืฉืื ืงืืืช ืจืื ืืณ:ืืณ, ืคืจืงื ืืจืณ ืืืืขืืจ ื '.
[24]ย Compare Kohelet Rabba 5:1; Pirke de R. Eliezer 50.
[25]ย ืืืืืดื
[26]ย ืชืจืืื
[27]ย ืืืช ืืืชืจ ืื ืืืืืจ, ืฉืจืื ืขืื ื ืฉื ืืื ืจืขื ืขื ืฉืืืจ ืฉืืชื ื ืืืชืจ ืืจืืฉ ืืื, ืืงื ืืื, ืจืฉืดื, ืืื ืขืืจื ืืคืกืณ ืงืืื. ืืจืดื ืงืจื ืืืืจ ืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืช ืืืชืจ ืื ืืืชื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืจืืืื ืขื ืืกืืก ืฉืืืฉืจืชืื ืืกืืืขืื ืืืื
[28]ย ืจืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืง ืืณ ืคืกืณ ืืณ
[29]ย ืืื ืขืืจื
[30]ย ืชืจืืื
[31]ย ืื ืืขืืจ ืขืืื, ืืื ืขืืจื
[32]ย ย ืจืืืดื
[33]ย ืชืจืืื
[34]ย ืชืจืืื
[35]ย ืืื ืขืืจื ืืคืกืณ ืืณ.
[a]check if Kogut treats this verse?
[b]I do not understand the argument here