Index
A
Abel, Theodore, 89 n.
Accounting, capital, 34, 35, 36, 50, 51, 181, 191 ff., 199, 267 ff.
ethical sanction of, 33
orientation of economic activity, 34, 35
vs. profit-making, 201
Action
as individual behaviour, 101
task of sciences of, 94
voluntaristic theory of, 12
Administration see Bureaucracy
Alltag, 266 n., 361 n. see also Charisma
Amateurs, role of in administration, 413 ff.
Anomie, 71
Animals, social organization among, 104
‘Appropriation,’ see Property
Aristotle, 187 n.
‘Ascetic Protestantism,’ 79, 80, 81
Association, see Corporate group
‘Atomism, type,’ 15
Ausseralltäglichkeit, 64
Authority, 22, 56 ff., 152 ff.
combinations of different types, 382-6
legal, 329-41
legitimate, three types of, 328 ff.
Autocephaly vs. heterocephaly, 148
Autonomy vs. heteronomy, 148
B
Bank, definition of, 272
Becker, C. H., 380
von Below, G., 353
von Benedek, L., 111
‘Benefice,’ 63, 312, 335, 345, 351, 368 ff., 378 ff.
von Böhm-Bawerk, E., 165 n., 165
le Bon, G., 113
Bucher, Karl, 201 n., 219 n., 235 n., 253 n.
Buchmanism, 71
Budgetary unit, 43, 187, 198, 231, 267
vs. profit-making enterprise, 199 ff.
character of, 329-41
Burke, Edmund, 405
C
Calculability, 193, 316, 337, 355, 357, 420
Calculation
in kind, 202 ff.
rational vs. speculative, 272
‘Calling’ concept of, 33, 52, 81, 214
Cannon, W. B., 103 n.
Capital
goods, 267 ff.
market, 196
role of, 191 ff.
Capitalism
character of modern, 279 ff.
genesis of in Western world, 6
modern order as, 78 ff.
politically oriented, 280
rationalization of activity in, 32
stages in development, 258
types of, 51-2 see also Profit-making
Cartel, 209, 215, 253, 274, 275, 313
Catholic Church, 66
as bureaucracy, 334
Causal relationships, n, 97 n., 99, 100, 317
Change, institutional, 24
authority, 64 ff.
movements, 71 ff.
routinization of, 363-73
transformation in anti-authoritarian direction, 386-92
see also Alltag
‘Chartal,’ see Money
China, 63, 83, 166 n., 167, 178, 179, 218, 232, 245, 255, 259, 260, 261, 263, 274, 279, 281, 282, 284, 285, 286, 301, 306, 310, 311, 313, 314, 317, 343, 345, 352, 356, 360, 366, 368, 369, 372, 376 n., 377, 378, 379, 381, 396, 401, 404, 405
Christian Science, 71 n.
Church, concept of, 152, 154, 156, 369
Class structure, 424 ff.
Closure of theoretical systems, 8
Collegiality, 392-407
Commerce, concept and principal forms, 268 ff.
Communism, 72 see also Socialism
‘Company of equals’ pattern, 60 n.
Comparative method, 32, 78, 83
Competence, technical, 59 n.
see also Specialization of function
Conflict, concept of, 132
Consumption unit, 193 ff.
Contract, system of, 170-71
Contractual relationships, 163
feudal vs. modern, 64
Convention, definition of, 127
Convergence, in development of theory of action, 7
Corporate group
concept of and types, 145
economic, types of, 171
influence of economic factors on, 318
political and religious, 154
types of association, 151
types of order in, 148
Credit, 179
Cults, religious, 71
Cultural lag, theory of, 71
Custom, definition of, 121
D
Dilthey, W., 9
Division of labour
social aspects of, 228 ff.
types of economic, 218 ff.
Division of labour (Cont.)
types of technical, 225 ff.
Duelling, 125 n.
Durkhcim, E., 7, 53, 71 n., 76
E
Economic action
concept of, 158
institutional structure of, 31
motives of, 319
rational modes of orientation, 34
traditional vs. rational orientation of, 166 see also Motivation, economic
Economic development, stages of, 223
Economic theory, 31, 96, 111, 189, 193, 199, 201, 215
Egypt, 167, 203, 217, 218, 231, 235, 244, 260, 267, 313, 314, 343, 350, 356, 381
Eisner, Kurt, 359
Empiricism, 10
Equilibrium of a system, 15
Error, 92
Escherich, K., 105 n.
Ethics, 129
Evidenz, 90 n. see also Meaning, interpretation of
media of, 173 ff. see also Money
F
Factors in a system, 11
Fads, 71
Father Divine, 71 n.
Feudalism, 43, 45, 83, 351, 356, 373-81
Feudalization, process of, 218
Fichte, J., 217
‘Financing,’ definition of, 274
effects on private economic activity, 315 ff.
Fontenoy, battle of, 133
as economically irrational, 53
in military structures, 53
Freud, 27 n.
Friedrich, C. J., 206 n.
Friendship, 75
Functional analysis, 18-24, 103, 107 see also Equilibrium of a system
‘Fundamentalist reaction,’ 72
G
Gay, E. F., 223 n.
General categories, 10
George, Stefan, 363
Germany
National Socialist, 47
inflation in, 49
Gerth, H., 72 n.
von Gierke, O., 150 n.
Goldhamer, H., 57 n.
Goldstein, Kurt, 19 n.
Goods, definition of, 165
Götte, 105
von Gottl, F., 88, 162 n., 163 n.
Greece, 235, 243, 244, 260, 261, 315, 318, 356, 395, 397, 399
Guillebaud, W. C., 142 n.
H
von Haller, K. L., 353
Hanscaric town, 243
Hasbach, W., 418 n.
Heterocephaly vs. autocephaly, 148
Heteronomy vs. autonomy, 148
Hollin, 328
I
Ideal type, 4, 12, 13 ff., 15, 89 n., 92, 108 n., no
Ideas, role of, 6, 123 n., 299 n.
Ideas, religious
relation to economic activity, 30
von Ihering, R., 122 n., 127 n.
Imputation, problem of, 205
Imperative co-ordination, types of, 152, 324 ff.
India, 83, 142, 143, 230, 232, 233, 239, 259, 260, 261, 263, 266, 306, 310, 311, 314, 315, 317, 350, 352, 356, 368, 369, 372, 378, 380, 416
Insecurity, psychological, 70
Instability, social, 30, 31, 32, 39, 40, 44, 68, 84
Instincts, 26 see also Psychology
Integration of total social systems, 17
Interessenlage, 121 n.
Interest, 198
definition of, 195
role of, 299 n.
substantive, 248-9
J
Jaspers, Karl, 88
Jesuits, 363
Jesus, 361 n.
Jews, 138
K
Kerensky, 411
Kinship, 75
Knapp, G. F., 49, 174 n., 176, 177, 273, 282, 283, 286 n., 287 n., 288 n., 293 n., 299-309
Knies, Karl, 4, 6 n., 10 n., 13
L
Labour
definition of, 219
expropriation of workers, 246 ff.
medieval, 220
modern movement, 208
productivity of, 261 ff.
types of communal organization of, 265
Lassalle, F., 149
Law, definition of, 127
Legitimacy of a social order, 57
concept of, 124
types of, 126
Leitner, F., 195 n.
Lenin, 216
Leonardo, 228
Liefmann, Robert, 162 n., 323 n.
Lippincott, B. E., 194 n.
Liturgies, 231, 252, 257, 261, 265, 312, 318
Lytrie policy, see Money
M
Magic, 82
Malinowski, B., 53
Managerial functions, 219, 248
property in, 245 ff.
Marriage, 75
Marathon, battle of, 98
Market
competition, 193
definition of, 181
relationship, principal forms of. 254 ff.
system, 35
Marx, Karl, 6, 55, 78, 79, 81, 216, 427
Meaning
complex of, 99; see also Sinnzusammenhang
interpretation of, 90
Meaningful action, 90
ideal type of, 112 see also Subjective point of view, Verstehen, Understanding
Meaningful categories, 93
Means-end schema, 93 n.
Medicine, modern, lack of magic in, 82
Methodology, of social science, 6, 8 ff.
Meyer, Eduard, 98
Middle Ages, 172, 178, 190, 208, 226, 232, 233, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 250, 261, 263, 282, 288 n., 313, 314, 317, 344, 351, 366, 369, 372, 374, 376 n., 377, 393, 397, 400, 416, 417, 423
von Mises, L., 211 n.
Misplaced concreteness, fallacy of, 26, 103 n. see also Reification
von Moltke, 11
Money, 173
consequences of use, 179
different kinds of, 280 ff.
formal and material value of, 292 ff.
‘lytric’ policy, 282, 287, 294, 295, 297
paper, 291 ff.
role of, 33 ff.
Money economy
formal and substantive rationality in, 211 ff.
Monetary policy
methods and aims of, 294 ff.
of modern state, 280 ff.
Montesquieu, 405
Motivation
understanding of, 95
Motives, 22
definition of, 98
N
National Socialism, 71, 72, 74, 85 see also Germany
‘Natural economy,’ concept of, 202 ff.
Neurath, O., 207, 208, 211 n., 215
Newbury, Jack of, 264
Non-logical action, Pareto’s category of, 16
O
‘Objective possibility,’ concept of, 149 n.
Occupation, concept of, 250 ff.
Occupational structure, types of, 250 ff. see also ‘Calling,’ Specialization of function, Competence, technical
Oertmann, K., 122 n.
‘Office,’ 50, 58, 59 n., 68, 330 ff., 332 n., 368 see also Bureaucracy
Organism, see Functional analysis
Organization, definition of, 221
P
Pariah group, 239
Particularistic patterns, 75 see also Universalism, ethical
Payment, means of, 173 ff. see also Money
Planned economy, 37-9, 212 ff., 320
accounting method in, 205 see also Socialism
Plechanov, G., 216
Plenge, J., 279 n.
Political authority, 49
Political bodies
anti-authoritarian forms of, 412-13
financing of, 310 ff.
significance of for the economic order, 309 ff. see also Corporate group, political
Political system, British, 57, 73
Power, 152
Powers, separation of, 392-407
‘Praebend,’ definition of, 351
Preuss, H., 150 n.
Price system, competitive
functions of, 40 ff.
Probability, 99, 118, 119, 126, 146, 326
Producers’ co-operatives, 45
Profane, see Alltag
Professions, the, 54
learned, 251
medical, 590.
concept and types, 191 ff.
enterprise, definition of, 197
enterprise vs. budgetary unit, 199
principal capitalistic modes of, 278 ff.
Proof, logic of, 11
Property
in jobs, 236 ff.
in land, 240 ff.
in managerial functions, 245 ff.
in non-human means of production, 238 ff.
modern system of, 173
principal forms of, 254 ff.
Protestant Ethic, the, 214 n.
Psychological insecurity, 70
and sociology, 108
clinical, 70
Putting-out system, 222, 230, 233, 268
R
Rational action, 12, 15 ff., 27
ideal type of, 92
Rationality, formal vs. substantive, 35 ff., 50-1, 185, 207, 209
conditions of maximum, 248, 275 ff.
in money economy, 211 ff.
opposition between, 215
Rationality
of capitalism, 80
of money accounting, 186
Rationalization, process of, 18, 123
Rational-legal authority, 57 ff.
Reification, 18, 103 n., 118 see also Misplaced concreteness, fallacy of
Representation, 143
by interest groups, 421
forms and characteristics of, 416 ff.
Resentment, 69
Responsibility, 143
Restriction of output, 236
Revolution, 385 n.
Robertson, H. M., 79 n., 81 n.
Robespierre, 388
Rodbertus, K., 201 n., 231 n., 231
Roethlisberger, F. J., 70 n., 137 n., 263 n.
Roles
functional specificity and diffuseness, 75, 82 ff.
occupational, 54
Roles (Cont.)
Romantic love, 75
Rome, 67, 68, 207, 235, 241, 243, 260, 274, 277, 279, 314, 315, 343, 356, 365, 370, 371, 372, 388, 393, 394, 395, 399, 401, 404, 405
Routine activity, see Alltag
S
Sacred, concept of, 76 see also Charisma
Salamis, battle of, 98
Schäffle, A., 102 n.
Schär, E., 195 n.
von Schelting, A., 13 n., 89 n., 98 n., 109 n.
Schmoller, C., 223
Schönberg, 223
Sciences, ‘natural’ vs. ‘social and cultural,’ 8, 9
and the institutional order, 53
Serfdom, 234
Services, definition of, 165
Singer, Paul, 411
Sinnzusammenhang, 26, 95 n. see also Meaning, complex of
Sismondi, F., 207
Smith, Joseph, 359
Social action
modes of orientation, 120
types of, 115
Social relationships
‘associative,’ 136
‘communal,’ 136
concept of, 118
open and closed, 139
solidary, types of, 136
types of, 14
Social stratification, 251, 424 ff.
Social system, structure of, 14, 15
Socialism, 37, 164, 185, 194 n., 207, 286, 309, 319, 338, 339, 389, 390, 399, 408, 409, 410, 411
Katheder Sozialisten, 208
Russian, 216
Sociology
definition of, 88
science of, 7
science of and history, 109
task of comparative, 97
Sociological generalizations, 100
Sohm, R., 328
Sombart, W., 207
Spengler, O., 84
Spoils system, 74 see also Parties
Specialization of function, 225 ff., 228, 261
St. Paul, 363
Stammler, R., 5, 6 n., 88, 122 n., 126 n., 127
Stand, definition of, 347 n.
State, modern definition of, 156
State, rational-legal, 33
Stinnes combine, 229 n.
Stratification, social, 251, 424 ff.
Structional-functional analysis, 24 see also Functional analysis
Subjective point of view, 9, 18, 22 see also Meaningful categories, Verstehen
Sumner, W. G., 121 n.
T
Tarde, G., 114
Tax farming, 201
Tawney, R. H., 3 n.
‘Technique,’ see Technology
Technology, 160
Tension, in human action, 32, 35, 39, 46 n., 53, 69, 80 see also Instability, social
Theory, role of in empirical science, 23
Timasheff, N. S., 152 n.
Tönnies, F., 88, 127 n., 136 n.
Traditional action, 14, 47, 116
Traditional authority, 59 ff.
‘Type generalization,’ 108 n.
U
Ultimate ends, see Ends, ultimate
‘Understanding,’ 87, 94-6 see also Verstehen
leaders of, 70
United States, political system of, 74
Universalism, ethical, 33
in capitalism, 80, 82 ff. see also Particularistic patterns
Urban communes, 358
Usage, definition of, 121
V
Value, concept of, 158
Value-attitudes, 52
Variation, institutional, 31, 52, 54
Veblen, Thorstein, 40 n.
Vedda, 166
Verband, 56 ff., 70, 145 n. see also Corporate groups
Verfügungsgewalt, 163
Vergemeinschaftung, 136 n. see also Social relationship, ‘communal’
Vergesellschaftung, 136 n. see also Social relationship, ‘associative’
aktuel and erklärend, 94 n. see also ‘Understanding’
W
War economy, 209
Weber, Alfred, 206 n.
Weber, Marianne, 40.
Weber, Max
biography, 4
political interests, 5
intellectual career, 5
Weisman, A., 105
Wertbeziehung, 109 n.
Wertrationalität, 14, 115 n., 116, 130 n.
Whitehcad, A. N., 103 n.
Z
Zionists, 138