NISAN Deuteronomy 26:5
ืึฐืขึธื ึดึจืืชึธ ืึฐืึธืึทืจึฐืชึธึผึ ืึดืคึฐื ึตึฃืื ื' ืึฑ-ืึนืึถึืืึธ ืึฒืจึทืึดึผืึ ืึนืึตึฃื ืึธืึดึืย ืึทืึตึผึฃืจึถื ืึดืฆึฐืจึทึืึฐืึธื ืึทืึธึผึฅืืืจ ืฉึธืึื ืึดึผืึฐืชึตึฃื ืึฐืขึธึื ืึทึฝืึฐืึดืึพืฉึธืึื ืึฐืึฅืึนื ืึธึผืึืึนื ืขึธืฆึฅืึผื ืึธืจึธึฝืื
Preface:
ืึธืึฐืืึผ ืืึน ืืึนืก ืฉืึตื ึดื, ืึฐืึธืื ืึทืึผึตื ืฉืืึนืึตื ืึธืึดืื, ืึฐืึดื ืึตืื ืึผึทืขึทืช ืึผึทืึผึตื, ืึธืึดืื ืึฐืึทืึผึฐืืึน, ืึทื ื ึผึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทื ึผึธื ืึทืึผึทืึฐืึธื ืึทืึผึถื ืึดืึผึธื ืึทืึผึตืืืึนืช โฆ ืึผืึฐืคึดื ืึทืขึฐืชึผืึน ืฉืึถื ืึผึตื, ืึธืึดืื ืึฐืึทืึผึฐืืึน. ืึทืชึฐืึดืื ืึผึดืึฐื ืึผืช ืึผืึฐืกึทืึผึตื ืึผึฐืฉืึถืึทื, ืึฐืืึนืจึตืฉื ืึตืึฒืจึทืึผึดื ืืึนืึตื ืึธืึดื, ืขึทื ืฉืึถืึผึดืึฐืึนืจ ืึผึนื ืึทืคึผึธืจึธืฉืึธื ืึปืึผึธืึผ:
(ืคืกืืื ื: ื)
ืดThey poured the second cup for the leader of the seder, and here the son asks his fatherโฆ And if the son does not have the knowledge to ask questions on his own, his father teaches him the questions: Why is this night different from all other nights? โฆ And according to the knowledge/understanding of the son, his father teaches him about the Exodus. He begins with [the Jewish peopleโs] disgrace and concludes with [their] glory. And he expounds from the passage: โAn Aramean tried to destroy my fatherโ (Deuteronomy 26:5; the declaration one recites when presenting first fruits at the Temple), until he concludes explaining the entire section.ืด (m.Pesachim 10:4)
The textual ambiguity we explore in for Nisan comes from a passage in Deuteronomy that is prescribed as the text to be recited upon bringing the annual first-fruits offerings to the Temple in Jerusalem. The sages of the mishna present this text as the core of the Passover seder, the basis for the fulfillment of the commandment of telling the story of the Exodusโ โvehiggadetaโ: โyou shall tellโฆโ This monthโs verse is especially complex, as it involves a combination of intertwined lexical, morphological, and syntactic ambiguities.
As in each of the monthly analyses in this LISHMAH project, the presentation will proceed as follows:
- The text of the verse in Hebrew
- Selected ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS of the verse
- DESCRIPTION OF the AMBIGUITIES in the VERSE. This month, there is some introductory material about surface and deep structure.
- TRADITIONAL COMMENTARIES on the VERSE: citations of commentaries on the verse (generally pasted from alhatorah.org), in roughly chronological order, with an analysis of each commentaryโs identification and resolution of the ambiguity in question.
ืึฐืขึธื ึดึจืืชึธ ืึฐืึธืึทืจึฐืชึธึผึ ืึดืคึฐื ึตึฃืื ื' ืึฑ-ืึนืึถึืืึธ ืึฒืจึทืึดึผืึ ืึนืึตึฃื ืึธืึดึื ืึทืึตึผึฃืจึถื ืึดืฆึฐืจึทึืึฐืึธื ืึทืึธึผึฅืืืจ ืฉึธืึื ืึดึผืึฐืชึตึฃื ืึฐืขึธึื ืึทึฝืึฐืึดืึพืฉึธืึื ืึฐืึฅืึนื ืึธึผืึืึนื ืขึธืฆึฅืึผื ืึธืจึธึฝืื
Alhatorah.org, Deut 26:5: You shall answer and say before Hashem your God, "My father was a wandering Aramean, and he went down into Egypt, and lived there, few in number; and he became there a nation, great, mighty, and populous.โ
Sources used:
- Incorporate: Joseph Tabory, The JPS Commentary on the Haggadah: Historical Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 2008, pp. 32-36.
- Incorporate: David Henshke, โMidrash Arami Oved Avi,โ Sidraย 4 (1988): 33โ52 (Hebrew).
- Re-check, to ย fill in gaps: Richard C. Steiner, โThe โArameanโ of Deuteronomy 26:5:Peshat and Derashโ in Mordechai Cogan, Barry L. Eichler, and Jeffrey H. Tigay, eds., Tehillah le-Moshe: Biblical and Judaic Studies in Honor of Moshe Greenbergย (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997), 127-138.
- ืฉืืื ืงืืืื, ืืืงืจื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืืช:ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืช ืืขื ืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืงืืช ืืืืืืงืืช ืืื ืคืจืฉื ืืช ืืืขืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืืช ืืกืืจืชืืช
- check: โArami Oved Avi: The Demonization of Labanโ thetorah.com
- check: Magid: Arami Oved Avi/ My Father Was A Wandering Arameanย sefaria.org
- ?Class notes, from R. Steiner, "Syntactic Ambiguity and Biblical Exegesis," Yeshiva University (1987; notes of S. (Goldsmith) Tzoref).
ืึฐืขึธื ึดึจืืชึธ ืึฐืึธืึทืจึฐืชึธึผึ ืึดืคึฐื ึตึฃืื ื' ืึฑ-ืึนืึถึืืึธ ืึฒืจึทืึดึผืึ ืึนืึตึฃื ืึธืึดึื ืึทืึตึผึฃืจึถื ืึดืฆึฐืจึทึืึฐืึธื ืึทืึธึผึฅืืืจ ืฉึธืึื ืึดึผืึฐืชึตึฃื ืึฐืขึธึื ืึทึฝืึฐืึดืึพืฉึธืึื ืึฐืึฅืึนื ืึธึผืึืึนื ืขึธืฆึฅืึผื ืึธืจึธึฝืื
- Modern English Translations:ย
You shall answer and say before Hashem your God, "My father was a wandering Aramean, and he went down into Egypt, and lived there, few in number; and he became there a nation, great, mighty, and populous.
KJV (biblegateway.com), Deut 26:5:
And thou shalt speak and say before the Lord thy God, A Syrian ready to perish was my father, and he went down into Egypt, and sojourned there with a few, and became there a nation, great, mighty, and populous:
NRSVUE (biblegateway.com), 26:5: ย you shall make this response before the Lord your God: โA wandering Aramean was my ancestor; he went down into Egypt and lived there as an alien, few in number, and there he became a great nation, mighty and populous.
JPS (2006; sefaria.org), Deut 26:5: You shall then recite as follows before the LORD your God: โMy father was a fugitive Aramean. He went down to Egypt with meager numbers and sojourned there; but there he became a great and very populous nation.
Passover Haggadah, Sefaria edition: An Aramean was destroying my father and he went down to Egypt, and he resided there with a small number and he became there a nation, great, powerful and numerous.
- ย AMBIGUITIES and READING OPTIONS
Note: Throughout this document, there will be text concealed as white-on-white to minimize โspoilers.โ The white text will be marked with the symbol <<<>>>. To see the concealed text, please use the 
ืึฐืขึธื ึดึจืืชึธ ืึฐืึธืึทืจึฐืชึธึผึ ืึดืคึฐื ึตึฃืื ื' ืึฑ-ืึนืึถึืืึธ ืึฒืจึทืึดึผืึ ืึนืึตึฃื ืึธืึดึืย ืึทืึตึผึฃืจึถื ืึดืฆึฐืจึทึืึฐืึธื ืึทืึธึผึฅืืืจ ืฉึธืึื ืึดึผืึฐืชึตึฃื ืึฐืขึธึื ืึทึฝืึฐืึดืึพืฉึธืึื ืึฐืึฅืึนื ืึธึผืึืึนื ืขึธืฆึฅืึผื ืึธืจึธึฝืื
READING A: โOur forefather (Jacob) was a wandering Arameanโ
or
READING B: โLaban the Aramean sought to destroy our forefather Jacobโ?
_____________________________________________
check copyright info: https://whyisthisnight.com/sed4u/a.mossy.haggadah.14.pdf
This image illustrates the text of the Haggadah: โIn each and every generation a person is obligated to see themself as though they went out of Egypt.โ
The Laban midrash extends the idea that enemies sought to destroy โusโ in โevery generationโ backwards to a time before the Israelite enslavement in Egypt, illustrating the statement in the Haggadah that โIn each and every generation they rise up against us to destroy us. And the Holy One, blessed be He, rescues us from their hands.โ _____________________________________________
Some guiding QUESTIONS:
*these are โspoilersโ but not whited out because they provide a necessary common basis for thinking about the ambiguities.[1]
- Who is called ืืจืื?
- Who is called ืืื?
- Is ืืื transitive or intransitive and what does it mean?
SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY: The Two Main READINGS
READING A: โOur forefather Jacob was a wandering Arameanโ READING A: โthe Arameanโ and โmy fatherโ refer to Israelโs forefather(s): READING A-2: Jacob READING A-3: Abraham, Isaac and Jacob
Translation: e.g., โA wandering Aramean was my forefather (Jacob)โ
??? the structure of the sentence is essentially that of a nominal sentence. |
READING B: โLaban the Aramean sought to destroy our forefather Jacobโ?ย READING B: โthe Arameanโ refers to Laban the Aramean
Translation: โAn Aramean (Laban) sought to cause my father (Jacob) to perish.โ
|
BACKGROUND: To establish some common understanding and language, it will be helpful to consider sentence diagramming and the terms โsurface structureโ and โdeep structureโ from Chomskyan Transformational Linguistics.
<*note: this general discussion of deep and surface structure ย might belong in a general introductory section of the Lishmah project, to be linked to for relevant verses, rather than incorporated in the analysis of a specific verse>
Consider the relationship between the following 2 sentences:
1. โJacob loved Rachelโ
2. โRachel was loved by Jacobโ
ย
- With respect to the surface structureโthe grammatical mapping of the elements of the sentenceโthe sentences are quite different:
- The first sentence is in the active voice, with โJacobโ as the subject of the sentence. โRachelโ is the direct object.
- The second sentence is in the passive voice with Jacob as the grammatical indirect object. โRachelโ is the grammatical subject.
- As far as deep structureโthe logical meaningโ the sentences share a meaning, and โJacobโ is the acting agent in both sentences.
Letโs examine an ambiguous sentence in which an identical surface structure can serve two very different possible deep structure meanings.
Take the sentence โTHEY ARE BORING STUDENTS.โ This sentence can have two very different meanings, two different โdeep structuresโ for the single surface structure:
SCENARIO A. Teachers are lecturing to students. ย They are not very engagingโ they are boring the students in their class = causing the students to be bored.
https://www.speechworks.net/topics-to-avoid-if-you-dont-want-to-be-a-bore/boring-presentation/; https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/teacher-teaching-mathematics-to-bored-students-gm510158711-46128220
SCENARIO B.ย There are students who are dull. These students are boring = not interesting.
These different deep structures can be diagrammedย as follows:
SCENARIO A: There are unengaging teachers causing students to be bored.
Sentence: ย โTHEY ARE BORING STUDENTS.โ
ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย NOUN PHRASE ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย VERB PHRASE
ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย |ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย / ย ย ย ย ย ย \
ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย PRONOUNย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย VERB ย ย ย ย NOUN PHRASE ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย
[They]ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย [are boring] ย ย ย ย ย ย [students]
SCENARIO B: There are dull students who are not interesting.
Sentence: ย โTHEY ARE BORING STUDENTS.โ
ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย NOUN PHRASE ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย VERB ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย NOUN PHRASE
ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย |ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย | ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย / ย ย ย ย ย ย \
ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย |ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย |ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย Adjective ย ย ย Noun ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย
ย ย ย [They]ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย [are] ย ย ย ย [boring] ย ย ย [students]
*note: this example was adapted from Chomskyโs sample sentence: "Hunting tigers can be dangerous."
This sentence can mean:
- The act of hunting tigers can be a dangerous activity for people to engage in.
or:
- Tigers can be dangerous animals when they are huntingโ e.g., when tigers are in the act of hunting, or when the tigers referred to are a type of tigers that hunt.
Another example that is often used is โthe shooting of the hunters was terrible.โ? (see, inter alia: โโhttps://sciendo.com/pdf/10.1515/rjes-2019-0010, โA CORPUS VIEW ON A COUPLE OF STRUCTURALLY AMBIGUOUS SENTENCES; see https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/5422/1/RAEI_08_18.pdfย โSyntactic Ambiguity as a Device in British Humour).
Note: the ambiguity in these sentences could disappear with additional or alternative words:
- e.g., โthey are boring theย studentsโ would clearly mark Scenario A, with unengaging teachers, since the definite article โtheโ in English would not come between an adjective and noun in a noun phrase.
- If the verb in the tigers sentence would be in present tense instead of the modal โcan be,โ then the number of the verb would disambiguate: โHunting tigers is dangerousโ would clearly refer to the activity; โHunting tigers are dangerousโ would clearly characterize the tigers.
To recapitulate, in the case of our verse, the surface structure ืึฒืจึทืึดึผืึ ืึนืึตึฃื ืึธืึดึื
has been understood to signify either:
READING A: โOur forefather Jacob was a wandering Arameanโ
or
READING B: โLaban the Aramean sought to destroy our forefather Jacobโ?
ANALYSIS
ืึฐืขึธื ึดึจืืชึธ ืึฐืึธืึทืจึฐืชึธึผึ ืึดืคึฐื ึตึฃืื ื' ืึฑ-ืึนืึถึืืึธ ืึฒืจึทืึดึผืึ ืึนืึตึฃื ืึธืึดึื ืึทืึตึผึฃืจึถื ืึดืฆึฐืจึทึืึฐืึธื ืึทืึธึผึฅืืืจ ืฉึธืึื ืึดึผืึฐืชึตึฃื ืึฐืขึธึื ืึทึฝืึฐืึดืึพืฉึธืึื ืึฐืึฅืึนื ืึธึผืึืึนื ืขึธืฆึฅืึผื ืึธืจึธึฝืื
EXEGETICAL SOURCES
Cantillation: ืึฒืจึทืึผึดืึ ืึนืึตึฃื ืึธืึดึืย ย
Simcha Kogut discusses this verse in Correlations Between Biblical Accentuation and Traditional Jewish Exegesis:Linguistic and Contextual Studies. Hebrew:ืืืงืจื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืืช: ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืช ืืขื ืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืงืืช ืืืืืืงืืช ืืื ืคืจืฉื ืืช ืืืขืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืืช ืืืกืืจืชืืช, (Magnes Press, 1994); pp. 65-66; 193; 206, 248.
Pp. 65-66 (example 35):
ืึฒืจึทืึดึผืึ ืึนืึตึฃื ืึธืึดึื
Kogut notes that the sequence of munachย on ืึนืึตึฃื and zakef qatonย on ืึธืึดึื connects these two words; this aligns with the midrash in the haggadah (referred to in the mishna and reflected in Targum Onkelos and in Rashiโs commentary), such that:
- โArameanืด is the subject, Laban
- ืึนืึตึฃื is the predicate
- โMy fatherโ is the object, Jacob
This reading forces ืึนืึตื to be a causative verb, in poโel conjugation, in a meaning like that of piโelย or hiphโil.
More on p. 66: ps. Jon; Sifreโฆ. Kogut says that ps.-Jon also tries to hold both interpretations: attributes 2 descents to Jacob: aram ืื ืฉืืจืืื , at the beginning, and descent to Egypt, as ย mentioned in the verse: ืืชืจ ืืืื. Apparently, the descent to Aram, not in the verse, is derived from abd in the sense of nodded. ย So, on the one hand: the translator interprets arami oved avi as: my father was a wanderer, i.e., one who descends to Aram, and therefore termed โArameanโ, and on the other hand, ย ืืขื ืืืืืืืชืื
ืืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืืื.
Surmises two motivations for the interpretation of the midrash: (1) to avoid labeling one of the fathers of the nation as an โarameanโ (2) to use the verse as an example of the idea โin every generation omdim aleinu lekhaloteinu.โ
Opposition to this midrashic interpretation emerges in the commentary of Rashbam, Ibn Ezra, and
Pp. 192-193โ RASHBAM (example 146 = 35); check folder for photocopy
Pp. 206-207โ (example 155 = 146 = 35); check folder for photocopy
Pp. 248 - 249 (example 190 = 155 = 146 = 35); check folder for photocopy
Midrash Sifre Devarim, Piska 301ย (c. 300 CE)
ืกืคืจื ืืืจืืย (via sefaria.org)
ืืืืจืช ืืคื ื ื' ื', ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื. ืืืื ืฉืื ืืจื ืืขืงื ืืืจื, ืืื (ืืืืื) [ืืืืื]. ืืืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืื.
Translation adapted from sefaria.org:
โand you shall say before the Lord your G-d: โAn Aramean would destroy my father;โ": We are hereby apprised that Jacob went down to Aram to his own destruction, and Scripture accounts it to Lavan the Aramite as if he had destroyed him, (this having been his intention).
Which READING does this source adopt? <<<READINGS Aย andย B: ย The Midrash combines two readings that should be mutually exclusive, taking โmy fatherโ as both the subject of the verb ืืื (โwent down to Aram to his own destructionโ) and as the object (โScripture accounts it to Lavan the Aramite as if he had destroyed himโ;[2]ย note:
In the first reading, โthe Arameanโ stands for Jacob and ืืืย is rendered as either intransitive or passive.
In the second reading, โthe Arameanโ refers to Laban and ืืื ย is a transitive verb meaning โto cause to perishโ (but taken as โintended to cause to perish,โ as equivalent. ย
Observations: the Sifreโs explanation of the verse exhibits many typical features of aggadic midrash. In I. Heinemannโs classic description of midrashic tendencies to โcreative historiographyโ and โcreative philology,โ he lists the following sub-categories of the former, all of which can be found in this midrash: โThe Avoidance of Anonymity and the Search for Specificityโ; โConcentration of the Biblical Storyโ; โBringing the Distant Near -- the Creative Use of Anachronismโ; โSimplification and Subtletyโ; โThe Unification of the Bibleโ; โBiblical Details as Historical Archetypesโ (these translations of the terms are from an English โprecis of Isaak Heinemann's Classic Study of Aggadah and Midrash,โ originally prepared by Marc Bregman for teaching purposes, which had been available online for some time in the early 2000s).[3]
DISAMBIGUATION READING STRATEGY: The Midrash seems to do the opposite of โdisambiguatingโ-- it introduces a reading that does not suit the context, imposing ambiguity on the verse by taking advantage of potentially multivalent terms and grammatical forms and constructions.
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION:<<< the midrash uses paraphrases that clearly show first Jacob and then Laban as subjects of the verb, reflecting both of the two incompatible explanations.
ืืื ืฉืื ืืจื ืืขืงื ืืืจื, ืืื (ืืืืื) [ืืืืื].
ย ืืืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืื>>>
Note: the above translation of the Sifre has Jacob going to Aram โto be destroyed,โ to perish, with the reading ืืืืืื. The alternative reading is that Jacob went to Aram in order to destroy. i.e., Jacob went to Aram intending to destroy Laban, but then Scripture accounts it that Laban destroyed (/intended to destroy) Jacob. Yalkut Shimoniโs ืืืืื seems to follow this. <check Sifre editions and commentaries>
Both of these scenarios would be departures from the biblical narrative, which describes Jacob as having fled to Aram in order to escape Esauโs deadly intentions against him. One commentator on the Sifre suggests an emendation in this vein:
ืืืื ืฉืื ืืจื ืืขืงื ืขืดื ืืืจื ืืื *ืขื ืึดืึผึปื ืื ืืขืืื.*
ืืื ืืชืืจ ืืกืคืจื, ืื ืจืื ืืืจืืฉ ื(ื)ืืืชืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืื: ืืืื ืคืืจืืฉื โ ืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืจื ืืื ืฉื ืชืืจื ืื ืขืฉื ืฉืืืืื ื ืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืกืื ืช ื ืคืฉืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืื ืืฆืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื.
ืืืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื.ย ืืืืชืื ืืืื (ืืืจืื ืื: ื) ืืฉืื ืคืืขื, ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืจืกืื ื ืดืืืด ืืื ืืจืกืื ื ืดืื ืืจื ืืื ืขืย ืืืื ืืืืืด ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืจ ืื ืคืดื ืฉื ื ืืขืืืื ืื ืงืืื ืคืจืื ืืจืืื ืืืจื ืืืงืฉ ืืช ืืืื. [4]
This commentator suggests emending ืืื to ืืื ืขื ืื, or ืืื ืขื taking the Sifre to mean that: Jacob went to Aram on account of destruction, i.e., in order to escape destruction. This fits the biblical narrative but it is difficult to make it fit the biblical language, ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื.
Targum Onkelosย (3rd century)
ืชืจืืื ืืื ืงืืืก
ืึฐืชึธืชึดืื ืึฐืชึตืืึทืจ ืงึณืึธื ืึฐืึธ ืึฑืึธืึธืึฐ ืึธืึธื ืึฒืจึทืึธึผืึธื ืึฐึผืขึธื ืึฐืึทืึธึผืึธื ืึธืช ืึทืึธึผื ืึผื ึฐืึทืช ืึฐืึดืฆึฐืจึทืึดื ืึฐืึธืจ ืชึทึผืึธึผื ืึฐึผืขึทื ืึฐืขึตืืจ ืึทืึฒืึธื ืชึทึผืึธึผื ืึฐืขึทื ืจึทื ืชึทึผืงึดึผืืฃ ืึฐืกึทืึดึผื.
English Translation, adapted from alhatorah.org.il:
And you shall answer and say before the Lord your God: Laban the Aramean sought to destroy my father, and he went down to Mizraim, and dwelt there with a few people, but became there a people great and strong.ย [5]
Which READING does Onkelos adopt?ย <<<READING B: ย An Aramean (Laban) sought to cause my father (Jacob) to perish.>>>
DISAMBIGUATION READING STRATEGY: as noted with respect to the Sifre, this reading tradition does not try to resolve an ambiguity in the text, but introduces a creative alternative to the contextually appropriate reading.
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION:<<<ย ืึธืึธืย ืึฒืจึทืึธึผืึธื; ย ืึฐึผืขึธื ืึฐืึทืึธึผืึธืย ืึธืช
Observations: Onkelosโs translation incorporates the midrashic reading found in the Sifre. He introduces the figure of Laban into the verse, by name, so that the anonymous adjectival โArameanโ takes on the specific identity of Laban; he renders the ambiguousย qalย participle ืึนืึตื with the clearly transitive infinitive ืึฐืึทืึธึผืึธื together with ืึฐึผืขึธื. The definite direct object marker ืืช clearly tags โmy fatherโ as the object of the verb. >>>
Targum Yerushalmi (Neofiti) (4th-11th centuries; MS is dated to 1504)
ืชืจืืื ืืจืืฉืืื (ื ืืืืคืืื)
ืืชืขื ืื ืืชืืืจืื ืงืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืืื ืกืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืขืงื ืื ืฉืืจืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืฆืจืื ืืืชืืชื ืชืื ืืขื ืืขืืจ ืืืืชืืจื ืืืื ืชืื ืืืืื ืจืื ืืชืงืืคื ืืืกืืืื.
English Translation, adapted from alhatorah.org.il: and you shall answer and say before the Lord your God: Laban the Aramean sought to destroy my father Jacob at the beginning and you saved him from his hands, and he went down to Egypt, and dwelt there with a few people, but was blessed and became there a people great and strong.
Which READING does this source adopt?ย <<<READING B: ย The Aramean Laban sought to cause my father Jacob to perish.>>>
DISAMBIGUATION READING STRATEGY: as noted with respect to the Sifre, and Targum Onkelos, this reading tradition does not try to resolve an ambiguity in the text, but introduces a creative alternative reading to the contextually appropriate reading.
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: <<< ืืื ืืจืืืื, ืกืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืย ืืขืงื
Observations: The Targum incorporates the midrashic reading found in the Sifre.. It introduces the figure of Laban, by name, so that the anonymous adjectival โArameanโ takes on the specific identity of Laban; the collocation โืืืืื ื ืืขืงืโ specifies that โmy fatherโ is the object of the verb and refers to Jacob, โour father,โ with the prepositional lamed marking โmy fatherโ as the object of the verb. The ambiguousย qalย participle ืึนืึตื is rendered with the clearly transitive infinitive ืืืืืื together with ืกืืจ..>>>
ืชืจืืื ืดืืื ืชืืด
ืชืชืืืื ืืชืืืจืื ืงืื ืืดื ืืืงืืื ืืืจื ื ืืจืื ื ืืชืช ืืืื ื ืืขืงื ืื ืฉืืจืืื ืืืขื ืืืืืืืชืื ืืฉืืืื{ื} ืืืืจื ืืืดื ืื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ื ืืช ืืืฆืจืื ืืืืชืืชื ืชืื ืืขื ืงืืื ืืืื ืชืื ืืืืื ืจืื ืืชืงืืคื ืืืกืืื.
Translation adapted from alhatorah.orgย (The Targum of Jonathan ben Uzziel, trans. J. W. Etheridge, London, 1862): And you shall respond, and say before the Lord your God: Our father Jacob went down into Aram Naharia at the beginning, and he (i.e., Laban) sought to destroy him; but the Word of the Lord saved him out of his hands. And afterwards went he down into Mizraim and sojourned there, a few people; but there did he become a great people, and mighty and many.
Which READING does this source adopt? <<<READINGS Aย andย B: ย Like the Sifre, this targum combines the two readings that should be mutually exclusive, taking โmy fatherโ as both the subject of the verb ย ืืื and as its object.โ>>>
DISAMBIGUATION READING STRATEGY: as noted with respect to the Sifre, this reading tradition does not try to resolve an ambiguity in the text, but introduces a creative supplementary alternative to the contextually appropriate reading.
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: <<<
ืืืจื ื ืืจืื ื ืืชืช ืืืื ื ืืขืงืย ืื ืฉืืจืืื ืืืขื ืืืืืืืชืืย
Observations: The interpretation of ืืื with Jacob as its subject is not as clear in ps.Jon as in the Sifre: In the phrase ืืืจื ื ืืจืื ื ืืชืช ืืืื ื ืืขืงื, the verb ื ืืชืช is the same as that which is used later inย the verse to render ืืืจื, โhe descendedโ โ ื ืืช ืืืฆืจืื. In the second reading, ืืขื ืืืืืืืชืืย is similar to the Sifre, Onkelos and the Neofiti Targum. In this case, ps.Jon uses a pronominal suffix to mark the object rather than the direct object marker or prepositional lamed. Laban is not explicitly named in the Targum, which is an odd omission. Instead of Onkelosโs 2nd person ืืฉืืืืช (โyou saved himโ, which is contextually appropriate since this is a liturgical text to be recited before God, as stated in the opening of the verse), this targum has the 3rd person โthe Word of the Lord saved him.โ>>>
Yalqut Shimoniย (13th century?) ~= Sifre Devarim
ืืืงืื ืฉืืขืื ื
ืึฐืึธืึทืจึฐืชึธึผ ืึดืคึฐื ึตื ืืณ ืึฑ-ืึนืึถืืึธ ืึฒืจึทืึดึผื ืึนืึตื ืึธืึดื, ืึฐืึทืึตึผื ืฉึถืืึนึผื ืึธืจึทื ืึทืขึฒืงึนื ืึฐืึฒืจึธื ืึถืึธึผื ืึฐืึทืึฐึผืึธื ืึผืึทืขึฒืึถื ืขึทื ืึธืึธื ืึธืึฒืจึทืึดึผื ืึฐึผืึดืึผืึผ ืึดืึฐึผืืึน.
Observations: <<<ืึฐืึทืึฐึผืึธื
does this mean to say that Jacob went to Aram with an intention to destroy? If so, what does this refer to?>>>
R. Yehudah ibn Balaam (1000-1070)
ืจ' ืืืืื ืืื ืืืขื
ืืจืื ืืื ืืื โ ืืชืจืืื ืื ืืืจ, ืืขืงื ืืืชื ืืืชืจืื, ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืืคืขืืื ืืืฆืืื. ืืณืืืืณ ืืงื ืืฆืื ื ืขืืื, ืืจืง ืืืฆืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืช ืฉืชื ืฆืืจืืช: ืืืื ืืืืืืฉ โ ืดืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืจืืืืืด (ืืืื ืืณ:ืืณ), ืืืืื ืฉื ืืกืฃ ืื ืื โ ืดืืืืืื ืฉืจืื ืืขืืจืด (ืืืืืจ ืืดื:ืืดื), ืืืืื ืืงื ืฉืื ืืื ื ืืืฆื ืืืื. ืืื ืชืจืื ืืืจื ืดืชืขืืชื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืงืฉ ืขืืืืด (ืชืืืื ืงืืดื:ืงืขืดื), ืืื ืดืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืขืืืด (ืืจืืืื ื ืณ:ืืณ), ืืืืฉืจ ืืื{ืชื} ืืืืชืืด (ืืกืชืจ ืืณ:ืืดื).
ืืืืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืชืืจ ืืช ืขืื ื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชืืืชื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืขืงื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืชืืขื ืืืจื ื ืืจืื; ืืืดื ืืจื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืชื ืืขื, ืืื ืื ืฉืชืืืจ ืืขืืื; ืืืดื ืชืืืจ ืืช ืืกื ืืณ ืืชื ืืฉืืจื, ืืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืดืืชืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืกืืื ืืฉืืืด (ืคืกืืื ื:ื). ืืืื ืฆืืจื, ืืดื ืืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืณืืืืณ ืืืืืชืืชื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืคืขื ืืืืืชื, ืืืื ืืคืฉืจื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืชืืืจืชื?! ืืืื ืื ืื ืจืื ืื ืืื, ืืืืจื ืดืืืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืฉื ืืืืฉื ืฉืืจืด (ืืืฉืข ืืดื:ืืดื), ืืืดื {ืืืืข} (?) ืืืืจ ืื ืื ืฉื ืฉืืจื ืื ืืฉืขื ืขืดื ืฉืืื, ืืื ืืืจื ืดืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืืณ ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืฆืจืืืด (ืืืฉืข ืืดื:ืืดื), ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืจืืจ ืืื.
ืืชืจืืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืืจื
Arami oved aviย - for the translation, it is a noun (?), and the translator got around that, and he actually placed it among the transitive verbs. And ('a.b.d) in the qal conjugation among us is intransitive. And only two forms are transitive for this expression: ย the strong and emphatic (pi'el)โ ย โHe destroyed (ืึดืึทึผึฅื) and smashed her barsโ (Lam 2:9) and the โstrong to which a hehย has been added (hiphil)โ โand shall destroy the remnant from the cityโ (Num 24:19). However, itsย qal conjugation is not transitive at all. Surely you canย see that it said, โโโI have gone astray like a lost sheep. Seek your servantโ (Psalm 119: 176) and also โMy people have been lost sheepโ (Jer 50:6) and โAnd if I perish, I perish.โ (Esther 4:16).
And what is understood in it [= the phrase ืืจืื ืืื ืืื] is that it describes the poverty of the children of Israel at their inception, and he said that Jacob, our forefather was an โoved Aramean, i.e., he was wandering in Aram Naharayim. Afterwards, he went down to Egypt, with few people, and all that he describes of their travail. Afterwards, he described the kindness of God with them, and his protection of them. And about this, the early sages said, โืืชืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืกืืื ืืฉืืโ (โHe begins with [the nationโs] disgrace and concludes with their gloryโ);ย m.Pesahim 10:4). What need is there, if so, to remove 'ovedย from its truth, which is from its essence, and it is possible (to explain the word and the verse) in the sense as I described?! And the prophet also hinted at this, when he said, โand Israel served to get a wife, and for a wife he guarded [flocks and herds] (Hosea 12:13). Afterwards, {he came} (?) to the matter of his sons who were protected and were saved by a messenger. He said, "By a prophet Hashem brought Israel up out of Egypt," (Hosea 12:14). And there is nothing more clear than this.
Which READING does this source adopt? <<<READINGย A; earliest attested source for this interpretation>>>
DISAMBIGUATION READING STRATEGY: <<<This grammarian exegete rejects the creative philology and creative historiography of the Targum and midrash,and ย insists upon reading the phrase according to the true essence of the qalย form of ืึนืึตึฃื, an intransitive verb meaning to wander or perish, with โAramiโ as the subject, referring to โJacob our forefather. He cites biblical prooftexts to support his claim about transitive and intransitive forms of ืืื.>>>
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION:ืืืืจ ืื ืืขืงื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืชืืขื ืืืจื >>>ย ย .ื ืืจืืย In this paraphrase, ibn Balaam makes clear that the ย grammatical (morphological)/lexical sense of the qalย form of ย ืึนืึตึฃื, is an intransitive verb meaning to wander or perish, synonymous with ืชืืขื.>>>
****Observation: Ibn Balaam makes the case that Hosea 12:13-14 features the identical juxtaposition of Jacob as a poor wanderer in Aram followed by reference to the Exodus from Egypt:
ืึทืึผึดืึฐืจึทึฅื ืึทืขึฒืงึนึื ืฉืึฐืึตึฃื ืึฒืจึธึื ืึทืึผึทืขึฒืึนึคื ืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตืึ ืึผึฐืึดืฉืึผึธึื ืึผืึฐืึดืฉืึผึธึื ืฉืึธืึธึฝืจื
ืึผืึฐื ึธืึดึืื ืึถืขึฑืึธึงื ืึฐืึนืึธึื ืึถืชึพืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตึื ืึดืึผึดืฆึฐืจึธึืึดื ืึผืึฐื ึธืึดึืื ื ึดืฉืึฐืึธึฝืจื
<Check commentaries on Hosea; see Ibn Balaam ad loc (Steiner says he brings the same interpretation>
Steiner (p. 128. N. 2) : โHe presents it as a novel interpretation, superior to that of Onqelos and Saadia, here and in his commentary to Hos 12:13. At the same time, he hints at an innovative interpretation of m. Pesah. 10:4, according to which the sentence โHe begins with the negative and ends with the positiveโ is explained by the immediately following sentence: โAnd he expounds from army abd aby until he finishes the entire portion.โ See Samuel Poznanski, โThe Arabic Commentary of Abu Zakariya Yahya (Judah ben Samuel) Ibn Balรงam on the Twelve Minor Prophets,โ JQRย n.s. 15 (1924โ 25) 22โ23; Maรงaravi Perez, ฮผyrbdw rbdmbl รงwryp (MA thesis, Bar-Ilan University, 1970) 60, 112, 182. (I am indebted to M. Linetsky for obtaining this thesis for our library and to Z. Erenyi for calling it to my attention.) For antecedents cited by Yefet b. รงEli, see n. 24, below.โ
Rashiย (1040-1105)
ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืย โ ืืืืืจ ืืกืื ืืืงืื.
ืืจืื ืืื ืืืย โ ืืื ืืงืฉ ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืื ืืฉืจืืฃ ืืืจื ืืขืงื. ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืฉื[6]ย ืืขืฉืืช, ืืฉื ืื ืืืงืื ืืืืื ืขืฉื, ืฉืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืงืืดื ืืืฉืื ืืืขืฉื.
ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืืย โ ืืขืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืขืืื ื ืืืืืชืื ื, ืฉืืืจื ืืืช ืืจื ืืขืงื ืืืฆืจืื.
Translation adapted from alhatorah.org:
ืืจืื ืืื ืืื A SYRIAN DESTROYED MY FATHER โ He mentions the loving kindness of the Omnipresent saying, ืืจืื ืืื ืืื, a Syrian destroyed my father, which means: โLaban wished to exterminate the whole nationโ (cf. the Haggadah for Passover) when he pursued Jacob. Because he intended to do it, the Omnipresent accounted it unto him as though he had actually done it (and therefore the expression ืืื which refers to the past is used), for as far as the nations of the world are concerned the Holy One, blessed be He, accounts unto them intention as an actual deed (cf. Sifrei Devarim 301:3; Onkelos).
ย ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืื AND HE WENT DOWN INTO EGYPT โ But there were others, too, โwho came against us to destroy usโ (cf. the Passover Haggadah), for afterwards Jacob went down into Egypt with his children and these were enslaved there).
Which READING does this source adopt? <<<READING B: Rashi takes ืืจืื ืืื ืืื, to be about Laban, citing the words of the Haggadah. In order to retain the relevance of the context of Jacob/Israelโs descent to Egypt, he adds the words, โBut there were others, too, โwho came against us to destroy us.โ" In this way, his comment somewhat mitigates the inconsistent double function of โmy fatherโ as object and subject as found in the Sifre and Targums, by introducing an additional phrase that takes Israel as victims.ย >>>
DISAMBIGUATION READING STRATEGY: <<<reliance on the Passover Haggadah and tradition in Sifre and Targum>>>
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION:ย <<<ืืื ืืงืฉ ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืื ืืฉืจืืฃ ืืืจื ืืขืงื>>>
Lekach Tovย (11th century)
ืืงื ืืื
ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืย โ ืืขืื ืืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืงื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืงืฉ ืืขืฉืืช ืืื ืขืฉื. ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืดื) ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืคืื ืืฆืืง ืืื ืื ืื ืขืชื ืจืืงื ืฉืืืชื ื ืืช ืขื ืื ืืืช ืืืืข ืืคื ืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจ.
ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืื โ ืื ืืก ืขื ืืจืื ืขืดืค ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืื ื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืดื) ืื ืืจ ืืืื ืืจืขื ืืืจืฅ.
Arami oved aviย โ Scripture considers Laban the Aramean as though he destroyed Jacob, our father. It teaches that he sought to do (so) and he did not do so. And so he (Jacob) says โIf not that the God of my father, the God of Avraham and the One whom Yitzchak fears, was with me, certainly now you would have sent me empty-handed. God saw my affliction and the toil of my hands [and he gave judgment yesterday.].โ (Genesis 31:42).
And he went down to Egyptย - forced against his will, by the (divine) word that was said to Abraham our father: โthat your offspring will be foreigners in a land not theirsโย (Genesis 15:13).
Which READING does this source adopt? <<<READING B: Lekah Tov presumably follows the Sifre and Targums and the Passover Haggadah.ย >>>
Observation:<<<Lekah Tov attempts to bring a biblical prooftext to support the claim that Laban sought to destroy Jacob, indicating that if not for divine intervention, he would have departed from Laban in abject poverty.>>>
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: <<<ืืขืื ืืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืงื ืืืื ื.
Lekah Tov substitutes the hiphilย ืืืืืื for the verseโs qal ืึนืึตึฃื.>>>
R. Yosef b. Shimon Karaย ย (~1050โ~1130) on verse 4
ืจ' ืืืกืฃ ืืจ' ืฉืืขืืย ืงืจื
ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื โ ืคืชืจืณ: ืืื ืื ืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช [... ... ... ... ... ... ืขื ืฉืืืฆืืื ื ] ืืืคืืื ืืืืจื. ืฉืืืืืช ืืืืชืื ื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืื ื ืื ื ืืื ืฉืงืื ื ืื ืื ืื ื [ืื ืืืืชืื ื ืขื ืฉืืืื ]ืืืชื ื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืช ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืข ืืืืืชืื ื ืืจืฅ ืืืช ืืื ืืืืฉ, ืื ืื ืื ื ืืื [ืืืืืื ื ืืกืืื, ืืื ]ืฉืืคืจืฉ ืืืืื. ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืื, ืืขื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ: ืืฉ ืืื ืืื [ืืขืฉืืช ืขืืื ืจืข ืืืืื ื]ืืืื ืืืืณ (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืดื). ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืขืืื ื ืืืืืชื ื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืขืืืืื ืืืจ.
[ืืดื:ย ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื โ ืืข]ืงื ืืืื ื ืืจื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืชื ืืขื, ืืืชืณ ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืชื ืืขื. ืชืืืช [ืืขื ื ืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืชื ื]ืืื ื ืืืืง ืืชืืื ืฉืืืืจืื, ืืืืื ืฉืฉืื [ืกืืฃ ืื]ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืจื ืขื ืคืชืจืื ื. ืืื [ืคืชืจืณ: ืื ืฉืขื ืฉืืจ ืืขืงื ื]ืืื ื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืชื ืืขื, ืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืฆืจืืื ืืืืจ: ืืื ื ืชืืืื ืื ืคื ืืจืื (ืฉืืืช ืืณ:ืืณ). ืืืื [ืฉืจืื ืืขืฆืื ืืชืืื ื]ืืจืฅ ืืืชื (ืฉืืืช ืืณ:ืืณ), ืืื ืืืจืขื ืืืชื ื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืขื ืื ื ืืืืณ. ย (ืืืจืื ืื:ื)(ืืดื ืืืืื ืื 469.1)
Arami oved aviย โ its explanation: How obligated are we to thank [... for having brought us] out of darkness into light. For from the days of our first forefathers we have not rested and have not had quiet, neither us [nor our forefathers until he brought] us into this land that he promised to our forefathers, a land flowing with milk and honey, gave us rest from all [our enemies around (us) as] he goes on to explain. ย Laban the Aramean sought to eradicate and destroy my father, as it is said: โThere is power in my hand [to do you harm, but the God of your f]ather said to me yesterday, saying etcโ (Genesis 31:29). And not only one stands against us to destroy us, but in every generation another arises.
[Another interpretation: Arami oved aviโJa]cob our father descended to Egypt with few people, as it is written, โAnd he went down to Egypt and he went down into Egypt, and he lived there, few in number.โ The word [โfewโ, its trope is anย etnahta and] it is not attached to the word that follows it, to teach that there is [the end of the wo]rd and its tropย teaches its meaning. And this is [its explanation: every hour that Jacob our f]ather [dwelled] in Egypt, few in number, the Egyptians did not need to say, โCome, let us deal wisely with them, lest they multiplyโ ย (Exodus 1:10). Once [โthey multiplied and and grew very, very mighty and the land was filled with themโ (Exod 1:7), immediately: โThe Egyptians dealt ill with us etc.โ (Deut 26:6) (MS Balogna 469.1)
Which READING does this source adopt? <<<READING B: The interpretation presumably follows the Sifre and Targums and the Passover Haggadah.ย >>>
Observation:<<<Like the Lekah Tov, Cara brings a biblical prooftext to support the claim that Laban sought to destroy Jacob, indicating that if not for divine intervention, Laban would have harmed Jacob.>>>
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: <<<ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืื.
Cara supplements the verb ืืืืื with the transitive hiphilย verb ืืืฉืืื intended to function as a synonym, perhaps taking the qal form as transitive, or perhaps intending the unvocalized verb to be read as the piโel ืึดืึผึตื)>>>
(ื-ื) ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืย โ ืืื ืืืจืื ืืจืื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืจื, ืืืืชืื: ืื ืื ืืืจืฆื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืณ), ืืืืืชืื: ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืชืขื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืณ:ืืดื). ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืชืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืื[7]ย ืืืืื, ืืืืชืื: ืชืขืืชื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืงืฉ ืขืืื (ืชืืืื ืงืืดื:ืงืขืดื), ืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืขืื ืจืืขืืื ืืชืขืื (ืืจืืืื ื ืณ:ืืณ). ืืืืืจ: ืืืจืฅ ื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืชืื ื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืช, ืื ืชื ื ืืงืืดื ืื ื.
Translation viaย alhatorah.org
(5-9) ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื MY FATHER WAS A WANDERING ARAMEAN: i.e., my father, Abraham, was an Aramean, who wandered as an exile from the land of Aram.
So it is written [that God said to Abraham] (Genesis 12:1) โGo forth from your native land,โ and it is written [that Abraham said] (Genesis 20:13), โWhen God made me wander (ืืชืขื) from my fatherโs home.โ The verbs ืืืื and ืชืืขื are both used to refer to a person who has gone into exile. So it is written (Ps 119:176), โI have strayed (ืชืขืืชื) like a lost (ืืืื) sheep; search for your servant,โ and (Jer 50:6) "My people were lost (ืืืืืืช) sheep: their shepherds led them astray (ืืชืขืื).โ
In other words, [verse 5 means that] our forefathers came to this land from a foreign country, and God was the one who gave it to us [despite the fact that it is not our ancestral land].
Which READING does this source adopt? <<<READINGย A, with the forefather as Abraham.ย Like R. Yehudah ibn Balaam, Rashbam cites the biblical prooftexts Psalm 119:76 and Jeremiah 50:6 to support the point that the verb ืืืื refers to somebody in exile. He does not explicitly state the grammatical point that the qalย conjugation of the verb is intransitive, but he indicates the conjugation by naming the verb ืืืื in its participle form, and stating that is synonymous with ืชืืขื). Unlike earlier commentators, Rashbam identifies the forefather as Abraham rather than Jacob. The extant text of Rashbam does not seem to account for the segue from Abraham in Canaan to Jacob in Egypt; ***check class notes and publications.>>>
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: <<<
ืืื ืืืจืื ืืจืื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืจืโฆ ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืชืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืื[8]ย ืืืืื
Observation: Rashbam re-orders the words of the verseโ a common disambiguating technique: changing ืืจืื ืืื to ืืื ืืืจืื ืืจืื ืืื,ย without commenting on this move. ย His use of the epexigetical โandโ in ืืืื ืืชืืขื, stating that the former is synonymous with the latter, is an explanatory tautology)>>>
Ibn Ezraย (c. 1088 - 1167)
ืืื ืขืืจื
ืืืื ืืืย โ ืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืคืขืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืฆืืื. ืืืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืขื ืืื, ืืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจ: ืืืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืขืื, ืื ืืขื ืืืืจ: ืืื ืืงืฉ ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืื, ืืืื ืื ืกืืช ืจืืชื ืื ืืฆืจืื.[9]ย ืืืงืจืื [ืื ืืขืช ืืืงืืืง,][10]ย ืฉืืจืื ืืื ืืขืงื, ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืืชืื: ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจื, ืืื ืืืื, ืืืืขื: ืขื ื ืืื ืืืื. ืืื: ืชื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืืื (ืืฉืื ืืดื:ืืณ), ืืืขื: ืืืฉืื ืจืืฉื (ืืฉืื ืืดื:ืืณ). ืืื ื ืืื: ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื. ืืืืขื: ืื ืื[11]ย ืืจืฉืชื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื,[12]ย ืื ืขื ื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืื ืื ืืจื, ืื ืืจ ืืื ืืืฆืจืื, ืืืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืขื, ืืืืจ ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื. ืืืชื ืืฉื ืืืฆืืชื ื ืืขืืืืช ืืชืชื ืื ื ืืจืฅ ืืืื (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ-ืืณ). ืืื ืืืขืื ืืืขื, ืืื ืืงืจื ืืขืงื ืืจืื. ืื ื ืืืืื: ืืชืจ[13]ย ืืืฉืืขืืื (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืณ:ืืดื), ืืืื ืืฉืจืืื, ืื ืื ืืชืื (ืฉืืืื ื ืืดื:ืืดื), ืืจืืื ืืืืื.
Translation adapted fromย alhatorah.org:
arami oved avi. The word oved (wandering) is an intransitive verb. If Aramean referred to Laban[14]ย then Scripture should have read maโavidย or me'abbed.[15]ย Furthermore, what reason would Scripture have had for stating, Laban sought to destroy my father and he[16]ย went down to Egypt? Laban did not cause Jacob to descend to Egypt. It thus appears to me that the term Aramean refers to Jacob. Scripture, as it were, reads, โwhen my father was in Aram he was โperishing.โโ That is, he was poor, he had no money.
Similarly ovedย (perish) in โGive strong drink unto him that is ready to perishโ (Prov. 31:6). And the proof [that the meaning of ovedย is poor is found in the next verse]: โLet him drink, and forget his povertyโ (Prov. 31:7).[17]ย
The meaning of our phrase, thus, is: a perishing [/impoverished] Aramean was my father. Its import is: I did not inherit the land from my father, for my father was poor when he came to Aram.[18]ย He was also a stranger in Egypt. He was few in number.[19]ย He then became a large nation.[20]ย You, O Lord, took us out of slavery and gave us a good land (Deuteronomy 26:8-9). Let the one who disputes[21]ย not argue, "How could Jacob be called an Aramean?"[22]ย Look, we find the same with Ithra the Ishmaelite (1Chronicles 2:17)[23]ย who, as Scripture clearly states,[24]ย was an Israelite [for so it is written (2Samuel 17:25) and there are many like this].
Which READING does this source adopt?.<<<READING A; โIt thus appears to me that the term Aramean refers to Jacob. Scripture, as it were, reads, when my father was in Aram he was "perishing." That is, he was poor, he had no money.โ
Observations:
- Morphology and syntax
The word oved (wandering) is an intransitive verb.
- Contextual logic and narrative flow
The point is Jacobโs initial poverty, highlighting the reciterโs awareness that his bounty is all from God, since his ancestorsโ origins were lowlyโ poor and small in number, and only later did God make the nation numerous and give them the Land
- Lexical Prooftexts
oved means perishing, specifically, poorโ as in Proverbs 31:6 and 31:7.
Ibn Ezra notes and refutes Reading B and also defends Reading A against a potential objection:
- Refutation of Reading B: ย
- grammatical objection - morphology: If Aramean referred to Laban[25]ย then Scripture should have read mavidย or me'abbed.[26]ย
- Contextual objection: logical flow - Furthermore, what reason would Scripture have had for stating, Laban sought to destroy my father and he[27]ย went down to Egypt? Laban did not cause Jacob to descend to Egypt.
- Defense of Reading A against potential objection: Let the one who disputes[28]ย not argue, "How could Jacob be called an Aramean?"[29]ย Look, we find the same with Ithra the Ishmaelite[30]ย who, as Scripture clearly states,[31]ย was an Israelite>>>
DISAMBIGUATION STRATEGY: emphasis on grammatical correctness and contextual logic
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: <<< ืืืงืจืื [ืื ืืขืช ืืืงืืืง][32]ย ืฉืืจืื ืืื ืืขืงื, ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืืชืื: ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจื, ืืื ืืืื, ืืืืขื: ืขื ื ืืื ืืืื.
ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืโฆ
Observation: Ibn Ezra changes the word order: ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจื, ืืื ืืืื
and adds
ย ืืืฉืจ
And the verb
ืืื;
in a second paraphrase, he again adds the word ืืื: ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืโฆ
>>>
Bekhor Shorย (12th century)
ืืืืจ ืฉืืจ
ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืย โ ืขืชื ืืกืคืจ ืืืกืืื ืืืฆืืงืืช ืฉืขืฉื ืืงืืดื ืืืืืชืื ื. ืืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจื ื ืืจืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืืชื, ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืขื ืืืจ,[33]ย ืฉืืืจ ืื ืืงืืดื ืื ืื ืืืจืฆื ืืืืืืืชื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืณ), ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืชืืขื {ืืืืชืื:} ืืืฉืจ ืืชืขื ืืืชื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืณ:ืืดื), ืืชืืขื ื ืงืจื ืืืื, ืืืืชืื: ืชืขืืชื ืืฉื ืืืื (ืชืืืื ืงืืดื:ืงืขืดื).[34]ย
ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืืย โ ืขื ืคื ืืืืืืจ (ืืืื ืฉื ืคืกื), ืฉืืืจ ืืงืืดื ืืืขืงื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืณ).
Arami oved avi โย now the number of kindnesses and righteousnesses that the Almighty God did for our ancestors. And was my father Abraham not an Armenian, who was born in Aram Naharim? and he was lost, as he left his native land, to go from one nation to another and from one kingdom to another nation, to whom the Almighty said, โGo, go from your country and your homelandโ (Genesis 12:1), and he would go from here to there astray {as it is written}, โWhen they led me astrayโ (Genesis 20:13), and a wanderer is called lost, as it is written: โI went astray when he was lostโ (Psalm 119:176). And he went down from Egypt - according to the saying (the Passover Haggadah), which the Holy One said to Jacob (Genesis 46:3).
Which READING does this source adopt? <<<READINGย A, with the forefather as Abraham, like Rashbam. The contextualization is like Rashi: โthe number of kindnesses and righteousnesses that the Almighty God did for our ancestorsโ but taking the divine generosity as referring to the Exodus, rather than to the rescue of Jacob from Laban).
Like Rashbam and ibn Balam, Bekhor Shor cites the biblical prooftexts Psalm 119:76 and Jeremiah 50:6 to support the point that the verb ืืืื refers to somebody in exile, as Abraham was removed from his homelandโas well as Genesis 12:1, Godโs command to Abraham to leave his home and country.
Like Rashbam, Bekhor Shor does not explicitly state the grammatical point that the qalย conjugation of the verb is intransitive, but he indicates the conjugation by naming the verb ืืืื in its participle form, and stating that is synonymous with ืชืืขืโ his explicit concern is with the lexical aspect of the word rather than the morphological.
Bekhor Shor does not explicitly explain the verseโs segue from Abraham in Canaan to Jacob in Egypt, but he hints at the conceptual and narrative continuity by referring to Genesis 46:3 such that Jacobโs descent to Egypt, like Abrahamโs departure to Canaan, is associated with a divine instruction (as stated explicitly in the Haggadah: ืื ืืก ืขื ืคื ืืืืืืจ โforced by the word of God.โ.>>>
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION:<<<
ืืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจื ื ืืจืื, ืืืืื ืืืย ืฉืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืืชื, ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืขื ืืืจ...>>>
Chizkuniย (13th century)
ืืืงืื ื
ืืจืื ืืื ืืืย โ ืกืจืกืื: ืืขืงื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืคืืณ ืขื ื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืง ืืืจืฅ.[35]ย
ืืืย โ ืืฉืื ืขื ื, ืืื ืชื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืืื, ืืฉืชื ืืืฉืื ืจืืฉื (ืืฉืื ืืดื:ืืณ-ืืณ), ืืืื ืืชืืื ืืื ื ืงืจื ืืขืงื ืืจืื ืฉืืจื ืืืืืชื ืืฆืื ื ืืชืจื ืืืฉืืขืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืืื.[36]
Translation adapted from alhatorah.org:
Arami oved avi.ย Rearrange the word order: โJacob my forefather the Aramean, when he was in Aram, he was oved,โ meaning: poor, without money, for he was not established in that country.
oved:ย a term for โpoor,โ like: โgive liquor to the one who is ovedย perishing. Let him drink, and forget his poverty.โ (Proverbs 31:6-7). One should not be surprised: how could Jacob be referred to as Aramean? For we find an example like it: (ืืชืจ(ื the Ishmaelite [1Chronicles 2:17], and he was an Israelite (2Samuel 17:25).
Which READING does this source adopt? <<<READINGย A, with the forefather as Jacob, like Ibn Ezra. Also following Ibn Ezra, Chizkuni cites the biblical prooftext Proverbs 31:6-7, to support the point that the word ืืืื indicates a poor person. Chizkuni acknowledges that the reading is awkward, with the term ืกืจืกืื. One of the problems is that Jacob is not identified; another is that he is identified as an Aramean, when the text is being taken as describing the fact that he was an outsider when he was in Aram.[37]ย Again following Ibn Ezra, Chizkuni responds to the more general difficulty of terming Jacob an โArameanโ by citing the example of Yeter who is designated as an Ishmaelite (in Chronicles), though he was an Israelite (2Samuel).>>>
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION:<<<
ืืขืงื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืคืืณ ืขื ื ย ืืื ืืืืโฆ ืืืย โ ืืฉืื ืขื ื>>>
R. Yitzchak b. Yehuda (Paneach Raza)ย (1250-1290)
ืงืืฆืืจ ืคืขื ื ืจืื
ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืย โ ืืงืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฆืืง ืืื ืฉื ืืขืงื, ืืืดื ืฉืืขืงื ื ืงืจื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืืชืื ืงืืืฉ ืืฉืจืื ืืืณ ืจืืฉืืช ืชืืืืชื (ืืจืืืื ืืณ: ืืณ), ืืื ืขื ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืช ืจืืฉืืช ืืคืจืืืช, ืืจืดืจ ืืืจื.
Arami oved avi: And it is difficult, why (the text) does not mention the merit of Abraham and Isaac, like that of Jacob. And it is to be said that Jacob is called โbeginningโ (reshit), as it is written, โIsrael is holiness to Hashem, the first fruitsย of His produceโ (Jeremiah 2:3). Therefore, itย is correct that his name would be mentioned in the bringing of the first fruits in detail. ืืจืดืจ ืืืจื
Observation: This commentary does not take a clear explicit position on the ambiguity of the verse; it offers a thematic explanation for why the passage begins with Jacob, but does not state whether Jacob is the subject or object of ืืื; perhaps the use of โmeritโ indicates that the verse is taken as referring to Jacobโs rescue from Laban, since there would be no obvious โmeritโ to being described as wandering or poor.
R. Bachya b. Asherย (1255-1340)
ืจ' ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืฉืจ
ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืย โ ืงืจื ืืืขืงื ืืจืื, ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืชืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืขื ื, ืื ืืขืช ืืจืืืดืข ืืดื ืืื ืืืขืช ืจืืดื. ืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืืืจ ืขื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืื (ืืฉืื ืืดื:ืืณ) ืชื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืืฆืื ื ืฉืืื ืื ืฆืขืจ ืืืื ืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจ (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืณ) ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืจื ืืืืณ.
ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืืย โ ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืจื ืืืฆืจืื ืื ืื ืืจืฉืชื ืืื ื ืืืื, ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืจ ืืืืชื ืืขื, ืืืืดื ืืืจ ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืชื ืืณ ืืืฆืืชื ื ืืขืืืืช ืงืฉื ืืืืืชื ื ืืืืชืืช ืืืืืคืชืื ืื ืชืช ืื ื ืืจืฅ ืืืช ืืื ืืืืฉ. ืืืืืื ื ืืืืืฆืช ืืคืจืฉื ืืืืช ืฉืืชืืืื ืืืื ืืชืช ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืชื ืืฉืืืชื ืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืฉืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืจ ืงืืืช (ืงืืืช ืืณ:ืืดื) ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืจืขื ืจืื, ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืื ืจืื ืืืื ืจืขื, ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืืื ื ืืืชืจืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืื ืืฉื ืืชืขืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืื.
ืืืขืช ืืื ืงืืืก ืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืชืืืืจ ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืงืฉ ืืืืืื ืืขืงื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืณ ืืืืจ ืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืดื) ืืฉืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืขืงื ืืืื ืขื ืจืข, ืืืขืดืค ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืงืฉ ืืืืืืื ืืขืื ืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืจืฉื ืจืืดื, ืืฉื ืขืืืดื ืืขืฉืืช ืขืืจื ืืขืดืค ืฉืื ืขืฉืื ืืงืืดื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืขืฉืื, ืฉื ืืืจ ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืงื, ืืื ืขืดื ืฉืืฉื ืืขืฉืืช ืืขืื ืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืืื ืขืฉื. ืืื ืืฉื ืขืืืดื ืืขืฉืืช ืืฆืื ืืื ืขืฉืื ืืื ื ื ืืชืืช ืขื ืฉืืขืฉื ื, ืฉื ืืืจ (ืื ืืื ืืณ:ืืดื) ืืขื ืืขืื ืฉืืฉื ืืื ืืฉืชืืจ ืืืฆืืืชืื, ืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืงืืดื ืขื ืฉืขืฉืื. ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืฉื ืืขืฉืืช ืขืืืจื ืืื ืขืฉืื ืืื ืืงืืดื ืืืชื ืขื ืฉืืขืฉื ื, ืืืชืื (ืืืื ืืณ:ืืณ) ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืคืืขืื ืจืข ืขื ืืฉืืืืชื, ืืืจ ืืื (ืชืืืื ืกืดื:ืืดื) ืืื ืืย ืจืืืชื ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืข ืืณ. ืืื ืืฉื ืืขืฉืืช ืืฆืื ืืขืดืค ืฉืื ืขืฉืื ืืขืื ืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืืื ืขืฉืื, ืฉืืจื ืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืช ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ ืืืขืดืค ืฉืื ืื ืื ื ืืชื ืขื ืฉืื ืืืชืื (ืชืืืื ื':ื') ืืืืืจ ืฉืืจ ืื ืืช ืืืืช ืืืื, ืืฉืืื ืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืจืฉืย ืืืืจืฉ ืชืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืฉืืจ ืื ืืช ืืืืช.
Translation adapted from alhatorah.org:
arami oved avi: โmy father (Jacob) was a wandering Aramean.โ The Torah here refers to Jacob as an Aramean. The meaning of the scripture is: โmy father was arami oved,โ and the meaning of ovedย is poor. This is the vie of R. Abraham Ibn Ezra, of blessed memory. And it is not like the view of the Rabbis of Blessed Memory. And [according to Ibn Ezra], he [the reciter of the passage] says: โWhen my father was in Aram, he was oved,โ that is to say, โpoor,โ without money.ย And similarly, [the word ืืืื is used in this sense in] โgive liquor to the poor personโ (Proverbs 31:6). For we find this, that he had great distress in his servitude to Laban, as he said, โby day scorching heat consumed meโ (Genesis 31:40).
ย โhe descended to Egyptโ: Here too the meaning is that at the time Jacob descended to Egypt he had once again become impoverished so that the farmer reciting this prayer acknowledges that seeing he had not inherited anything from his father he owes all to the Lord. He (Jacob) resided in Egypt, a small clan, few in numbers. Subsequently, the descendants of Jacob developed into a numerous and great nation. Whereas the name Israel had once referred to an individual, it then became an appellation for a whole people. You O Lord have redeemed us from hard labour and have set us free by performing supernatural miracles and have given us a land flowing with milk and honey. The moral lesson implied in this whole recitation is that precisely at a time when one is prosperous and free from worry one has to look back upon what preceded this success and acknowledge who it is that enabled one to achieve this well-being. This is what Kohelet spelled out when he said: โbe pleased when things go well, but in a time of misfortune reflectโ (Kohelet 7:14). He meant that on a day when everything is going well reflect on the days of misfortune which preceded the present. Only by reflecting that one had not always been so well-off, does one learn to appreciate one's present good fortune. This is why it is incumbent upon us to thank the Lord on days when everything is going well.
Onkelos understands the word ืืืื as a reference to Laban who is described as ืืจืื ืืืื, meaning that Laban wanted to exterminate Jacob (ืืืืืื) and would have succeeded had not God warned him during the night before he caught up with Jacob not to harm him (Genesis 31:29). Our sages, following Onkelos, teach that when a pagan intends to perform a forbidden act, this very intention is already accounted for him as if he had carried out his evil plan. After all, how else could the Torah describe Laban as destroying Jacob seeing he never laid a hand on him! The word ืืืื therefore reflects Laban's intent rather than his deed. If a pagan intends to perform a good deed but does not get around to carry it out, he is not given credit for the mere intention of performing the good deed in question. This is based on: โand until the sun set made every effort to rescue himโ (Daniel 6:15). God did not give the king credit for his efforts until he had actually carried them out. When an Israelite intends to commit a sin but did not carry it out, God does not record the thought as a deed until after it has been carried out, seeing we read โAh, those who plan iniquity and design evil on their beds, when morning dawns they do itโ (Micah 2:1:). In other words, they are not debited with the plan until it has been carried out. David said in: โHad I an evil thought in my mind, the Lord would not have listenedโ (Psalms 66:18) On the other hand, when David had a plan such as to build the Temple, he was given credit for it though he was prevented from carrying out his plan. This is why we recite Psalm 30:1: โa hymn on the occasion of the inauguration of the House (Temple) by Davidโ [instead of by Solomon, Ed.] (compare Midrash Tehillim 30).ย <the translation needs repair and improvement>
Which READING does this source adopt?<<<READING A and READING B:
R. Bachya b. Asher cites Ibn Ezra on Jacob as a poor Aramean, as well as Onkelos followed by โour Sages,โ on Jacob as a target of Labanโs harmful intent.
Observation: This commentator uses both readingsย as the basis for a broader religious teachingโ about the value of praising God when one is well-off on the one hand, and, on the other hand, about the rabbinic understanding of divine calculations of merit and blame for intention, with respect to Israelites and Gentiles. R. Bahya explains in his introduction to his Torah commentary that he incorporates multiple approaches, and describes his use of four: the peshat, the midrash, the intellectual/philosophical, and the mystical.[38]ย It makes sense to me that a commentator with homiletic interests would be open to presenting two mutually contradictory interpretations.>>
ย
ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื, โmy father (Jacob) was a wandering Aramean.โ The Torah here refers to Jacob as an ืืจืื (as if he had been a person born in Aram) The meaning of the line is: โmy father had become a poor Aramean.โ In other words, by the time my father arrived in Aram he had become impoverished. The word ืืืื also appears in that sense in ืชื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืืื โgive liquor to the poor personโ (Proverbs 31:6). We know that Jacob endured much pain while serving Laban. He himself testified to this when he said โby day scorching heat consumed meโ (Genesis 31:40).
ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืย โ ืงืจื ืืืขืงื ืืจืื, ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืชืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืขื ื, ืื ืืขืช ืืจืืืดืข ืืดื ืืื ืืืขืช ืจืืดื. ืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืืืจ ืขื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืื (ืืฉืื ืืดื:ืืณ) ืชื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืืฆืื ื ืฉืืื ืื ืฆืขืจ ืืืื ืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจ (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืณ) ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืจื ืืืืณ.
DISAMBIGUATION STRATEGY: <<even though he brings both readings, R. Bachya ben Asher seems to be aware of shortcomings in each. When he writes ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืชืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืื, this is similar to Chizkuniโs ืกืจืกืื. In this case, this might be intended in part as a critique of Ibn Ezraโs reading, for being โnot like the Sages,โ ย ืื ืืืขืช ืจืืดื. Similarly, his repeated use of the hiphilย form ืืืืืื in his presentation of Onkelos and the rabbinic reading may be seen as evidence of his recognition that their understanding of a transitive verb does not fit the word ืืืื. >>
ย
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: <<<
ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืชืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืขื ื, ืื ืืขืช ืืจืืืดืข ืืดื ืืื ืืืขืช ืจืืดื. ืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืืืจ ืขื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืื.
Andย
ืืืขืช ืืื ืงืืืก ืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืชืืืืจ ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืงืฉ ืืืืืื ืืขืงื ืืืื ืโฆ ืืืขืดืค ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืงืฉ ืืืืืืื ืืขืื ืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืจืฉื ืจืืดืโฆ>>
Observation: It is interesting that, specifically in presenting the midrashic reading of Onkelos and the Sages, R. Bachya uses a technical grammatical term: ืชืืืืจ ื. Note the usage of ืฉืื and ืืืจ by Ibn Ezra and Nachmias, respectively, in our analysis of Esther 6:8 (Lishmah, month of Adar).
R. Yaakov b. Asherย (Tur) (1269-1343)
ืจ' ืืขืงื ืื ืืฉืืจ (ืืืจ)
ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืย โ ืื ืืื ืฉืจืืฃ ืืืจ ืืขืงื.
ืืจืณ ืืืจืื ืืชื ืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืขืงื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืชืื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืคืืณ ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืชื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืืื () ืืจืืืื ืืฉืชื ืืืฉืื ืจืืฉื (). ืืื ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื. ืืืืขื ืื ืืจืฉืชื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืื ืขื ื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืื ืื ืืจื ืื ืืจ ืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืืขื ืืืืจ ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืขืชื ืืืฆืืื ื ืืดื ืืืืื ื ืืขืืืืช ืืืชื ืื ื ืืจืฅ ืืืื. ืืื ืืืขืื ืืืขื ืืื ืืงืจื ืืืขืงื ืืจืื ื ืืืจ ืื ืื ืื ืืชืื ืืชืจื ืืืฉืืขืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืืื:
Translation adapted from alhatorah.org:
arami abd aby: the reference is to Laban who chased after Jacob and his family intending to kill them all.
And R. Abraham [Ibn Ezra] wrote that the Aramean is Jacob, so that the meaning of the verse would be: โwhen my forefather Jacob arrived in Aram he was oved,โ meaning โwithout money,โ like, โgive liquor to the one who is about to perish/ovedย or wine to the embitteredโ (Proverbs 31:6) and [the following verse] is proof of that meaning: โso that he may forget his poverty, and will no longer remember his sufferingโ (Proverbs 31:7). ย So, see, he says: the โperishing Arameanโ- he was my father. And the meaning [of the whole recital by the farmer] is: โI did not inherit my wealth from my father who was extremely poor when he came to Aram, and subsequently my forbears were strangers and slaves in Egypt, few in numbers; afterwards my fortunes improved when Hashem redeemed us from slavery and brought us to this wonderful land from the produce of which I bring the first ripe fruit as a symbol of my gratitude.โ And if somebody would try to argue: How can Israelite be called an โArameanโ?!--we will tell him that it is thus written โYitra the Ishmaeliteโ (1Chronicles 2:17) and he is an Israelite [as per 2Samuel 17:25, demonstrating that people who were refugees from Aram at one time are still referred to as Arameans on occasion].
Which READING does the Tur adopt?ย <<<READING B: Laban is the Aramean, who chased after Jacob. He also presents READING A in the name of Ibn Ezra. Unlike R. Bachya ben Asher, the Tur takes a definitive stance in favor of the rabbinic reading, and yet he presents Ibn Ezraโs alternative in some detail.>>>
DISAMBIGUATION READING STRATEGY: presumably, following the authority of Onkelos and the Sages.
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION:<<<ืื ืืื ืฉืจืืฃ ืืืจ ืืขืงื
And, secondarily, : ืืจืื ืืื ืืขืงื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืชืื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืคืืณ ืืื ืืืืย >>>
ืืื ืืกืคื
ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืย โ ืืื ืฉืคืจืฉ ืืื ืขืืจื, ืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืขื ื ืืื ืื ืืจื, ืืืืจื ืื ืืขื ืื ืืืฆืจืื, ืืืืจ ืืจื ืืจืขื ืืจืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืคืืืช, ืืืฉื ืืืฆืืื ื ืืื ื.
Which READING does this source adopt? <<<READING A, in the name of Ibn Ezra.>>>
DISAMBIGUATION STRATEGY: not stated explicitly, but this brief comment manages to capture many of Ibn Ezraโs points, perhaps indicating that he found the arguments persuasive.
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION: <<<ืืื ืฉืคืจืฉ ืืื ืขืืจื, ืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืขื ื ืืื ืื ืืจื>>> <note: add conclusions ย from facebook Ask the Bet Midrash thread>
ืจืืืดื
ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืย โ ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ: ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืขืืจ ืืฉื ืืชืขืื ืฉืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆื ืืืื ืฉืืจืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืดื ืฉืืื ืื.
Which READING does this source adopt?.<<<ย READING A with ืืืื as โperishโ; and READING B, with Laban as the Aramean>>>
DISAMBIGUATION STRATEGY:
DISAMBIGUATION EXPRESSION:
Observations: ย in both cases, โwould haveโ, were it not forโฆ.
R. Eliyahu Mizrachiย (1450? - 1526)
ืืืจืื
ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืย ืืืืืจ ืืกืื ืืืงืื. ืื ืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืขื ืื: ืืื ืืงืฉ ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืื ืืฉืจืืฃ ืืืจ ืืขืงื ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืฉืณ ืืขืฉืืช ืืฉื ืื ืืืงืื ืืืืื ืขืฉื. ืืกืคืจื ืืืื ืืืื ืืคื ืื ืคืืขื ืืืฆื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืจืืืดืข ืืขื ืืืืจ ืืืช ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืคืืขืืื ืืืืฆืืืณ ืืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืืืย ืืื ืืชื ืื ืืจืืดืง ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืย ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืณ ืื ืืงื ืืืืืจืื ืืคืจืฉ ืืจืื ืขื ืืขืงื ืืืื ื ืื ืงืจื ืื ืืคื ืฉืืจ ืืืจื ืื ืงืจื ืืื ืื ืืฆืขืจ ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืขืฉืจืื ืฉื ื ืืื ืฉืืชืจืขืย ืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืณ ืืืื ื ืืืจื ืืงืจื ืืืืื () ืื ืืื ืฉื ืขื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืขื ื ื ืงืจื ืืืื ืืืขื ืชื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืืื ืืฉืชืณ ืืืฉืื ืจืืฉืย () ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืดื ืืขืชืืงื ืขืดืค ืงืืืชื ืืืืชืืช ืืืฉ ืืคื ืืืฉ ืขื ืืฉื ืจืืืณ ืขืดื ืืคื ืืืืืจื ืฉืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืย ืืืขืดืค ืฉืื ืืงื ืืื ืืฉืืจืฉ ืืื ืืืื ืืฉ ืคืขืืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืืขืื ืืืืช ืฉื ืื ืฉื ืืืขืดืค ืฉืื ื ืืฆื ืืื ืืืงืจื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืื ื ืงืืืชื ืชืกืคืืง ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืจืืดืง ืืดื ืืชื ืืืงืืืชื ืืืืง ืืืงืืืง ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืชืื ื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืืงืืฉ ืืื ื ืืฆืณ ืืืืื ื ืจืง ืื ืฉื ืฉืืณ ืืฆืื ื ืขืฉืจืืณ ืืืจืืขื ืกืคืจืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉื ื ืฉืืืจืณ ืืื ืฉื ืคืกืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืกืคืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืฅ ืืืืดื ืกืคืจืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืืืืจื ืืืฉื ื ืฉืืฆืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืงืจื ืืขืฆืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืื ืืืฉื ืณ ืงืืื ืืืฉืื ืืคื ืจืืื ืืกืคืจืืณ ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืจื ืืืืชืื ื ืื ืคืกืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจืฉืณ ืืขืฆืืณ ืืฉืืจืฉ ืชืจื ืฉืืื ืฉืืจืฉ ืชืจื ืืื ืืืงืจืณ ืจืง ืืืืจื ืืืฉื ื ืืื ืชืืจืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืืืืื ืจืืื ืืื ืื ืื ื ืกืืืืืณ ืขื ืืฉืื ื ืืฉืืจืณ ืืืฉ ืฉืื ื ืืฆื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืงืจื ืืื ืื ื ืกืืื ืขื ืืฉืืจืฉ ืื ืืฆื ืืขื ืื ืขืืื ืืืืฆื ืืขืดืค ืฉืื ื ืืฆื ืืื ืืืงืจื ืจืง ืขืืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืื ื ืืฆืื ื ืืจืืคืื ืขื ืืืืย (ืืืจืื ื"ื:ื"ื) ืฉืคืืจืืฉื ืขื ืืื ืืืชื ืฉืืืณ ืงืื ืืืฆื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืง ืืืืืจ ืฉืคืืจืืฉื ืืืื ืืชื ืื ืื ืฉืืขื ืขืื ืื ืืขื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืงืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืืณ ืืืื ืื ืกืื ืืจืืช ืื ืืฆืจืื ืืื ื ืืขื ืณ ืื ืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืืจื ืืื ืืืง ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืณ ืืืจ ืคืจืฉืดื ืฉืืืจื ืืฆืจืืื ืืื ื ืืืง ืขื ืืงืืืณ ืื ืจืง ืืื ืืืืจ ืืคื ื ืขืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืื ืฉืืงืฉ ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืขืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืชืื ื ืื ืืจื ืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืจืขื ืืืชื ื ืืืฆืจืืณ ืืืขื ืื ื ืืืืณ ืื ืงืฉื ืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืงืฉ ืืขืงืืณ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืชื ืืืืืณ ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืกืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืฉืืจ ืื ืคื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืขืงื ืืืื ืขื ืจืข ืฉืืื ืืืฉื ืฉืขืฉืณ ืขืื ื ืืืฆืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืจ ืืืจืขื ืืืชื ื ืืืฆืจืืณ ืืืืณ ืืืฉืืข ืืืณ ืืช ืงืืืื ื ืืืืณ ืืืืฆืืื ื ืืืณ ืืืฆืจืืณ ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืจืขื ืืื ืืืฆืืณ ืืดืช ืืคื ื ืฉืืื ืืงืฉ ืืืจืข ืืื ืืจืข ืืืื ืืคืืืณ ืื ืืืฆืจื ืืืชืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฆืื ืืดื ืื ืชืืขืืช ืืืืืจ ืืขืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืื ืื ื ืคืจืฉ ืฉืืืจื ืืฆืจืืื ืืืง ืขื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืงืฉ ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืื ืืื ืขืื ืืืื ืจืง ื ืืฆื ืืื ื ืืืจื ืืืฆืจืื ืืฉื ืขืื ืืจืขื ืืืชื ื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืขื ืื ื ืืืฉืืข ืืืณ ืืช ืงืืืื ื ืื ืืฆืื ื ืื ืืื ื ืืฆืื ื ืืืขื ืณ ืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืขื ืชื ื ืืืช:
Observation: Egypt is additional, not causal from Aram.
****Steiner . ย note mishnaic hebrew
Abarbanelย 1437-1508
ืืืจืื ืื
ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืื ืืคืืณ ืืืดื (ืืืจืื ืืดื ืืณ) ืืืืข ืฉืืื ืืงืฉ ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืื. ืืจืดื ืคืืณ ืืจืื ืขื ืืขืงื ืฉืืืืืชื ืืืจื ืืื ืขื ื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉ. ืืืฉื ืืื ืืงืฉื ืื ืขื ืื ืืจื ืขื ืืจืืืช ืืฆืจืื. ืื ืดื ืืคืจืฉ ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืจื ืฉื ืืื ืื. ืฉืืืชื ืืื ืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืืฉืืื ืขืืื ืื ืืจืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืืชืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืจืฉื ืืจืฅ. ืื ืื ืืืกื ืืืืื ืืจืืืื. ืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืขืงื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืกืื ืืงืจืืื ืืืืืณ ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืกืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืชื ืืืืจืืชื ืืืื ืขื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืกืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืงืจืงืขื. ืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืื ืืขืืจื ืืืืืชื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืจืื ืืืฉื ืืขืงืจื ืื ืืขืืื ืืฉืจืืฃ ืืืจืื ืืื ืืขืงื ืืืงื ืืชื ืืฉืืจื ืืฆืจืืื ืขื ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืจ ืืืืฉื ืื ืื ืืจ ืืืืจื ื ืื ืืืื (ืืจืืืื ืื: ื'). ืืืฃ ืื ืื ืื ืืืจืขื ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืจื. ืื ืืฉืื ืืืจืฅ ืืคื ื ืจืืืืื ืื ืื ื ืชืขืฉืจื ืฉืื.
R. Ovadiah Sfornoย (~1470-~1550)
ืกืคืืจื ื
ืืจืื ืืื ืืื โ ืื ื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืงื, ืืื ืืื ืื ืดืืจืื ืืืืด, ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืฉื, ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืขืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืจืฉืช ืืจืฅ.
Translation adapted from alhatorah.org:
ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื, my father, i.e. Jacob, who was for a while a wandering lost person without a home of his own, was not at the time able to establish a nation deserving or fit to inherit this land.
Shiโurei sforno on 26:1
https://mg.alhatorah.org/Full/Devarim/26.1#e0n6
ืืืจ ืืืืื, ืฉืขื ืืื ืืืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืืข ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ื ืฉืื ืื ืื ืืืณ ืืืื, ืืืืชืื (ืืืงืจื ืื ืื) ืณืื ืื ืืืจืฅืณ1, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืจืื ืืืจืืก ืื ืืขื ืืงืจืงืข2.
ืืขืื ืงืืจื ืืืืื ืืืคื ื ืชื ื ืื, ืฉืื ื ืชื ื ืืื ืืืืคื ืฉื ืชื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืืช, ืจืง ื ืชื ื ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืืืขื, ืืืื ืชืจืื ืฉืื ืืืืข ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืคืขืืื ืฉืชืื, ืืืื ืคืขื ืืณ ืืืืืชื ืกืืืขื: ืืคืขื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืขืงื ืืื ืืืจื, ืืืืืจ, ืจืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื [..]ื, ืืื ืณืืจืื ืืืืืณ, ืจืดื ืขื ื ืื ืจืืฃ, ืืื ืณืชื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืืืืณ (ืืฉืื ืื ื)3, ืฉืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืช ื ืจืืฃ, ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืข ืืึดืึธืืืช, ืืืงืืดื ืกืืืขืื ืืจืื ืืกืื, ืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื. ืืคืขื ืืืจืช ืขืื ืืืฆืจืื, ืืืจืขื ืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืืฉืจ ืชืจืื, ืืคืืื ืืื ืืืืฆืืื ื ืืณ ืืืืณ. ืจืื ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืืืข ื ืชื ืืงืืดื ืื ื ืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืืืช. ืืขืชื ืื ื ืืืืชื ืืืืณ - ืืืช ืืื ืืชืืืื:
R. Judah Loew of Pragueย (Maharโal) (1520-1609): Gur Aryeh, commentary on Rashi
ืืืจ ืืจืื
ืืืืืจ ืืกืื ืืืงืื ืืืืณ. ืืื ืื ืื, ืืื ืขื ืื ื ืืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืฉื ืชื ืื ืืืจืฅ (ืคืกืืง ื), ืืืืืืจ ืขืื ืฉืืจ ืืกืื ืืืงืื ืขืืื: ืฉืืื ืืงืฉ ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืื ืืืืณ. ืืคืืจืืฉ ืดืืืืืด ืืื ืณืืืื ืืืืณ.
ืืืจืืืดืข (ืืื) ืจืฆื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืช (ืกืคืจื ืืื), ืื ืืื ืืืชืื ืณืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืณ. ืืืคืืื ืคืืจืฉ ืฉืืืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืขืงื, ืฉืืื ืืืืกืจ ืื. ืืคืืจืืฉ ืดืืจืืืด ืืื ืืขืงื, ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืขืงื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉ. ืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืืดืข. ืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืื ืขื ืืืืื, ืืืขื ืขืืืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืืื, ืืืขื ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืืฃ ืืืืื ืืขืื ืื.
ืื ืงืืฉืื ืฉืืงืฉื ืขื ืืืืื ืืดื ืืฉ ืืชืจืฅ ืืืจืื ืคื ืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืดืืืืืด ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ, ืืื ืฉืืชืืืจ ืืกืืื, ืฉืืื ืืชื ืดืืืื ืืืืด, ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืื. ืคืืจืืฉ, ืื ืดืืจืืืด ืฉืืื ืืื, ืืื ืืขืฆืื ืืืืืช ืืขืงื, ืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืขืืื ืชืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืืื ื ืงืจื ืดืืจืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืด.
ืืืืื ืืชื ืณืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืณ, ืื ืืื ืืฉืืข ืจืง ืฉืคืขื ืืื ืืฉื ืขืืื ืจืข, ืืื ืืชื ืดืืืื ืืืืด, ืืืืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืชื. ืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืขื ืืฉืงื ืดืืืืจืืชื ืขืื ืืืืืด (ืืืืืจ ืื, ื), ืืื ืฉืืชื ืืจืืดืง (ืกืคืจ ืืฉืืจืฉืื ืฉืืจืฉ ืืื) ืืฉื ืืืื ืจืื ืืขืงื ืื ืืืืขืืจ. ืืคืืจืืฉื, ืื ืชืืื ืืืฉื ืืืืื, ืืืื ื ืงืจื ืดืืืืืด ืฉืื. ืื ืืืจืื ืืงืืืืช ืืงืจื ืกืืช ืืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืกืืื, ืืืงืจื ืืืื - ืืฉืืื ืืื ื ืืืงืื ืฉืจืืื ืืืืฉืื ืื ืื ื ืืื - ืดืืืฉืืืด (ืืฉืขืืื ื, ืื), ืขื ืฉื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืื ืื ื ืืื, ืืื ืืงืจื ืณืืืฉืืืณ. ืืืื ื ืื ื ืงืจื ืดืืืื ืืืืด ืขื ืฉื ืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืงื.
ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืจืื ื ืงืจื ืคืืขื ืืืืจ ืขื ืฉื ืืืืจ, ืืฉื ืืืจ ืื ืืกืืจ ืืื ื, ืืชืืื ืืื ืื. ืืื ืืคืืขื ืคืืขื ืคืขืืื ืืืช, ืืืื ืงืจืื ืืฉื ืืืจ ืดืืืื ืืืืด, ืืื ืืื ื ืงืจื ืืฉื ืณืืืื ืืืืณ:
ืืื ืื ื ืืฉืื ืืืขืื ืืืงืืืง ืืฉืจ ืงืฉื ืขืืืื ืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืงืืืง, ืืฃ ืื ืืจืื ืคืขืืื ืืชืื ืขื ืืืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืจื, ืื ืืฆื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืขืืื, ืืฆืจืื ืืคืจืฉื ืืืฆื. ืืื ืืชืื (ืฉืืืช ืื, ืื) ืดืืืกืจ ืืช ืืืคื ืืจืืืืชืืืด, ืืจื ืดืืืกืจืด ืคืืขื ืขืืื, ืืฆืจืื ืืคืจืฉ ืืืชื ืืืฆื. ืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืงืฉื ืขืืื (ืืจืืืดืข ืืื) ืืืชืจ ืืคืจืฉื ืคืืขื ืืืฆื. ืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืช ืฉืชืืฆื ืืืชื ืคืืขื ืขืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืคืจืฉื ืืืฆื; ืดืื ืืื ืืืื ืขืฆืืช ืืืืด (ืืืื ืื, ืื), ืืื ืดืืชืืืื ืืจืืด (ืชืืืื ื, ืื). ืืฃ ืื ืืื (ืจืืืดืข ืืืื ืื, ืื) ื ืืืง ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืขื ืฉืืขืฉื ืืืชื ืคืืขื ืขืืื, ืืจื ืืกืืื ืืืชืจืื ืฉืชืจืื (ืฉื) ืณืืืืื ืขืฆืืช ืืื ืืืณ, ืืื ืื ืขืฉื ืื ืขืืื - ืืืฆื. ืืื ืจืืื ืื, ืืืจืืดืง ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืจืื, ืืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืขืชื ืืืืืง ืขื ืืืจื ืืืืื ืืขื ืืืชืจืื ืื ืื. ืื ืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืช ืืืืช ืชืืฆื ืืืงืจื, ืืืื ืืฉ ืืื ืืขื ืืืช ืืืืจ, ืืฃ ืืืช ืืืืช ืืื, ืื ืืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืจื ื ืืื ื ืจืืืง, ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื, ืืื ืฉืคืืจืฉื ื ืืขืื: ืืขืื ืืฉ ืืืืจ, ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืืืฉืื ืืคืืขื, ืฉืื ืืืืื, ื ืืืจ ืืฆื ืื ืคืขื ืขืืื, ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืื ืืคืขืืื ืขืืื ืืื ืืฆืืช, ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ืคืขื ืขืืื. ืฉืืคืขื ืื ืืื ืืืฆื ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ื ืืื, ืืื ืืชื ืืฉืื ืคืขื ืขืืื:
ืืขืื ืืงืฉื ืืจืืืดืข,ย ืื ืื ืืขื ืืืืจ ืดืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืืืด,ย ืืืื ืื ืขืื ืืจืืช ืืืชื ืืฆืจืืื. ืืืื ืื ืงืฉืื, ืื ืคืืจืืฉื ืดืืจืืืด ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืจื, ืืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืฆืืื, ืดืืืจื ืืฆืจืืืืด.ย ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืื ืืจืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื, ืื), ืืื ืฉืืืจ (ืคืกืืง ื) ืฉืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฆืจืื, ืืืขื ืื ืื ืืจืฆื ืืขืฉืืช ืฉืชื ืืืืืช ืืื ื, ืืื ืื ืคืืจืืฉื; ืืชืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจื, ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืื, ืื ืฉื ืขืื ื ืืืชื ื, ืขื ืฉืืืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื. ืืื ื ืืขืื ืื ืืืืช ืฉืืื ืื ืืชืืื - ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจื ืฉืขืืฉืื ืื ืื. ืืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืื ืืื, ืืื ืืคื ืื ืดืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืด ืืืจ ืืคื ื ืขืฆืื, ืดืืืจื ืืฆืจืืืืด ืืืจ ืืคื ื ืขืฆืื, ืืื ืืื ื, ืื ืจืืฆื ืืืืื ืชืืืืช ืืจืข ืฉืืืื ื ืื ืืืื ืืขืงื, ืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืืืื, ืืขืืฉืื ื ืชื ืื ื ืืจืฅ ืืืื. ืืื ืื ืืืืืืจ ืจืง ืืืขืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ื ืขืืฉืื ืขื ืืืืจืืื ืฉืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืขืงื, ืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื.
ืืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืขืจืื ืคืกืืื (ืคืกืืื ืงืื.) ืืชืืื ืืื ืื ืืืกืืื ืืฉืื. ืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืจืืื ืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืื ืื ืืืกืืื ืืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืชืืื ืขืื ืืื ืื. ืืื ืฆืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืชืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืกืืื ืืฉืื, ืฉืื ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืงืฆื ืืฉืคืืืช ืขื ืงืฆื ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืฆืื ืืืชื ืืืื. ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืจืืดื: ืืื ืงืฉื ืขืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืื ืจืืฆื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืงื, ืืฃ ืื ืจืืฃ ืืืจืื ืืืงืฉ ืืขืืื ืฉืื ืืฆื ืืืื ื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื, ืื-ื), ืืฉืืื ืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืืื ืืืชื, ืชืขืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืืช ืืณ ืืืืืช ืคืกื (ืคื ืดื), ืฉื ื ืชืืืจ ืืจืืืืช ืืจืืจืืช:
ืืื ืคืืจืืฉ ืืจืืืดืข ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืจืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืชื ืฉืืขืงื ืืงืจื ืดืืจืืืด. ืืืื ืืงืจื ืืืชื ืดืืจืืืด, ืืืืจืื ืืื ื ืงืจื ืดืืืจืื ืืขืืจืืด (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื, ืื), ืืฃ ืฉืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื, ื ืงืจื ืขื ืฉื ืืงืืื, ืืืื ืืงืจื ืืื ืืืขืงื ืดืืจืืืด. ืืืื ืื ืืชื ืณืืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืณ. ืืงืืฉืื ืืืช ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืงืืฉืื ืฉืืงืฉื ืืื ืขื ืจืืืชืื ื ืืดื, ืฉืืื ืื ืืืชืื ืณืืืืืณ.
ืืขืื, ืืืืื ืืงืื ืืฆื ืฉืืืื ืคืืจืืฉ ืดืืืืืด - ืขื ื, ืื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืืืื ืื ืดืชื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืืืืด (ืืฉืื ืื, ื), ืืื ื ืจืืื, ืืื ืฉืืชืื ืืืจืื (ืฉื ืฉื ื) ืดืืฉืื ืจืืฉื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืืืจืด, ืืื ืคืืจืืฉื ืฉืืื ืืกืจืื ืืืื, ืืื ืคืืจืืฉ ืดืืฉืื ืจืืฉืืด ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืกืจ ืื, [ื]ืืงืจื ืดืจืืฉืืด ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืกืจ. ืืื ื ืื ืื ืฉืืกืจ ืืืจ ืืงืจื ืดืจืืฉืด, ืืืคืืื ืื ืื ืืืกืจ ืื ืจืง ืืืื ื ืงืจื ืดืจืืฉืด, ืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืกืจ ืื ืืืชืจ. ืืื ืฉืืงืจื ืืกืจ ืืืื ืดืืืืืด - ืื ืืื ื. ืืขืื, ืื ืื ืฉืืชื (ืืจืืืดืข) ืื ืื ืืจืฉืชื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืืืืชื, ืฉืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืขืงื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ืืกืจ ืืืื ืืืืฉ. ืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืขื ืืื ืจืื, ืื ืืฃ ืขื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืจื ืืกืจ ืืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืืืื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืจ ืืืื ืืคืื ืืจื, ืฉืืื ืขืฉืืจ ืืืื, ืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืกืจ ืืืจื:
Call the cause by the effect
Shabbethai Bass; Siftei Chakhamimย commentary on Rashi (1641โ1718)ย
ืฉืคืชื ืืืืื
ืืืืืจ ืืกืื ืืืงืื ืืืณ. ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืกืืื ืฉื ืืงืืดื ืฉื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืืืช, ืืืืืจ ื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืกืืื ืฉืขืฉื ืขื ืืืืชืื ื. ืืื ืื ืื, ืื ืขื ืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจืื: ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืฉื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืณ. ืจืืดืช ืืื, ืืืื ืื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืื, ืืื ืื ืืืชืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืข ืฉืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืคืืขื ืืืฆื, ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืื, ืืฃ ืฉืืื ื ืืคื ืืืงืืืง. ืื ืฆืจืื ืืคืจืฉ ืืคื ืืืจืฉ ืจืืดื: ืฉืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืืณ. ืจืฆืื ื ืืืืฉื ืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืืงืืดื ืืฆืจืฃ ืืืฉืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืฅ ืืืขืืืื ืืจื (ืงืืืืฉืื ืื:). ืืดืค ืฉืืขืืืดื ืืืืณ, ืจืดื ืืคืืื ืืื ืขืดื ืืืฉื. ืืืืงื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืื: ืืขืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืขืืื ื ืืืืืชืื ื ืืืณ. ืจืฆืดื ืืืฉืืข ืืื ืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืื ืืื ืืื ื. ืืดืค ืืขืื ืืืจืื ืืืืณ. ืืขื ืื ืืคื ื ืขืฆืื ืืื:
Translation adapted from alhatorah.org:
He cites the Omnipresent's benevolence, etc. i.e., because he mentions the Holy One's benevolence, that He gave them this Land, he also mentions the other benevolences that He treated our forefathers. Otherwise, what connection is there between "the Aramean destroyed my forefather" and the first fruits? Because he intended to act, etc. Rashi is answering the question: If Laban did not destroy him, why then is it written "destroyed," which indicates that he did destroy him?
ืืืื is a verb acting on something else [i.e. saying that the Aramean destroyed Jacob], as if it said ืืืื, [sought to destroy] even though this is not in accordance with proper grammar. So one has to explain according to this Midrash of the sages. For with the nations, the Omnipresent equates, etc. Rashi is answering the question: The Holy One does not equate thought with deed except for idolatry (Kiddushin 39b)! Therefore he explains, "For with the nations, etc." I.e., even not in the case of idolatry He equates, etc., and only with Israel is it so [that He does not equate thought with deed]. Yet others fell upon us to annihilate us, etc. Rashi explains [the verse as follows]: The straightforward meaning implies that because the "Aramite destroyed my forefather" therefore "he descended to Egypt." But this is not so. Therefore he explains "yet others, etc." which is a separate matter.
R. Chayyim b. Moshe ibn Atar, Or HaChayyimย (1696-1743)
ืืืจ ืืืืื
ืืขื ืืช ืืืืจืช โ ืืืจ ืืขื ืืช โ ืืฉ ืืคืจืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืชืืื ืืืื (ืืืื ืืณ) ืืืขื ืืืื, ืืืคืฉืจ ืฉืืื ืขืื ื ืืืื ืคืืืช ืฉืงืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืขื ื ืขืฆืื ืืคื ืื ืืื ื ืฉืืจ ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืข ืขืฆืื ืืคื ื ืืณ, ืืืืืจ ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืืขื ืืืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืชื ืืขื ืืืืณ, ืืืืฆืืื ื ืืณ ืืืฆืจืื ืืืืืื ื ืืืืณ, ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืขืืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืจ ืืืืจืช, ืืืืืฆื ืืื ืืืจื ืจืืืชืื ื ืืดื (ืคืกืืื ืงืืดื.) ืืขื ืื ืืืืช ืคืกื ืืชืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืกืืื ืืฉืื. ืืืฆืฆืชื ืืคืจืฉื ืื ืฉืจืืืืชย ืื ืื ืืืืช ืืจืฅ ืืขืืืื ื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืชืื ืฉืืื ืจืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืขืืืื ื ืขื ืืจื ืืืืจื (ืืฉืื ืืดื) ืืชืฉืืง ืืืื ืืืจืื, ืื ืฉืืืช ืขืืืดื ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืจืขืืช ืจืื, ืืืืจ ืืคืืจืฉ ืขื ืืืื ืืจืฅ ืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืืณ ืืืืื ื ืืชื ืื ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืงืจื ื ืืืช ืขืืื, ืืืงืืง ืืืืจ ื ืืชื ืื, ืื ืืขืจื ืื ืฉืฉืื ืขืืื ืืขืืืื ืื ืื ืฉืืกืื ืืื ืืขืื ืื ืืืืข ืืืืง ืืืืฃ ืืืคืื ืืฉืืืื, ืืืื ืืืจ ื ืืชื ืื ืืชืืจืช ืืชื ื, ืืืฆื ืฉืฆืจืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืงืืื ืชืืจื ืืืฆืืช ืืืดื ืืืจืฉืชื. ืืืืจ ืืืฉืืช ืื ืขื ืืจื ืืืืจื (ืืจืืืช ืืดื.) ืฆืืืงืื ืืืฉืืื ืืขืืจืืชืืื ืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืืจื ืืืงืืช ืืืืณ ืขื ืืจื ืืืืจื ืืกืณ ืืืืืจ (ืืดื ื ืดื) ืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืืขืฉืื ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืชืงืืฅ ืขื ืื ืขื ืื ืขื ืืื ื ืกืืขืชื ืืืื ืืงืื ืคื ื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืจื (ืืฉืขื ื ืดื) ืืืื ืืคื ืื ืฆืืงื, ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืงืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืื ืคืจื ืืืืณ ืคืืจืืฉ ืื ืืงื ืืืื ืืืงืืื ืคื ื ืืณ ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืจืื ืฉืขืฉื ืืขืืื ืืื: ืขืื ืจืื ืื ืืชืืจื ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืจืืฉืืช (ืืดืจ ืคืดื). ืืืืืจื ืืฉืจ ืืณ ืืืืื ื ืืชื ืื ืืชืืืจ ืขื ืืจื ืืืืจื ืืดื (ืืจืืืช ืืดื.) ืืชืื ืืืณ ืืืจืฅ ืืืืืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจืฅ ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืื ืงืฉืื ืืื ืงืืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืจืื ืขืดื, ืืจื ืฉืืืจ ืฉืืขืฉื ืืืื ืื ืฉืฆืืืื ืืณ ื ืืฉื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืฆืขืืชื ืขืฉื ืืืขืฉื ืฉืืื ื ืชืื ืื ืืืชื ื, ืฉืืืืช ืื ืื ืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืื ื ืื ืืชืจืื ืื ืืคื ืฉืืคืขืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืขืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืณ ืืืจืฅ ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืืณ ืืืืื ื ืืชื ืื. ืืืืืจื ืืฉืืช ืืื ื โ ืืจืืื ืฉืฆืจืื ืื ืืคืขืืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉืขืฉื ืืืื ืขื ืคื ืืืจืืื, ืืืืืจื (ืืขืื ืืดื ืืดื) ืขื ืคื ืืชืืจื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืืขื ืืืฉืคื ืืืืณ, ืืืชืืจื ืืืืฉืคืืื ืืืืจื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืกืณ ืืกืืชืืช ืืื ืื ืื ื, ืฉืืืืช ืื ืืื ืฉืืขืฉื ืื ืืฆืืช ืฉืืขืืื ืืฉืจืฃ ืืื ืืื. ืืืืืจื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืงืื ืืืืณ ืืคื ืฉืืขืืืช ืื ืคืฉ ืืขืืื ืืขืืืื ืื ืชืื ืชืืฃ ืืืื ืืืงืืื ืคื ื ืืณ ืขื ืฉืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืคืจืืืืืจ, ืืืฉ ืฉืืชืขืืืื ืขื ืฉืืขื ืืืื, ืื ืืืืฉ, ืื ืืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืกืณ ืืืืืจ (ืืดื ืคืดื), ืืืืจ ืื ืขืืื ืืื ืขืื ืืขืืืื ืื ืงืจื ืฆืจืืจ ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืณ ืืฉืื ืฉืื ืฉื. ืืืืืจื ืืืืช ืื ืืืื โ ืขื ืืจื ืืืืจื ืืดื (ืืืืื ืืดื.) ืื ืืืืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืืณ ืืืงืจืื ืื ืคืฉืืช ืืคื ื ืืืื ืขืืื, ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืณ. ืืืืืจื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืชืืืจ ืขื ืคื ืืืจืืื ืฉืืืจื ืฉืืฉืชื ื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืฉื, ืฆื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืืืจ ืืืฉ (ืคืณ ืื) ืืขื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฆื ืื ืฉืืื ืืขืช ืฉืืขืื ื ืคืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืืืดืข ืืขืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ ืืืืณ, ืืจื ืฉืืคืขืืื ืืฉืชื ื ืืืื, ืืืดื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื, ืืืืจืช ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืณ ืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ืืจืฅ ืฉืืื ื ืื, ืืืืจ ื ืฉืืข ืืณ ืืชืช ืื ื ืืื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืืืฆืขืืชื ืืฉืืื ืงืืื ืืชืืจื ืืืฆืืช ืืืขืฉืื ืืืืื. ืืืืจื ืืืงื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืคืืจืืฉ ืฉืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืขืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืกื ืขื ืืืจื ืชืืจื ืฉืืขื ืคื ืืจืืื ืืชืืืช ืื ื ืืื ืฉืืชืื ื, ืืื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืณ. ืืืืืจื ืืขื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืืืณ โ ืคืืจืืฉ ืืคื ืฉืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืดื ืืื ืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืื ืขืืืื, ืฆื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืจืืืชืื ื ืืดื (ืขืจืืืื ืืดื.) ืื ืืื ืืืฉืคื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืฆืืง ืืืขืงื ืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืคื ืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืง ืื ืืฉ, ืืืชืื (ืืืื ืืณ) ืื ืืขืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืืจ, ืืื ืืืจื ืชืืจื ืฉืืชื ืชืฉืืื ืืืณ ืืืชื ืฆืืืช ืขื ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืฉื ืจืฆืื ื ืืชืืจื ืืืฆืืจื, ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืขื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืคื ื ืืณ ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืื ืืฆืืดืจ ืฉืืื ืจืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืณ ืืณ) ืืื ืืฉ ืืื ืขืจืื, ืฉืืจืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืคืืจืืฉ ืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืขื ืืจื ืืืืจื (ืืฉืขืืื ืืดื ืืดื) ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืชื ืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืืฉ ืืื ืื ืคืฉืืช ืืืง ืืจืข, ืืืื ืกืื ืขืจืื ืืืืืงื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืืื, ืขืื ืืจืฆื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืจื ืืืืจื (ืชืืืื ืืดื) ืืืจ ื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื. ืขืื ืืจืฆื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืขืฆืืชืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืงืจืืช ืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืืจ ืคืจืฉืช ืื ืื (ืขืดื.) ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืข ืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืืื ืืขืืืืช ืืณ, ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืื ืคืืจืืฉ ืืืงืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืฆืจ ืฉืืื ืืืคื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืฆืจืื ืฉื ืืืฆืจ ืืงืจืืืื ืืืื ืืกืื (ืืฉืขื ืกืดื) ืื ืืฉ ืขืคืจ ืืืื, ืืืคืฆืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืคืืฅ ืืืืจื ืขืืื ืืื ืืืืขืืื ืืฉืจ ืืชืขืื ืืณ, ืื ืืณ ืืกืืืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืกืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืณ ืืืชื ืืืืื, ืืืื ื ืฉืืขืื ืืืจืื ืืคืืชืืืื ืืืกืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืงืจื ืืืืฃ ืืฆืจืื ืืคื ืฉืืฆืจ ืื ืคืฉ ืืชืืืืชืื. ืืืืืจื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืื ืืชืืื ื ืื ืก ืืืจ ืืืืืจื (ืฉืืืื ื ืืดื) ืืืื ืืื ืืืืณ, (ืกืืื ื ืดื:).
โฆ.
First he refers to the adverse circumstances under which he laboured at Laban the swindler. This is a simile for the temptations of the evil urge who is a great swindler having tricked Eve into eating from the tree of knowledge. The Torah itself had described the tempter, the serpent, as very wily (Genesis 3,1). The words ืืื ืืื are a reference to Adam. Isaiah 43,27 quotes God as saying "your original father (Adam) has sinned, and your spokesmen (priests and prophets) trangressed against Me." The word ืืื is a reference to the mortality this sin introduced to the human race, something which affected all subsequent generations who became infected with an evil pollutant. This is the mystical dimension of the foreskin which is part of the embryo from its very earliest gestation. Another meaning of the words ืืื ืืื "who denies my Father," is similar to Psalms 14,1: "the withered man has said in his heart 'there is no God.'"
R. Eliyahu, Vilna Gaonย (1720-1797)
ืืืจืช ืืืืื ืืืจืดื
ืืจืื ืืื ืืืย โ ืืขืืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืฆืจืคืื ืืืฉืื ืืืขืฉื.
R. Yehuda Leib Frankfurter Spira( 1743-1846ย
ืืจืืกืื ืืืงืขื
ืืืื ืืืย โ ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืขืงื ืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืจืื ืคืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืืชืืืจ, ืืืื, ืืืงืื ืฉื ืืขืฆื, ืืืจืื ืื ืืขืงื. ืืืื ืืื ืงืื ืืืื, ืืืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ื (ืืืื ืคืืืขืจ ืืขืจ ืืืืคืืืืข).
R. Yaakov Mecklenburg, HaKetav VeHaKabbalahย (1785-1865)
ืืืชื ืืืงืืืย
ืืจืื ืืื ืืืย โ ืืื ืืงืฉ ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืื, ืืืดื ืืกืคืจื ืื ืืคืกืงืชื ืืืชืดื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืขื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืื, ืืืืขืชื ืืืช ืืืื ืคืืขื ืืืฆื ืืืคืขืื ืืื ืืื, ืืืขืื ืืคืฉื ืืจืืืดืข ืืจืฉืืดื ืืจืืดืง ืืขื ื ืขื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืื ืืคื ืฉืื ืืฆืื ื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืงื ืืืฆื, ืืื ืืชืื ืืืืืช ืคืืขื ืื ืืื ื ื ืืืฆื, ืืืืืืจื ืืืื ืขื ืืขืื ืืคืฉื, ืืื ืืืขืืื ืืคืกืงื ืืืขืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืขื ืืืขืืื ืืกืืื ืขื ืคืืณ ืจืฉืดื ืืชืดื, ืฉืืจื ืืคืกืืง ืืืช ืืจืื ืืคืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืช ืืืฆืืืื ืขื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืขืช ืืขืื ืืคืฉื ืืดื ืืืืขืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืคื ืคืฉืื, ืืื ืคืืณ ืจืฉืดื ืขืืงืจ ืฉืืืื ืคืืขื ืืืื ืคืขืื, ืืืดืช ืืื ืืชืื ืืืืืช ืคืืขื ืื ืืื ื ื ืืืฆื ? ืืข ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืคืืขื ืงื ืืื ืืื ืคืขื ืขืืจ ืืื ืื ืคืืขึตื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืข, ืฉืืืจ ืื ืืื ืงืืืื ื ืืงืืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืขืฆืื, ืืืขืืจ ืืื ื ืคืืขึตื ืคืืขืื ืคืืขืืช, ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืคืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขืช ืืืื (ืฉืืคืืื ืืณ) ืฉืืื ืคืขื ืขืืจ ืืื ืื ืื, ืืืื ื ื ืคืืขื ืืื ืื ื ืืืงื, ืืขืืืช ืืขืช ืืืื ืืื ืืขืช ืืืืช, ืืื ืืืช ืื ืขืจืื ืืืึทืขึฐืชึดื (ืฉืืืื ื ืืดื), ืืืจืื ืืื ืขืืืช (ืชืืืื ืขืดื), ืืืขืช ืจืดื ืืืจืืดืง ืืคืืณ, ืืืืขืชื ืืคืจืขื ืืืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื) ืื ืืื ืคืขื ืขืืจ ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืดืฆ ืืืืกืืฃ ืขืืื ืืืช ืืืณ, ืืื ืืืืฅ ืืกืืขืจ ืืืจื (ืืืฉืข ืืดื) ืคืืขื ืืืฆื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืคืืณ ืจืฉืดื ืื ืืืฉืจ ืื ื ืงืจื ืฉื ืคืืขืื, ืฉืืจื ืืขืืดื ืืฆืจืดื, ืืื ืืชืืจืื ืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืชืืจืื (ืืฉืขืืื ืืดื), ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืฉื ื ืืื ืื ืืืจืืืข ืืื, ืืขืื ืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืืคืขืืื ืืฉืืืืื ืฉื ืจืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืื, ืืื ืื ืืจืืดืง ืืืจืืดืง ืืืืื ืืืืดืฉื ืงืืืื ืืงืืื ืืืชื ืืกืคืจืืื, ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืชืจ ื ืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืขืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืคืืืื ืืืืดืฉ ืืฆื ืืืืจืจืืื ืืจืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื), ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืขืื ืขื ืืฆืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืฆืื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืขืจื, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืื, ืืืคื ืขืืืช ืืขืื ืืฉืื ื ืขืืงืจ ืื ืืชื ืืืืจืืช ืขื ืชืืืจืช ืชืฉืืงืช ืืคืืขื ืืคืขืืืชื ืืืช ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืจืฉ ืืืืงืฉ ืืืชื ืชืืื, ืืื ืืคื ืคืืณ ืจืืดื ืืืื ืืงืฉ ืืืืืื, ืื ืื ืขืืงืจ ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืื, ืืืืื ืื ืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืื ื ืขื ืืฉืงื ืืื ืื ื ืงื ืืจืื ืขื ืชืืืจืช ืืชืฉืืงื ืืืืณ ืืคืืขื, ืืืืจื ืฉืชืดื ืืืกืคืจื ืืคืกืงืชื ืืจืฉืดื ืคืืณ ืืืชืื ืขืดืค ืืื ืื ืืื, ืืื ืื ืื ืื ื ืืฉืจื ืืื ืืงืืืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืจืืชื (ืจืืืดื) ืืืืจ ืขืืจืจื ื ืขืดื ืืืื ืืงืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืืงืื ืืื ืืืงืจืืืช, ืคืืื ืืื ืชืจื ืขืื ื, ืคืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืขืื ื, ืืชืจืื ื ืขืื ืื ื ืืืขื, ืชืจืื ื ืขืื ื ืืืขื, ืขืื ื ืขืื ื ืืืจืื ืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืคืจืฉืื ืื ืขืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืกืืคื ืืืช ืืณ ืื ืืณ, ืืืืดืฉ ืืื ืืดืฆ ืืชืืกืคืืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืจืืชื ืืืืฆืืื, ืืืืื ืืชืืื ืช ืืงื ืืืืจืืช ืขื ืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืณ. ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืื โ ืืจืืืดืข ืืขื, ืื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืจืืช ืืืฆืจืื ืื ืืืณ ืกืื. ืืืื ืคืืจืฉืดื ืขืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืขืืื ื ืืืืืชืื ื ืฉืืืจื ืืืช ืืจื ืืขืงื ืืืฆืจืื. ืืืื ืฆืืจื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืกืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืจืืืช ืืฆืจืื, ืื ืื ืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืจืืืืช ืขื ืืขืงื, ืืืื ื ืืชื ืื ืจืื ืืชื ืืืฉื ืืื, ืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืกืฃ ืืืชืจ ืืฉืืจ ืื ืื, ืื ืื ืืื ืืืกืฃ ืืืืจ ืื ืฉืืื ืจืืฉืื ื, ืืจืง ืขืดื ืฉื ืฉืืช ืืื ืชืืื ืืจืืืณ ืื ืืืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืื ืชืืื, ืืืืกืฃ ืื ืืืณ ืจืง ืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืณ ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืืณ ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืื ืืืชื ืืจืืืชื ืฉืืื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืื, ืื ืชืืืื ืืืืืจื, ืื ืกืชืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฆืจืื. ืืืฆืืชื ืืืจืข ืืืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืืจืดื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจื, ืืืขืื ืื ืคืืจืฉ ืืกืืฃ ืืื ืืงืจ, ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืจืฉ ืจืื ืคืืดื ืืฉืขื ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืจื ื ืืจืื ืืืจื ื ืืืจ ืืจืื ืื ื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืชืื ืืคืืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืงื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืช, ืืืคื ืฉืืฉื ืืงื ืืฆืืง ืืช ืจืืงื ืืืขืงื ืืช ื ืฉืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืขืงื ืืืงืฉ ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืฉืืื ืืขืืดื ืืขืืดื ืงืคืฆื ืขืืืณ ืจืืืื ืฉื ืืืกืฃ ืื ืชืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืจืื.
See Rashi 37: 2
R. Shemuel David Luzzatto (Shadal)ย (1800-1865)
ืฉืืดื
{ืืจืื ืืืื โ ืขืณ ืจืฉืืดื ืืจืืืดืข.}[39]ย
ืืื โ ืืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืชืืขืื ืืืื ืื ืืื, ืืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืจื, ืืงืจืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืจืฉืืดื.[40]ย
{ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืื โ ืืขืงื, ืืื ืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืืชืื ื ืืืืชืจืื ืืืขื ืืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืดื ืื ืชืื ืืืดื.}[41]
R. Meir Leibush Weiser (Malbim), Torah Or (1809-1879)
ืืืืืดื, ืชืืจื ืืืจ (ื ืขืชืง ืืืดื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืฉืืชืื ืขื ืืชืืจื)
ืืขื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืคื ื ืืณ ืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื. ืืฆืจืื ืืืืื ืื ืขื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ื ืืดื ืขืดื ืคืืคืื ืขืคืืดืฉ ืืืืืื (ืืฃ ืื ืขืดื) ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืคืืจืืช ืจืดื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืงืืจื ืจืดื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืื ื ืงืืจื ืงืกืืจ ืงื ืื ืคืืจืืช ืืื ืืงื ืื ืืืืฃ ืืื ืืืงืฉื ืืชืืกืณ ืืจืดื ืืกืดื ืืืื ืฉืืืงื ืืงืืืืช ืื ืืืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืฆืื ื ืืืื ื ืืจืืืื ื ืืืืืดื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืกืดื ืืงื ืื ืคืืจืืช ืืื ืืงื ืื ืืืืฃ ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืจ ืื ืขื ืืืืฉืข ืื ื ืื, ืืชืจืฆื ืืืืจืืฉื ืืืืดื ืืงื ืื ืคืืจืืช ืืงื ืื ืืืืฃ ืืื. ืืื ื ืืืขื ืืฆืืช ืฉืืืขืืช ืฉืืืืืจ ืืกื ืืืจืื ืฉืืืจ ืืงืืดื ืืจืขื ืฉืฉ ืืืฉืืืื ืฉืืข ืืื ืฉืชืืขื ืฉืืืจืฅ ืฉืื ืืื, ืืืงืฉื ืืืคืจืฉืื ืื ืืงืืดื ื ืชื ืืช ืืดื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ืืจืฉืืดื ืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืงื ืื ืคืืจืืช ืื ืืงื ืื ืืืืฃ ืืืดื ืืคืดื ืืืจืฉ ืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืฆืืช ืืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืงื ืื ืคืืจืืช ืืื ืืงื ืื ืืืืฃ ืืื. ืื ืืคื ืืืจื ืืชืืกืณ ืืดื ืืื ืืืดื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืชืื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืงื ืื ืคืืจืืช ืืงื ืื ืืืืฃ ืืืืืดื ืืืจืืฉื ืืื ื ืืืดื ืืืดื ืืืื ืืืจืฅ ื ืชืืืงื ืืืจืฅ ืืืดื ืืื ื ืืจืืฉื ื ืฉืืจ ืืงืืฉืื, ืืื ื ืืคืจืฉืช ืืจืืื ืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืืดื ืืืดื ืงื ื ืืช ืืดื ืืืืงื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืชืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืจืื ืืืจืืื ืืืจืื ืืืฆืจื ืงื ื ืื ืืืงื ืื ืงืืื ืืดืช ืืฆืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืื ื ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืดื ืืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืืงื ืจืง ืืืกืฃ. ืืขืดื ืขืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืฉืขืช ืืืืช ืืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืดื ืืจืืฉื ืื ื ืืืืืชืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืฆืืช ืืืืจืื ืื ืืืจืืฉื ืงื ืื ืคืืจืืช ืืงื ืื ืืืืฃ ืืื, ืืขืืดื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืืืจืฉ ืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืชืืืง ืืดื ืขื ืืขืงื ืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืืดื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืื ื ืืจ ืืืดื ืืื ืืืงื ืื ืืืจ ืงื ื ืืดื ืืช ืืดื ืฉืื ืืืจ ืื ืขืืื ืงืืืฉืช ืืืจืฅ ืืืดืฉ ืืืงืื ืืืจ ืืืจื. ืจืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืืจ ืืชืื ืืืคืจืฉืื ืืืขื ืฉืืืืจื ืืขืงื ืืืจื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืืืข ืื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืจืืฃ ืืืืจืืช ืื ืฉืืื ืืจ ืืืดื ืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืืืจื ืื ืืจ ืืืื ืืจืขื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืืื ืืืดื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืจ ืงื ืื ืืืืงื ืืืืคืืงื ืืืดื ืืืฉืืื ืืฉืขืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืช ืืฆืืง ืืืดื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืจื ืืืฆืจืื ืื ืืคืดื ืืดื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืืจืืช ืจืง ืืฉื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืงืฉื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืชื ืขื ืืจืืข ืืืืช ืฉื ื ืืืืฆืจืื ืื ืืื ืจืง ืจืืดื ืฉื ื, ืืืฉ ืขืดื ืชืืจืืฆืื, ื) ืฉืจืืื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืชืืืช ืืืจืืื ืื ืืื ืจืง ืฉืืขืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืืดื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฆืืจืฃ ืืืฉืืื ืืขืืดื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืชื ืืขื ืืืืดื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื, ื) ืฉืงืืฉื ืืฉืขืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืจื ืจืง ืื ืขื ืื ืื ืขืืืื ืืืดืฉ ืืขืืืื ืืขื ื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืดื ืืืืืงืช, ืืื ืขืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืืืดื ืืขืืดื ืืืจืขื ืืืชื ื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืขื ืื ื ืืืชื ื ืขืืื ื ืขืืืื ืงืฉื, ื) ืฉืืืืช ืืืฆืืื ืงืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืขื ืืจื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืกืืื, ืืขืืดื ืื ืฆืขืง ืื ืืณ ืืืื ืืืืชืื ื ืืืืงื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืืช ืืืืช ืืืฉืืข ืืณ ืืช ืงืืื ื, ื) ืฉืืฉืืื ื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืื ืืขืดื ืฉืจืื ืืงืืดื ืืขื ืื ืืืฉืขืืื ืืืื ืฆืจืชื ืื ืฆืจ ืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืื ืืืืช ืืฉืืื ื ืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืืขืืดื ืืืจื ืืช ืขื ืื ื ืืืช ืขืืื ื ืจืดื ืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืืื ืื ื ืืืฆืจืื ืจืื ืืืชื ืืณ ืืืื ืฆืจืืชืื ื ืืื ืืฆืจื, ื) ืืชืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืฆืืื ืงืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืชืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืกื ืืฉืขืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจืืข ืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืจ ืฉื ืืฆืจืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืื ืขืืืื ืขืดื ืืืืฆืจื ืืืขืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืขืืดื ืืืืฆืืื ื ืืื ืืืงื ืืืืจืืข ื ืืืื ืืขืดื ืืืจ ืฉืืดื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืชืื ื ืื ื ืืืืชื ืืช ืจืืฉืืช ืคืจื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ื ืชืชื ืื ืืณ ืืืืืง ืคืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืืจืืฉื ืงื ืื ืคืืจืืช ืืงื ืื ืืืืฃ ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืชืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ ืืดื:
R. Samson Raphael Hirschย (1808-1888)
ืจ ืฉืืฉืื ืจืคืื ืืืจืฉ
ืืจืื ืืื ืืื โ ืดืืืืด ืืื ืืื ืงื ืืื ืชืืื ืคืืขื ืขืืื, ืืคืืจืืฉื ืดืืืืช ืืืืืืืด. ื ืืฆื ืฉืดืึนืึตืืด ืคืืจืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืื,ย ืงืจืื ืืืืืื. ื ืืฆื ืฉืดืืจืืืด ืืดืืืืด ืฉื ืืื ื ืฉืืืื ืฉื ืดืืืืด,ย ืืืืขื ืืืคืกืืง ืืดืืจืืืด ืืคื ื ืืช ืชืฉืืืช ืืื ืืดืืจืืืด ืชืืืื, ืืืืืจืื ื ืชืืกืฃ ืดืืืืด ืื ืฉืื ืฉื ื: ืดืืจืื, ืงืจืื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืืืด. ืืคืืจืืช ืฉืืกื ืืขืืืื ืฉืืขืืืื ืืื ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืจืฆื, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืดืืจืืืด, ืฉืขื ืืื ืืชืืจ ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืื.
ื ืฉืื: "predicate"; "object"????
Der Pentateuch uebersetzt und erklaert, 1867-78
R. Samson Raphael Hirschย (1808-1888)
ืจ' ืฉืืฉืื ืจืคืื ืืืจืฉ
ืืขื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืืืณ โ ืืื ืืืืืง ืืืืื ืืช ืกื ืืคืืจืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืงืืืฉื, ืขื ืืื ืืขืฉื ืืชื ืืคื, ืืขืืื ืืืขื ืืณ ืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื; ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืจืชื ืฉืืืจืฅ ื ืืฆืืช ืืจืฉืืชื ืจืง ืืฉืื ืฉืืณ ืงืืื ืืช ืฉืืืขืชื ืืืืืช. ืขืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืื ืฉื ืขื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืขืืืืืช ืืืืกืืืจืืืช ืืืขืืืืช ืขื ืกืืฃ ืื ืืืืจืืช ืฉืืขืช ืืืกืื ืืงืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืคืขืื ืจืง ืจืฆืื ืืณ ืืืืื ืืืึพืืืื; ืฉืื ืืืจื ืืืจ ืื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช. ืืจืื ืืื ืืื โ ืดืืืืด ืืื ืืื ืงื ืืื ืชืืื ืคืืขื ืขืืื, ืืคืืจืืฉื ืดืืืืช ืืืืืืืด. ื ืืฆื ืฉืดืึนืึตืืด ืคืืจืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืื, ืงืจืื ืืืืืื. ื ืืฆื ืฉืดืืจืืืด ืืดืืืืด ืฉื ืืื ื ืฉืืืื ืฉื ืดืืืืด, ืืืืขื ืืืคืกืืง ืืดืืจืืืด ืืคื ื ืืช ืชืฉืืืช ืืื ืืดืืจืืืด ืชืืืื, ืืืืืจืื ื ืชืืกืฃ ืดืืืืด ืื ืฉืื ืฉื ื: ืดืืจืื, ืงืจืื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืืืด. ืืคืืจืืช ืฉืืกื ืืขืืืื ืฉืืขืืืื ืืื ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืจืฆื, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืดืืจืืืด, ืฉืขื ืืื ืืชืืจ ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืื. ืืจืฅ ืื ืขื ืื ืืืืชื ืืงืื ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืช. ืืืจืื ื ืืื ืืืจื; ืืืจื ืืื ืงืจื ืดืืจืฆื ืืืืืืชืืด (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื, ื). ืืื ืขื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืึพืืืจืฅ ืืืืจืืฉ ืืฆืืฆืืื. ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืื ืขืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืืชื ื, ืืจืง ืืืกื ืืืืื ืืืจืฉื ืื ืืงื ืืช, ืขื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืขืชื ืืืืืช ืฆืืฆืืื, ืืืงืช ืงืืจ ืืืฉืชื. ืืืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืขืื, ืืขืงืึพืืฉืจืื, ืฉืืืืื ื ืืฉืืช ืขืชื ืืช ืฉืื โ ืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืคืืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืืช, ืืืขืื ืจื ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืืช ืืืื, ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืื ืกืืื ืืืชื. ืืฉื ืฉืงืคื ืื ืกืื ืช ืืืืื ืืจื ืืืึนืชื ื ืืืืื ืขืืื ืจืขื, ืืืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ืืืจืฅ ืื ืขื ืืคืืื. ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืื, ืืืืกืืฃ ื ืืืฅ ืืขืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืจืขื. ืืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืดืืจืืืด, ืืื ืืืืืช; ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืช, ืืื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืื ืกืื ืขื ืื ืฆืจืืช ืืชืืืืช, ืื ื ืืืชื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืช ืดืืืืืด, ืืกืจ ืกืืืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืคืขื ืขืฆืืืืช. ืืื, ืืดืืจืืืด ืืืดืืืืืด ืืื ืืจื ืืืฆืจืื, ืืจืฅ ื ืืจืืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืจื ืื ืขืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืื ื, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืงืคืชื ืขื ืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืขืชืื ืืืืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืืจืฅ ืื ืขื, ืืืื ืื ืืจืื ืืฆืจืืื ืืืฉืคืื ืืื ืขืชืื, ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืจืง ืืืจื: ืดืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืืืด, ืืืืืื ืืืกืืคื: ืดืื ืืก ืขื ืคื ืืืืืืจืด. ืืคื ืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืฉื, ืืจืืืช ืืฉืคืืช ืืขืงื ืืืฆืจืื ืืจืืืงื ืืืชื ืขืื ืืืชืจ ืืืชืงืืืืืช ืืขืชืื ืฉืืืืื ืืื. ืขื ืืฃ ืืืืจ ืืจืืขื ืฉืืืื ืืื, ืืื ืืกืข ืื ืดืืจืืืืด ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืืจื ืืขืืืื: ืดืื ืชืืจื ืืจืื ืืฆืจืืืืด (ืฉื ืื, ื). ืืคืืื ืื ืืืกืฃ, ืขื ืื ืืืื ืชืคืืจืชื ืืืฉื ื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืขืช ืฉื ืคืืจ ืื ืืขืืื ืฉืืืื ืฆืืจื ืืดืคืงืืืืด ืืืืืืช, ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืืื ืืขืืืื ื, ืืืขืืืช ืืช ืืขื ืืืฆืจืื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืืืืื ืื, ืื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืื ืฉืดืคืงืืืืด ืื ืืื ืชืืื (ืขืืื ืฉื ื , ืื). ืืืื ืื ืดืืจืืืด, ืืืืืจื ืดืืืืืด, ืงืจืื ืืืืืื; ืดืื ืืกืด, ืขื ืืื ืืืืง ืืืฆื ืืดืขื ืคื ืืืืืืจืด, ืืชืื ืฉืืืขื ืืงืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืืงื. ืืืืจ ืฉื โ ืื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืชื ืดืืืฉืชืงืข ืืืฆืจืืืด, ืืืชืืืฉื ืืงืืืขืืช ืืืฆืจืื. ืืื ืื ืืืงืฉื ืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืืช ืฉื ืืืจืื, ืืจืฉืืช ืื ืื ืืื ืงืืืื โ ืขื ืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืชื; ืฉืื ืื ืืจืื ืืกืจื ืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืฆืจืื. ืืืชื ืืขื โ ืืฉืืขืื ื ืคืฉ. ืืืื ืฉื โ ืืฉื, ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฆืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืช, ืื ืืื ืืดืืืืด, ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืืช ื ืคืจืืช. ืฉืื ืื ืฉืืจื ืขื ืืืืืืืืชื ืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืืกืจืืช, ืฉืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืืืกืืื. ื ืืฆื ืฉืืื ืดืืฆืืื ืื ืฉืืด; ืื ืืืื (ืืชืื ืื ืืืืจืื) ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืื; ืืืืจืืช ืืณ ืื ืืคืื ืืืืงืื ืืจืืื, ืดืขืฆืื ืืจืืด.
R. Naftali Tzvi Yehuda Berlin (Netziv) (1816-189
ื ืฆืืดื
ืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืณ โ ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืฉืื, ืฉืืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืดืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืด ืขื ืื ืณืืจื ืืฆืจืืืืณ. ืืืื ืคืื. ืืื ืื ืืคืืจืืฉ, ืขืดืค ืืืืชื ืืคืกืืื ืจืืฉ ืคืจืง ืืืฉื (ืคื,ื) ืณืจืืืืื (ืืื) ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืจื, ืืืฉืจืื ืืงืืดื ืืืืจืืืช ืฉื ืืจื ืขืื ืืืืื ืืืืืณ. [ืืืืืืื (ืื,ื) ืืื ืืฉืืข ืืฆืจืื ืืืืจ ืณืืืืืณ, ืืงืื ืขื ืื ืฉืืืจ ืณืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืขืฉืืณ. ืืื ืืืืช ืขืืงืจ ืื ืืกืื ืณืืจืืณ, ืืฉื (ืืืืื) ืื ืืงืฉื ืืื ืขื ืื ืฉืืชืจืขื ืขื ืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืื ืจืขื, ืืืจื ืืืืช ืจืืฉืื ืขืื ืืืืื ืืืื]. ืืืื ื ืื ืืื ืืืขืงื ืืืื ื, ืฉืจืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืื โ ืืืืืจืช ืืณ ืืืืจืื ืืืื ื, ืืืืืืช ืืขืงื ืืืจื ืืดื ืฉื ืื, ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืืช ื ืฉืืจ ืฉื ืืืืืช, ืืื ืจืื ืืงืืดื ืืืืจืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืื ืดืืืื ืืืืด, ืขื ืื ืืืฆืืื ืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืฆืจืื.
{ืืืืืจืฉ ืืืื ืืืืข ืืืฉืื ืฉืณืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืืืณ, ืคืืจืืฉ, ืื ืืงืืจ ืืืืืืช, ืืืื ืืฉืื ืดืืืืืด โ ืฉืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืจ ืืื, ืืืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืงืฉ ืื, ืืขืดื ืฉืื ืจืืื ื ืืื ืฉืจืืฃ ืืืจ ืืขืงื ืืืืงืฉ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืืื ืืขื ืช ืื ืืื, ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืจ (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื,ืื)ย ืดืืฉ ืืื ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืขืืื ืจืขืด, ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืื ืชื ืืืชื, ืืื ืืื ืื ืขืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืงืฉ ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืื. ืืขืืื ืื ืฉืืชืืชื ืืจืืฉืืช (ืฉื). ืืืขืืงืจ ืืืงืจื ืื-ืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืืจืืฉ ืดืืืื ืืืืด ืืื ื ืขื ืืขืงื ืืคืจื, ืืื ืขื ืขืืงืจ ืืืืืืช, ืืืกืืื ืดืืืจื ืืฆืจืืืืด, ืืืื ืฉืืชืืชื}.
Netziv on Gen 31:29
ืืืืื ืืืืืย ืืืืณ โ ืฉืืงืจ ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืขืงื ืฉืืงืืดื ืืืืืจื ืดืืืืจืด ืืื, ืืืดื ืืื ื ืืืฉืฉ ืืืืืจ, ืืื ืืฉ ืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืจืข.
ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืฉืื ืจืืื ืดืขืืืืด, ืดืืืืืืด, ืืืื ื ืืืขืงื ืืืืื ืขืืื ืืณ ืฉืืื ืขืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืฆืืง ืื ืืืืื. {ืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืคืจืฉ ืขื ืื ืื ืืื ืืชืื, ืฉืืจื ืืฉืฉ ืืื ืืคื ืืืจืื, ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืขืงื ืืืืื ืขืืื ืืฉื. ืืืขืดื ืฉืืื ืื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืจืง ืืืขืงื ืฉืืฉืื ืืื ื, ืืื ืื ืืจื ืืืืืช ืืขืืืย ืืฉืจืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืืจื ืขื ืื ืขืืื ืืณ ืฉืื ืื ืืื. ืืืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืจ ืืื, ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืฉ ืืืจืข ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืช ืืืืืืช. ืืืขืฉื ืืืืช ืกืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืื. ืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืืงืฉ ืืืจืื ืืช ืืขืงื ืืืืื ืขืื, ืืื ืืื ืืื ืขืืงืจ ืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉืืจื ืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืื ืืงืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืขืืงืจ ืืื ืืืืืืช, ืื ืืฆื ืืืงืฉ ืืื ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืื. ืืืืื ื ืืืืจืื ื ืณืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืืืณ, ืืื ืื ืื, ืืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืขืฉืืช ืขื ืืืื ืจืขื}.
ืืจืฆื ืืืชืคืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืืจื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืฆืืง ืืืืื ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืื, ืื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืชืจืคืื. ืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืจืช ืืืืื ืขื ืื ืื ืืฆื ืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืจืข.
R. David Zvi Hoffmannย (1843-1921)
ืจ' ืืื ืฆืื ืืืคืื
ืืขื ืืช โ ืืืฉืื ืืงืืืฉ (ืกืืื ืืดื.; ืกืคืจื). ืืชืงืืคื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืจืช ืชืงื ื ืืืืื ืืืงืจืื ืืช ืืคืจืฉื ืืื ืืื, ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืืข ืืงืจืื ืืขืฆืื (ืืืืืจืื ืืณ:ืืณ).
ืืจืื โ ืืจืฉืืดื ืืคืจืฉ ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืฉืืฆื ืืืจื ื ืืจืื. ืืื ืืืชืจ ื ืืื ืืคืจืฉื (ืืืืจื ืจืื ืืืคืจืฉืื) ืขื ืืขืงื ืืืื ื, ืฉืืื ืืจ ืฉื ืื ืจืืืช ืืืจื ืืืกื ืืช ืืฉืคืืชื ืฉื. ืืืื โ ืคืฉืืื ืฉื ืืงืจื: ืชืืขื, ื ืืื. ืืฉืื ืืืืงืื ืืดื:ืืณ, ืชืืืื ืงืืดื:ืงืขืดื. ืืชืจืืืืื, ืืื ืืขื ืืืืื ืฉื ืคืกื, ืืคืจืฉืื, ืฉืดืืจืืืด ืืื ืืื, ืืดืืืืืด ืืื ืคืืขื ืืืฆื, ืืืืืจ ืดืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืด. ืืื ืืฉืืข ืื ืืกืืืืจ ืืืขืืื, ืฉืดืืจืืืด ืืืืขื ืืืขื ืืคืกืืง ืืดืืืื ืืืืด ืืืืืจ ืืืื (ืืฉืื ืืช ืืืขืืื ืืดืืจื ืืขืืื ืฆืขืืจืด). ืจืื ืืืืืฃ ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ, ืฉืืืืจื ืจืืืชืื ื ืชืืืช ืดืืืืืด ืืื ื ืืื ืื ื ืื ืืื ืื ืืงื, ืืื ืขืืจ ืืื ืื ืคืืขื, ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืื ื ื ืืืจ, ืืื ื ืืฆื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืงืจื, ืืืื ืดืืืช ืื ืขืจืื ืืืืขืชืืด (ืฉืืืื ื ืืดื:ืืณ), ืืฉืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืดืืืชื ืืืงืืื,ืด ืืจืื ืืขืงื ืฆืื ืืงืื ืืืจื. ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืืงืจื ืืชืืืฉื ืืืชืจ ืืคื ืคืืจืืฉ ืืืคืจืฉืื ืืืืืืจืื (ืจืฉืืดื, ืืจืืืดืข, ืจืดืข ืกืคืืจื ื). ืืืชื ืืขื ืืืืณ โ ืืฉืื ืืืขืื ืืณ:ืืดื (ืืืืืืื 299; ืืื ืืืก 119). ืืชืืืืช ืดืืืชื ืืขืืด ืืชืืืืกืืช ืืดืืืจื ืืฆืจืืืืด; ืดืืืืจ ืฉืืด, ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืกืืจ. ืื ื ืชืคืจืฉ ืืืืื ืฉื ืคืกื.
https://mg.alhatorah.org/Full/Devarim/26.1#e0n6: Deut 26:1
ื ืชืืืกืฃ ืืืืืื
- "ื ืชืืืกืฃ ืืืืื"ื"ย โ ืืืงืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืืืจืื ื"ื-ื"ื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืื ืจ' ืืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืขืืฅ ืื ืชืืืกืคื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืืจ ืืืคืืก ืจืืฉืื
ื) ืื ืืคืจืฉื ืืชืืจื ืืชืื ืื ืขื ืื ืืืืช ืืืืืืจืื ืืื ืืคืจืกื ืฉืืืณ ืืืจืฅ ืืฉื ืชื ืืืดื ืฉืืขืืื ืื ืืืจืืกืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืณ ืืื ืื ืืจืืกืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืขื ืืฉืื: ื) ืืืืจ ืจืณ ืืฆืืง ืฉืืืื ืืืชืืืช ืคืจืฉืดื ืขื ืืชืืจื ืืืดื ืืืจ ืจืดื ืื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืชืืื ืืชืืจื ืืืืณ ืืื ืืขื ืคืชื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืฉืื ืืืืณ ืฉืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืืกืืื ืืชื ืฉืืืฉืชื ืืจืฅ ืืณ ืขืืืื ืืืณ ืขืืดื. ื ืืฆื ืฉืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืฉืืดื ืืงืื ืืจืฅ ืืณ ืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืืจืฉื ืืจืฅ, ืจืง ืฉื ืชื ืืณ ืืชื ื ืืืืจืื ืฉืชืืื ืืื ื ืืขืงื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืช ืืืืืจืื ืืคืจืกื ืืืจืฅ ื ืฉืืข ืืณ ืืืืจืื ืืชืช ืื ื ืืื ืืฆืืช ืืงืจืืื ืืขืช ืืืืช ืืืืืืจืื ืืืกืืจ ืืขื ืช ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืืจืื ืฉืืกืืื ืื ืื ื, ืืืขื ืช ืืกืืื ืชืชืืื ืืืขืงื ืืืื ื ืขืดื ืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืขืงื ืืคื ื ืฉืืื ื ืืช ืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืงืืชื ืืื ื ืืืืจืชื ืืืจืืชื ืืจื ืืืจื. ืืืื ื ืืื ืฉื ืขื ืฉื ืขืฉื ืจืืขื ืืฆื ืืื ืืืจื ืขื ืื ืืชืื ืืฆืื ื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืขื ืืืื ืขืืจื ืืืจืื ืืขืืจ ืฉืื, ืืืคื ื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชืขืื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืขื ืืฉืื ืืขืฉื ืฉืื ื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฆืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉื ืฉืืืชื ืืจืฅ ืืจืขื ืืืื ืฉื ืจืืขื ืฆืื ืขื ืฉืืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืืืืจ ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืณ ืขืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืจืฅ: ืืืื ืืืกืืจ ืืืขื ื ืืืืช ืฉืืื ื ืื ืืฆืืช ืืืืช ืืืืืจืื ืฆืื ืืณ ืืคืจืกื ืืืกืคืจ ืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืช, ืืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื. ืืชืจืืืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืขื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืื. ืื ื ืืคืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืงืฉ ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืื: ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืื โ ืื ืฉืืจื ืืืฆืจืื ืืคื ื ืืขืฉื ืฉืื ืจืง ืฉืืจื ืืืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืขืืืืช ืื ืืชื ืขืดืค ืคืจืขื, ืืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืดืฉ ืืืจืืืืื ืืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื ืื), ืจืื ืืื ืื ืชืขืืื (ืฉื ืื ื), ืืืืจืืชื ืืช ืืื ืื ื (ืฉื ืื ืื), ืืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืฉืืจื ืืืืื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืคืืณ ืืืกืืช ืืช ืื ื ืฉืืืจืื ืืคืจืขื: ืืืืจ ืฉื โ ืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืขืื ืืืดืฉ (ืฉื ืื ื) ืืืืืจื ืื ืคืจืขื ืืืืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืื ื ืื ืืื ืืจืขื ืืืืณ: ืืืชื ืืขื โ ืื ืื ืืขื ืฉืื ืืจื ืขื ืืขืช ืืืชืคืฉื ืฉื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืขื ืจืง ืืฉืืขืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืฆืื ืืจืื ืืฃ ืฉืืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืขื ืืืดืฉ ืืืื ืื ืฆืื ืืขืื ืืืืณ, ืืขืืื ืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืขืชื ืืฉืื. ืจืง ืขืดืค ืืณ ืฉืืดื ืื ืชืืจื, ืืื ืื ืืขืื: ืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืจื โ ืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืขื ืืืจืฅ ื ืืจืื ืื ืขืฉื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืง ืืืืืฉืืจ, ืืืืดื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืจืื ื ืกืื ืฉืขืฉื ืืณ ืืืืืชืื ื ืืงืืื ืืืืืชื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืฉื (ืฉื ืื ื): ืืืจืขื ืืืชื ื ืืืฆืจืื โ ืจืง ืืืจ ืฉื ืชืงื ืื ืื ื ื ืขืฉื ืจืขืื ืื ื ืืื ืงืืื. ืืื ืืขื ืื ืฆืืืงืื ืื ืื ื ืืื ืืกืืื:
ื) ืื ืืคืจืฉื ืืชืืจื ืืชืื ืื ืขื ืื ืืืืช ืืืืืืจืื ืืื ืืคืจืกื ืฉืืืณ ืืืจืฅ ืืฉื ืชื ืืืดื ืฉืืขืืื ืื ืืืจืืกืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืณ ืืื ืื ืืจืืกืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืขื ืืฉืื:
ื) ืืืืจ ืจืณ ืืฆืืง ืฉืืืื ืืืชืืืช ืคืจืฉืดื ืขื ืืชืืจื ืืืดื ืืืจ ืจืดื ืื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืชืืื ืืชืืจื ืืืืณ ืืื ืืขื ืคืชื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืฉืื ืืืืณ ืฉืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืืกืืื ืืชื ืฉืืืฉืชื ืืจืฅ ืืณ ืขืืืื ืืืณ ืขืืดื. ื ืืฆื ืฉืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืฉืืดื ืืงืื ืืจืฅ ืืณ ืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืืจืฉื ืืจืฅ, ืจืง ืฉื ืชื ืืณ ืืชื ื ืืืืจืื ืฉืชืืื ืืื ื ืืขืงื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืช ืืืืืจืื ืืคืจืกื ืืืจืฅ ื ืฉืืข ืืณ ืืืืจืื ืืชืช ืื ื ืืื ืืฆืืช ืืงืจืืื ืืขืช ืืืืช ืืืืืืจืื ืืืกืืจ ืืขื ืช ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืืจืื ืฉืืกืืื ืื ืื ื, ืืืขื ืช ืืกืืื ืชืชืืื ืืืขืงื ืืืื ื ืขืดื ืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืขืงื ืืคื ื ืฉืืื ื ืืช ืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืงืืชื ืืื ื ืืืืจืชื ืืืจืืชื ืืจื ืืืจื. ืืืื ื ืืื ืฉื ืขื ืฉื ืขืฉื ืจืืขื ืืฆื ืืื ืืืจื ืขื ืื ืืชืื ืืฆืื ื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืขื ืืืื ืขืืจื ืืืจืื ืืขืืจ ืฉืื, ืืืคื ื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชืขืื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืขื ืืฉืื ืืขืฉื ืฉืื ื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฆืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉื ืฉืืืชื ืืจืฅ ืืจืขื ืืืื ืฉื ืจืืขื ืฆืื ืขื ืฉืืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืืืืจ ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืณ ืขืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืจืฅ:
ืืืื ืืืกืืจ ืืืขื ื ืืืืช ืฉืืื ื ืื ืืฆืืช ืืืืช ืืืืืจืื ืฆืื ืืณ ืืคืจืกื ืืืกืคืจ ืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืช, ืืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื. ืืชืจืืืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืขื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืื. ืื ื ืืคืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืงืฉ ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืื:
ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืืย โ ืื ืฉืืจื ืืืฆืจืื ืืคื ื ืืขืฉื ืฉืื ืจืง ืฉืืจื ืืืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืขืืืืช ืื ืืชื ืขืดืค ืคืจืขื, ืืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืดืฉ ืืืจืืืืื ืืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื ืื), ืจืื ืืื ืื ืชืขืืื (ืฉื ืื ื), ืืืืจืืชื ืืช ืืื ืื ื (ืฉื ืื ืื), ืืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืฉืืจื ืืืืื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืคืืณ ืืืกืืช ืืช ืื ื ืฉืืืจืื ืืคืจืขื:
ืืืืจ ืฉืย โ ืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืขืื ืืืดืฉ (ืฉื ืื ื)ย ืืืืืจื ืื ืคืจืขื ืืืืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืื ื ืื ืืื ืืจืขื ืืืืณ:
ืืืชื ืืขืย โ ืื ืื ืืขื ืฉืื ืืจื ืขื ืืขืช ืืืชืคืฉื ืฉื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืขื ืจืง ืืฉืืขืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืฆืื ืืจืื ืืฃ ืฉืืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืขื ืืืดืฉ ืืืื ืื ืฆืื ืืขืื ืืืืณ, ืืขืืื ืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืขืชื ืืฉืื. ืจืง ืขืดืค ืืณ ืฉืืดื ืื ืชืืจื, ืืื ืื ืืขืื:
ืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืจืย โ ืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืขื ืืืจืฅ ื ืืจืื ืื ืขืฉื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืง ืืืืืฉืืจ, ืืืืดื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืจืื ื ืกืื ืฉืขืฉื ืืณ ืืืืืชืื ื ืืงืืื ืืืืืชื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืฉื (ืฉื ืื ื):
ืืืจืขื ืืืชื ื ืืืฆืจืืย โ ืจืง ืืืจ ืฉื ืชืงื ืื ืื ื ื ืขืฉื ืจืขืื ืื ื ืืื ืงืืื. ืืื ืืขื ืื ืฆืืืงืื ืื ืื ื ืืื ืืกืืื:
https://mg.alhatorah.org/Full/Devarim/26.1#e0n6: Deut 26:5
ื ืชืืืกืฃ ืืืืืื
[ื] ืืขื ืืช ืืืืจืช โ ืืฆืื ื ืื ืืชืืืช ืืืืืจ ื ืงืจื ืืฉื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืืชืขื ืืื ืืจืื (ืฉืืืช ืื ืื) ืฉืคืืจืืฉื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืจื ืืืณ, ืืื ืืืื ืืขื ื ืืืืื ืืืืจื, ืืื ืืชืชืืช ืืืจืื, ืืืชืื ืื ืืืงืื ืฉืืฉ ืฉืืืช ืื ืืืช ืื ืืชืืืช ืืืืืจ ื ืงืจื ืืขื ื, ืืื ืืฉืืฆืืช ืืจืื ืืืชืืฃ ืืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืฉืืชืงืืฆื ืืืืื ืขื ืื ืืฉืืืืงืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืชืชืืื ืืื ืืชืื ืืชืขื, ืืื ืืฉื ืชืงืืฆื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืฉื ืฉืืืื ืขื ืืจ ืขืืื ืืฉืฉื ืขื ืืจ ืืจืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืืื ืฉืืชืงืืฆื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืืงืืคื ืืืจืื ืืืืจื ืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืณ ืืขืฉื ืืชื ืืคื ืขื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืขืืื ืืฆื ืืืื ืืืืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืขืืื ืขืื ืื ืืืืจ, ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืขื ืืช ืืืืจืช. ืืืกืคืจื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืงืืฉ ืืฃ ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืงืืฉ ืืื ืืืชื ืืืืณ ืืกืืื ืคืจืง ืืื ื ืืืจืื, ืืืฉ ืืืืขืื ืืืดืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืฉ ืืืื ืชืืื ืืืจื ืืืืจื ืืขื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืขื ืืืจื ืขืฆืื, ืืื ืืืื (ืื ืื) ืืจืืจ ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืขืฉื ืคืกื ืืืกืื ืชืืขืืช ืืณ ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืืฉื ืืกืชืจ, ืฉืืืืืจื ืืื ืืจืืจ ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืขืฉื ืคืกื ืืืกืื ืืฉื ืืกืชืจ, ืืืืืืช ืชืืขืืช ืืณ ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืกืืจ ืืืจืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืขื ื ืืืช, ืจืฆืื ื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืข ืืืืจ ืคืกื ืืืกืื ืืฉ ืื ืืืฉืื ืชืืขืืช ืืณ, ืืื ืืื ืชืืขืืช ืืณ, ืื ืืฉ ืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืืืดืฉ (ืืฉืขืืื ืื ืื) ืืฆืื ืฉืจืฃ ืืื ืืฉ ืืืืณ, ืืื ืืคืณ ืืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืกืืจืื ืืืืืจื ืฉืืื ืจืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืฉืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืื. ืืืืขื ื ืืื. ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืื ืืืืจ ืฉื, ืืืขื ื ืืืชื ืืขื, ืืืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืืขื ื ืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืจื, ืืืจืขื ืืืชื ื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืขื ืื ื, ืืืขื ื ืืืชื ื ืขืืื ื ืขืืืื ืงืฉื, ืื ืฆืขืง ืื ืืณ ืืืื ืืืืชืื ื, ืืืขื ื ืืืจื ืืช ืขื ืื ื ืืืช ืขืืื ื ืืืช ืืืฆื ื, ืืืฉืืข ืืณ ืืช ืงืืื ื, ืืืขื ื ืืืืฆืืื ื ืืณ ืืืฆืจืื, ืืื ืขื ืืืืฆืืื ื ืืณ ืืืฆืจืื ืืืื ืืขื ื ืืื ืืืงื ืืืืจืืข ื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืชืืช ืืืืืคืชืื, ืืืืืื ื ืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืชื ืื ื ืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืืืช, ืืืขื ื ืืจืฅ ืืืช ืืื ืืืืฉ, ืืขืชื ืื ื ืืืืชื ืืช ืจืืฉืืช ืคืจื ืืืืื, ืืืขื ื ืืฉืจ ื ืชืชื ืื ืืณ: ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืดืฉ ืืืดื ืืชืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืกืืื ืืฉืื, ืคืืณ ืฉืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืช ืืืืืช ืฉืืืจ ืืณ ืืืืจืื ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืชืจืื ืื ืืจ ืืืื ืืจืขื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืืขื ื ืืชื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื ืื), ืืื ื ืืจ ืืืื ืืจืขื ืืชืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืฆืืง ืื ืืืจืื ืืืฆืืง ืืื ืืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืคืืฉืชืื, ืืื ืืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืฆืืง ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืช ืื ื ืชืงืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืจืชื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืข ืืขื ืื ืืืจืื ืืืฆืืง ืขื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืขืืืื, ืืชืืื ืืืขืงื ืฉืขืื ืืช ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืช, ืืืฃ ืฉืื ืขืืื ืืื ื ืืืดืฉ ืืจืืข ืขืฉืจื ืฉื ื ืืฉืชื ืื ืืชืื ืืฉืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืฆืื ื, ืขืืดื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืจื ืืืดืฉ ืืืดื ืฉืืืืคื ื ืื ืืื ื ืื ืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืื ืืฆืืง ืืจืง ืืืงืื ืขืืจ ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืืจื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืื, ืืืดื ืืืดื ืืื ืขืื ืืจืื. ืื ืืืดื ืืื ืืฉืืขื ืืืขืงื ืืื ืขืื ืืื, ืื ื ืืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืื ืฉืคืืจืืฉื ื ืืื ืืืดืฉ ืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืขืื (ืืจืืืื ื ), ืชืขืืชื ืืฉื ืืืื (ืชืืืื ืงืื), ืืืื ืจืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืจืง ืื ืืืชืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืงืฉ ืืืื ืืช ืืขืงื, ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืกืคืจื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืจื ืืขืงื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืื. [ืืืืชืจ ืืื ื ืืื ืืืจืืก ืืืขืื] ืืืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืื: ืืืืจ ืฉื โ ืืืดืฉ ืืกืคืจื ืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืฉืืจื ืืขืงื ืืืืื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช: ืืืชื ืืขื โ ืืืดืฉ ืืกืคืจื ืืืื ืืืืืืืกืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืณ: ืืืื ืฉื ืืืื โ ืืืดืฉ ืืกืคืจื ืฉืืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืจื โ ืืืื ืืืกืคืจ, ืืขืฆืื ืืื, ืืจื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืกืคืจื ืจืืื ืืฆืื ืืฉืื ื ืชืชืื ืืชืจืื ืืชืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืขืื ืขืืืื, ืฉืื ืขื ืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืคืืื ืจืื:
HAGGADOT
Popular modern English haggadot:
Maxwell house: https://images.shulcloud.com/590/uploads/5780/Holiday/maxwellhousehagaddah.pdf
https://www.east55.org/clientuploads/LIVE%20STREAMING/Passover%20text%20files/Passover_Haggadah.pdf
(ื-ื) ืฆื ืืืื ืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืย ืืืืณ โ ืืืจ ืืืจื ื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืืื ืืจืืืืชื ืืืช ืจืง ืืืืื ืจืืื ืฉืืืฆืื ืขืดื ืืื ื ืืืชื ืืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืื, ืืจืืืชื ื ืฉืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืื ืืืฉืดื ืขื ืื ืื ืื ืืจื ืืืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืขืงื ืืืื. ืืื ืืกืคืงืืช ืฉืืชืขืืจืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืคืจืง ืื ืื ืืื.
ืกืคืง ืืณ: ืืืืจื ืฆื ืืืื ืื ืืืงืฉ ืืื, ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืขื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืฉ ืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืขืืื ืจืข (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืดื), ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืชืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืฉ ืืื ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืขืืื ืจืข (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืดื) ืืื ืืืื ืืืชืื ืืืฉื ื ืชืืจื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ).
ืกืคืง ืืณ: ืืื ืื ื ืืืจื ืืืฉื ื ืชืืจื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืกืื ื, ืืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืฆืื ืืืืขื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืื, ืฉืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืดื ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืืฆืจื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืืฆืืื ื ืืณ.
ืกืคืง ืืณ: ืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืื ืจืืฆื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืื, ืืื ืฉืืชื ืืืจืืดื ืฉืืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืื ืื ื, ืื ืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืจืื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืกืืคืืจ ืืืขืฉื ืคืณ ืืืฆื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉื ื ืชืืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืจืืืืชื ืืฉื. ืกืคืง ืืณ: ืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืื ืจืืฆื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืขืฉื ืจืฆื ืืืจืื, ืืืืจืืดื ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืชืคืฉืืช ืจืง ืขื ืื ืฉืืื ื ืืจืขื ืืื ืขืฉื ืื ืืื ืืจืขื, ืืื ืื ืืืจืื. ืืืื ืืขืฆืื ืืชื ืฉืืืืืื ื ืืฉืืช ืขื ืฉืขืืื ืืืืืช, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืจื ื ืชืืืจ ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืคืืื ื ืื ืืจืขื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืณ ืืืืืืช. ืืขืื ืืฉ ืืืชืขืืจืจ ืขื ืืืฉืื ืฉืชืคืก ืืืืจ ืืจืื ืืืื.
ืกืคืง ืืณ: ืืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืขืฉื ืกืืคืืจ ืื ืฉืงืจื ืืืืจืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืฉืงืจื ืืืฆืืง, ืืื ืืชืืื ืืืขืงื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืฆืืื ืืืืืืช ืขืืืง.
ืืื ื ืืชืื ืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืืืฉืจ ื ืืืจื ืืืืืช ื ืชืื ืช ืืืจืฅ ืืืืจืื ืืืืฆืืง ืฉืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืขื ืืชื ืขืืืื ืื ื ืชืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืืืช, ืืคื ืฉืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืฆืื ืืืจืขื ืืื ืืืืืช, ืืืืฆืืง ืฉื ื ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืช ืืขืงื ืฉืืืชื ืืืชื ืฉืืืื, ืื ื ืืืจ ืืืืชืืช ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืืืช ืื ืืืืืชื. ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืจืืฆื ืืกืคืจ ืืืกื ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื ืืฉืดื ืขืื ื ืื ืชืื ืช ืืืจืฅ ืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืคืจืื, ืืื ืืชืืื ืืืขืงื ืืกืืคืจ ืื ืฉืงืจื ืืืขืงื ืขื ืืื,ย ืฉืืื ืจืฆื ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืื, ืืจืฆืืชื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจืื ื ืชืืจื ืืื, ืืืืืจ ืฉืคืจืฅ ืืจืขื ืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืจืื ืงืืืคืืช, ืืืฆืืง ื ืชืืจื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืขืฉื ืงืฆืช ืื ืืงืืืคื, ืืืขืงื ืฉืืื ืืื, ืืืืคื ืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืงืืืคื ืจืง ืืขืงื ืฉืื ืืื ืืจืขื ื ืคืจื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืฆืืง ืฉืื ื ืืขืงื ื ืงืจืื ืืื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืกืฃ ืื ื ืืืฉ ืืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืดื) ืื ืื ื ืฉื ืื ืขืฉืจ ืืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืคืืื ืฉื ืคืจืื ืืืืคืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืช ืืื ืื ืื ื ื ืคืจืืื ืืืืจืืช ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ื. ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืชืื ืืืขืืืจ ืืช ืืขืงื ืขื ืืืช ืืืคืชืืชื ืืืจื ืขืดื, ืืืื ืืืจ ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ) ืื ืื ื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืืจ (ืืฉืขืืื ืืดื:ืืดื) ืฉืคืืจืืฉื ืฉืืืขืืจื ืขื ืืช, ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืดื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืคืืจืืฉื ืืขืดื,ย ืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืื ืืืขืืืจ ืืช ืืขืงื ืืืืจื ื ืืกืืฃ ื ืืกืคืชื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืช ืืืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืณ), ืฉืืคืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืชืืื ืชื ืืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืช ืืืืื, ืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืจ ืชืคืื ืืชืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืช ืฉืื. ืืื ื ืจืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืฉืืขืงื ืืืืง ืืืืืื ืืืื ืื ื, ืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืขื ื ืืืคืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืืกืคืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืคืกืืืื ืืืชืจืคืื, ืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืช ืืืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืณ) ืืื ืจืืื ื ืฉืื ืืกืืจ ืืขืงื ืืืื ืื ืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืื ืื ื ืืืชื ืืืืงืื ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืช ืื, ืฉืฉื ืฆืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืจ ืืกืืจื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืืจ ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืณ), ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืจืื ืืจืื ืืกืืื ืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืงืฆืชื ืขืืืื ืื ืืจืดืข ืืืืืจืื, ืืงืฆืช ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืืืฉืข ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืื ืืืงืืื, ืืคื ื ืื ืืจืื ืืกืืื ืืืชืจืื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืขืืืืืชืื ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืฉื ืชืขืืจืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืขืืื ืืฉืืจื ื ืืืจื ืืื ืื ืชื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืฉ (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืณ), ืจืดื ืฉืืฉืืืจ ืืืชื ืฉืื ืืืฉื ืืืจื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืขื ืื ืืฉืืชื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืฆื ืืืืชื ืืืจื. ืืืืืจื ืื ืชื ืื ืืื ืืืืณ (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืณ) ืืืชื ืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืฉื ืืืจื ืืชืืขืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืจืง ืืืกืชืคืงืืช, ืื ืื ืชืืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืจืง ืขืดื ืืืกืชืคืงืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืืชื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืืช ืืื, ืืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืืขืืชืืื ืืืื ืืื. ืืืืืจ ืขืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืณ ืื ืืืืืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืดื), ืืืืืจ ืฉืขื ืื ืืืื ืืณ ืื ืืืืืื, ืืคืืจืืฉื ืื ืื ืฉืืชืจืฆื ืืงืืดื ืฉืืงืจื ืฉืื ืขืื ืืื ืฉื ืงืจื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืฉืืงืจื ืืืื ืืขืงื. ืืชืืฃ ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืขืชืื ืืชืช ืื ืฉืชืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืขืฉืจ, ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืงืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืื ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืื ืขื ืืฉืจ ืืื ื ืืื ื. ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืฉืจ ืจืืฃ ืืื ืืืจื ืืขืงื ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืชื ืืืื ืื ืื ื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืดื), ืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืืชื ืืฆืืง ืืืืจื ืื ืขื ืจืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ื ืื ืื ืืฆืืง ืฉืืงืจื ืืช ืื ื ืื ืืชืื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืื ืื ืืคื ื ืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืจืืื ืื ืืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืดื) ื ืจืื ืืืชืจ ืฉืืืจ ืฉืืืจ ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืฆืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉืืจ. ืืื ืืืจ ืื ืขื ืืืจื ืฉืืืจื ื ืฉืืื ืืืจ ืืืขืงื ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืชืื ืืืืขืืชืื, ืืืื ืงืจืื ืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืขืืื, ืืื ืืฆืื ืฉืืจืืื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืงืื ืืืื ืชื. (ื-ื) {ืืืจืดื ืืืืจืืช ืืณ ื ืดื} ืฆื ืืืื1. ืืฉ ืื ืืืชืืื ื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืฉืจืฆื ืขืฉื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืขืงื2, ืืืชืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื. ืืื ืฉืจืฆื ืขืฉื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืขืงื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื, ืื), ืืืฆื ืืื ืื ื ืชืืืจ ืืืชืื. ืฉืืื ืืืขืช ื ืืชื ืฉืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืื ืืขืงื ืืืื ืกืื ืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืื, ืืืื ืืช ืื ืืชืื3. ืืืืืจ ืื ืดืืื ืืงืฉ ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืืืด, ืืืืชืจ ืืืจื ืขืืื ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืขื ืคืจืขื, ืฉืคืจืขื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืชื ืจืง ืขื ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืืฃ ืขื ืืื ืืช. ืืื ืจืื ืจืืืชืื ื ืืดื (ืกืคืจื ืืืจืื ืื, ื) ืขื ืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืื, ืืืื ืื ืืช ืขืฉื, ืฉืื ืืืจื ืืื ื4. ืืขืื, ืฉืืืจ, ืคืจืขื ืื ืจืฆื ืืขืงืืจ ืจืง ืืืืจืื ืืืื, ืืืืชืื ืืืืจ (ืฉืืืช ืื, ื) ืดืืืจ ืืืื ืืจืืืฃ ืืฉืื ืืืืง ืฉืืืด, ืืจืฆื ืืืื ืืช ืืื, ืื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืื5. ืืข ืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืจืื ืืืื. ืื ืืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืืชื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืฉืืจ ืืชื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืื ืกืื, ืืื ืืฉ ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืกืื6. ืืื ืืืงื ืืืฉืจืื, ืฉืืืืืืช ืขืืื* ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืขืฉื ืืื ืืืจ, ืืืื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืื7. ืืืืจืืฉืืช ืจืื ืืคืจืฉืช ืชืืืืืช (ืกื, ื), ืดืฉื ื ืืืืืด, ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืดืืืื ืืด (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื, ืื); ืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืฉื ืขืฉื8. ืืื ืฉืืื ืืชื ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืกืื ืืื ืืื ืืคืจืขื, ืื ืื ืขืฉื ืืืืื ืืคืจืขื, ืืืืจ ืขื ืืืืจืื (ืฉืืืช ื, ืื). ืืืื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืืื ืกืื ืฉืขืฉื ืืื ืืืจ9. ืืื ืื ืฉืืืจ ืคืจืขื (ืฉืืืช ืื, ื) ืดืืจืืง ืืจืื ืืืืณโ โ ืด, ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืกืื, ืื ืืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืื, ืืจืฆื ืืืืืืจื, ืืื ืื ืืืืจื, ืืจื ืืขืฉื ืขืืื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืกืื. ืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืกืื, ืื ืื ืขืฉื ืื ืืขืงื ืจืง ืืืืืช ืืืืืืช10, ืืจืืฃ ืืืจืื. ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื, ืื) ืดืืื ืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืื ืืชืืด11, ืืืฉืจ ืืคื ืืงืืดื ืืืฉืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืจ (ืฉื ืคืกืืง ืื) ืดืืฉืืจ ืื ืืืืณโ โ ืด. ืืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชื, ืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืชืื12. ืืืื ืชืืืื ืฉืจืฆื ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืงืืืืช13, ืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืื ืกืื ืืื. ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืขืฉื ืฉืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืขืงื, ืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืกืื, ืฉืืงื ืืจืืชื14. ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืื ืกืื ืืื ืื, ืืืคืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืจืื15. ืืื ืชืืืจ, ืื ืืื ืืกืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืจืืฆื ืืขืงืืจ ืืื16, ืืืกืืจื ื ืืชื ืืคื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืชื ื17. ืืืืฉืจ ืชืขืืืง ืืืืจ ืืื ืชืืฆื ืขื ืื ืขืืืง ืืืื. ืืืฉ ืื ืืืขืช ืืฉืชืืฉืืืช ืงืืืฉืช ืืขืงื ืืืืจืืืชื, ืืืฉืชืืฉืืืช ืืื, ืฉืืฉืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืื ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืื18, ืืืืื ืกืื ืืื ืจืืฆื ืืื ืืขืงืืจ ืืื ืชืืื. ืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืงื ืืืืชื, ืืื ืืืืข ืืืืจ, ืฉืกืืฃ ืกืืฃ ืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืชืื19, ืืืื* ืืืกื ืืช ืืฉื ืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืื. ืขื ืฉืืจื ืืขืงื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื, ืื), ืืืคื (-ืืื-) [ืืื] ืืฉื ืื20, ืื ืืื ืืฉื ืื ืฉืืืชื ืืขืฆื (-ืืื-) [ืืื] ืื ืืขืงื. ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืจืืื ืืงืฆืจ, ืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืจืืืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืขื ืื21. ืืื ืืืืจ; ืจืืดื ืืืืืชื ืืืขื ืขื ืื ืืื ืืืจืื, ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืง22, ืืฉืืื ืืคื ืื ืืขืงื23. ืืืฆื ืฉืืื ืืคืืื ืืืื ืืืืจื, ืืื ืจืืฆื ืืืื ืืช ืืื24, ืืืื ืฉืืจืฉื ืืดื ืดืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืณโ โ ืด. ืฆื ืืืื โ ืคืืจืืฉ: ืืขืดืค ืฉืืื ืื ื ืืจืืืฉืื ืื ืกืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืขืืฉื ืชืืื, ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืื ืืื ืขืืฉื ืชืืื ื ืคืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื (ืชืืืื ืงืืดื:ืืณ). ืืฆื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื, ืืืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืงืคื ืจืืฉืื ื ืื ื ืจืื ืืจืขืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื ืืื ืืืขืงื ืืืื ื ืืืืข ืื ื ืื ืืืงืฉ ืืื ืืืจืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืขืงื, ืืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืื ืืขืื ืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืื ืขืดื ืืื ืืงืฉ ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืื ืืืงืืดื ืืืคื ืืืืื, ืื ืืื ืขืืฉื ืชืืื ื ืกืื ืขืื ื ืืฃ ืฉืืื ืื ื ืืจืืืฉืื. (ื-ื) ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืคื ืื ืจืืย ืืขืื ืืขืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืคื โ ืื ืืฉืขื ืฉืื ื ืืืืจืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืจืื ืื ืืื ืคืจืฅ ืืืื ืฆืืืื ืื ืื, ืขื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืื: ืดืฆื ืืืืืด โ ืืืืชืช ืืืืจ โ ืดืืืื ืืืจืืืด, ืฉืืคื ืื ืจืื ืื ืืืงืฉ ืืื ืืื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืืขืงื ืื ืืืืกื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืกื ืืืขืงื ืืขืฉื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืืชืื1 ืืขืื ืฉืดืืืงืฉ ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืืืด โ ืืืื ื ืขืืงืจ ืืืืืืช2. ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืื ืดืืฉ ืืื ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืขืืื ืจืขืด (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื,ืื), ืืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืฉืื ืดืขืืืืด? ืืื ืื ืืืืืจื ืฉืขื ืืขืงื3. ืืืื ืชืืข ืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ4. (ื-ื) ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื: ืืืจืื ืืื ืฉืืืช ืืืืชื ืืืชืืช ืฉื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืฆื ืืคืจืฉืื ื ืืกืคืื (ื) ืฉึถืืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื ืึนื ืึธืึทืจ ืึถืึธึผื ืขึทื ืึทืึฐึผืึธืจึดืื ืึฐืึธืึธื ืึดึผืงึตึผืฉื ืึทืขึฒืงืึนืจ ืึถืช ืึทืึนึผื. ืฉืคืจืขืื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืงืฉ ืืขืงืจ ืืช ืืื, ืฉื ืืืจื:1 ืฉืคืจืขื ืื ืืืจ ืืชืืืืช ืืืืจืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืจืื โ ืืืืชืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจื ืชืฉืืืืื (ืฉืืืช ืืณ:ืืดื), ืืืื ืืงืฉ ืืขืงืืจ ืืช ืืื โ ืฉื ืืืจ ืืฉ ืืื ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืขืืื ืจืข (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืดื) ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืคืจืฉ ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉ ืืืจ ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืขืงื ืืืืณ (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืดื). ืืื ืืงืฉ โ ืคืืณ ืืฉืจืืฃ ืืืจื ืืขืงื ืขื ืฉืืืจ ืื ืืณ ืืฉืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืขืงื ืืืื ืขื ืจืข. ืฉืคืจืขื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืืืจืื โ ืฉืืืจื ืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืื ืฉืขืชืื ืืืืื ืื ืฉืืืฉืืข ืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืจืืืชืื ื ืืดืื. [ืืืืืจ ืืฉืืจื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืฉืืจื ื]
[1]ย Steiner lists these questions in the abstract and introductory paragraph of โThe โArameanโ of Deuteronomy 26:5: Peshat and Derashโ:
โWho is the ืืจืื โArameanโ, and who is ืืื โmy fatherโ? What is the meaning of ืืื ? What is the subject and what is the predicate of the clause? How is it connected to the clauses that follow it: He went down to Egypt and sojourned there with meager numbers, but there he became a great, mighty, and populous nation.โโ
[2]ย The double reading is observed by S. Kogut, who notes that the Sifre reflects uncertainty (ืืชืืืืืช) about whether to follow the peshatย or the derashย explanation:
โืืืื ืฉืื ืืจื ืืขืงื ืืืจื ืืื ืขื ืื ืช ืึนืืึทื, ืืืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืึนโ
ืืจื ืืื ื ืืกืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉื ื ืงืฆืืชืื: ,ืืืื ืฉืื ืืจื ืืืื ื ืืขืงื ืืืจื ืืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืื' โ ืืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืคืืจืืฉ ืืคืฉื, ืืืื ืืืืจ: ื ืืฉื ืืืฉืคื ืืื ืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืงื ืืืื ื, ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืฆืืจืืฃ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืย (ืืจืื ืขื ืฉื ืืจืืืชื ืืืจื, ืืืื ืขื ืฉื ืชืืืืช ืืจืืืชื, 'ืึนืืื',. ืืงืฆื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืจืฉ ืื - 'ืืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื' - ืืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืืืจืฉื ืฉื ืืืืื, ืืืขืืื, ืืื ืงืืืก ืืจืฉืดื.
[3]ย The chapter headings in the book are:
ืงืืืขืช ืคืจืืื; ืจืืืื ืืขืืืื; ืงืืจืื ืืจืืืง; ื ืืืื ืืืืจืื; ืงืืฉืืจโืืืืื ืืกืชืืจืืช ืื ืืืืงืื, ืงืืฉืืจ ืืคืจืืื, ืืืืื ืืจื ืืื ืืืืืื, ืืกืคืจืืช ืืืดื.
[4]ย Pseudo Rabad: Commentary to Sifre Deuteronomyย (Studies in the History of Judaism). Edition of Herbert W. Basser. Excerpt is from p. 273; text of Sifre is FInkelstein ed.
[5]ย The translation in alhatorah.org adds a footnote: Hebrew text, "A perishing Aramite was my father." Vulgate, "A Syrian persecuted my father." Septuagint, "My father abandoned Syria." Peschito Syriac, "My father was led to Aram, and he went down to Mizreen." ย ADD these versions into the doc.
[6]ย Textual notes from alhatorah.org:
ืื ืืืดื ืืืืคืฆืื 1, ืืืงืกืคืืจื 165, ืืื ืืื 26917, ืืืืืจื 13, ืืจืืื 514, ืคืจืืก 154. ืืืคืืก ืจืืื: ืดืฉืืฉืืด. ืื ืืืฉืคื ืดืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืฉื... ืืืฉืื ืืืขืฉืืด ืืกืจ ืืืดื ืืื ืื 5, ืืืงืกืคืืจื 34, ืืืืื 1.
[7]ย Footnote from alhatorah.org:
ืื ืืืดื ืืจืกืืื (ืืคื ืขืืืช ืจืืืื) ืืืืคืืก ืจืืฉืื. ืจืืืื ืืฆืืข ืืชืงื ื: ืืืื.
[8]ย Footnotes from alhatorah.org:
ืื ืืืดื ืืจืกืืื (ืืคื ืขืืืช ืจืืืื) ืืืืคืืก ืจืืฉืื. ืจืืืื ืืฆืืข ืืชืงื ื: ืืืื.
[9]ย ืื ืืืดื ืืืฆืงื 827. ืืืดื ืคืจืืก 176: ืกืืช ืจืืช ืื ืืฆืจืื.
[10]ย ืืืืกืคื ืืืดื ืคืจืืก 177. ืืืืกืคื ืืกืจื ืืืดื ืคืจืืก 176 ืืขืื ืขืื ื ืืกื.
[11]ย ืืืช ืดืืืด ืืกืจื ืืืดื ืคืจืืก 177 ืืืืฉืืื ืืืดื ืคืจืืก 176, ืคืจื ืงืคืืจื 150.
[12]ย ืื ืืืดื ืคืจืืก 176, ืคืจื ืงืคืืจื 150, ืืืฆืงื 827. ืืืดื ืคืจืืก 177: ืืืื.
[13]ย ืื ืืคืกืืง. ืืืดื ืคืจืืก 177, ืคืจืืก 176, ืคืจื ืงืคืืจื 150 (ืืืฉืคืขืช ืฉืืืื ื ืืดื:ืืดื): ืืชืจื.
[14]ย According to the midrash, arami oved aviย (a wandering Aramean was my father) is to be rendered an Aramean (Laban) sought to destroy my father (Jacob). See Sifre, the Passover Haggadah, and Rashi.
[15]ย For these are the transitive forms of the verb.
[16]ย My father.
[17]ย That "perish" in the previous verse refers to poverty.
[18]ย When he fled from his brother Esau.
[19]ย When he came down to Egypt.
[20]ย In Egypt.
[21]ย Against ibn Ezra's interpretation of arami oved avi.
[22]ย Jacob was a Hebrew.
[23]ย See Chron. 2:17.15. In II Sam. 17:25.
[24]ย Scripture refers to him as an Ishmaelite because he lived in the land of the Ismaelites. So too Jacob, who was called an Aramean because he lived there.
[25]ย According to the midrash, arami oved aviย (a wandering Aramean was my father) is to be rendered an Aramean (Laban) sought to destroy my father (Jacob). See Sifre, the Passover Haggadah, and Rashi.
[26]ย For these are the transitive forms of the verb.
[27]ย My father.
[28]ย Against I.E.'s interpretation of arami oved avi.
[29]ย Jacob was a Hebrew.
[30]ย ย See Chron. 2:17.15. In II Sam. 17:25.
[31]ย Scripture refers to him as an Ishmaelite because he lived in the land of the Ismaelites. So too Jacob, who was called an Aramean because he lived there.17..18. 19.
[32]ย ืืืืกืคื ืืืดื ืคืจืืก 177. ืืืืกืคื ืืกืจื ืืืดื ืคืจืืก 176 ืืขืื ืขืื ื ืืกื
[33]ย ืืฉืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืดื:ืืณ.
[34]ย ืืฉืื ืจืฉืืดื.
[35]ย ืฉืืื ืืืื ืขืืจื.
[36]ย ืฉืืื ืืืื ืขืืจื.
[37]ย Ibn Ezra had also moved the words around in presenting his paraphrase: ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืืชืื: ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจื, ืืื ืืืื, but his wording seems more like an attempt to clarify his interpretation rather than an expression of his grappling with the awkward fit between his reading and the text, or the fact that if the text means what he says it means, there would have been smoother ways for it to do so.
[38]ย R. Bahyaโs Introduction:
ืืคื ื ืฉืืืขืชื ืื ืืคืจืฉื ืืชืืจื ืืกืคืจืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืจืืขื ืืืงืื ืืืจืืื. ืืฉ ืืื ืืจื ืืคืฉื ืจืืืคืื. ืืืฉ ืืื ืืืจื ืืืืจืฉ ื ืืกืคืื. ืืืฉ ืืืืจ ืืจื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืชืคืืกืคืื, ืืืฉ ืื ื ืขืืื ืืืกืื ืืขืืื ืืืช ืื ืขืื ื ืืื ืฆืืคืื. ืจืื ื ืคืฉื ืืืฉื ืืืืืื ื ืืคืช ืฆืืคืื. ื ืื ืกื ืืจืืื ืืืคื ืื ืื ืืฆืืคืื. ืืืฉืืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืขื ืคืื. ืขื ืื ืจืืืชื ืืืืง ืืืืจ ืกืคืจื ืื ืขื ืืจืืื ืืื ืืื. ืืืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืงืื ื ืฉืื. ืืืจืืขื ืืขืืืช ืกืื. ืืขืืืช ืื ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืขืื:
<add citation to Yakov Taubesโ work on R. Bahyaโs fourfold method and exegetical approach>
[39]ย ืืืืกืคื ืืื ืืืดื ืงืืืืืืื X 893ย ืืืดื ืืืฆืงื 673(ื)
[40]ย ืืืดื ืืดื ืืืฆืงื 673(ื) ืืืคืืขื ืืืืืจื ืงืื ืฉื ืฉืืดื: ืดืืื โ ืืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืื, ืืืจืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืขืงื ืืจื ืืืฆืจืื (ื ืชืืืืช ืืฉืืื).ืด
[41]ย ืืืืกืคื ืืื ืืืดื ืงืืืืืืื X 893ย ืืืดื ืืืฆืงื 673(ื).