38. It is, perhaps, to be thought of as a more general instinct, of which anger, etc., are differentiated forms, rather than as standing by itself.

39. Plumptre’s Sophocles, p. 352.

40. Psychology, i., p. 307.

41. “Only in man does man know himself; life alone teaches each one what he is.”—Goethe, Tasso, act 2, sc. 3.

42. John Addington Symonds, by H. F. Brown, vol. ii. p. 120.

43. Compare Some Aspects of the Early Sense of Self, American Journal of Psychology, ix., p 351.

44. Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, by F. Darwin, p. 27.

45. This sort of thing is very familiar to observers of children. See, for instance, Miss Shinn’s Notes on the Development of a Child, p. 153.

46. John Addington Symonds, by H. F. Brown, vol. 1, p. 63.

47. P. 70.

48. P. 74.

49. P. 120.

50. P. 125.

51. P. 348.

52. Attributed to Mme. de Staël.

53. I do not attempt to distinguish between these words, though there is a difference, ill defined however, in their meanings. As ordinarily used both designate a phase of self-assertion regarded as censurable, and this is all I mean by either.

54. Letters, p. 46.

55. Compare Stanley, The Evolutionary Psychology of Feeling, p. 271 et seq.

56. Wilhelm Meister’s Travels, Chap. XII., Carlyle’s Translation.

57. Quoted by Gummere, Germanic Origins, p. 266.

58. Œnone.

59. Travels, chap. 10, in Carlyle’s translation.

60. Stanley, The Evolutionary Psychology of Feeling, p. 280.

61. “Strive manfully; habit is subdued by habit. If you know how to dismiss men, they also will dismiss you, to do your own things.”—De Imitatione Christi, book i., chap. 21, par. 2.

62. De Imitatione Christi, book iii., chap. 23, par. 1.

63. Tulloch’s Pascal, p. 100.

64. See his History of European Morals, vol. ii., p. 369.

65. Perez, The First Three Years of Childhood, p. 66.

66. Mind, new series, vol. iv., p. 365.

67. A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, pp. 303, 328.

68. See his essay on the Journal of the Brothers Goncourt.

69. See his Life and Letters, vol. ii., p. 192.

70. Compare Professor Simon N. Patten’s Theory of Social Forces, p. 135.

71. Thoreau, A Week, etc., p. 304.

72. Compare G. Stanley Hall’s study of Fear in the American Journal of Psychology, viii., p. 147.

73. The terrors of our dreams are caused largely by social imaginations. Thus Stevenson, in one of his letters, speaks of “my usual dreams of social miseries and misunderstandings and all sorts of crucifixions of the spirit.”—Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson, i., p. 79.

74. Maine, Ancient Law, p. 62.

75. Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship, v., 16, Carlyle’s Translation.

76. In reading studies of a particular aspect of life, like M. Tarde’s brilliant work, Les Lois de l’Imitation, it is well to remember that there are many such aspects, any of which, if expounded at length and in an interesting manner, might appear for the time to be of more importance than any other. I think that other phases of social activity, such, for instance, as communication, competition, differentiation, adaptation, idealization, have as good claims as imitation to be regarded as the social process, and that a book similar in character to M. Tarde’s might, perhaps, be written upon any one of them. The truth is that the real process is a multiform thing of which these are glimpses. They are good so long as we recognize that they are glimpses and use them to help out our perception of that many-sided whole which life is; but if they become doctrines they are objectionable.

The Struggle for Existence is another of these glimpses of life which just now seems to many the dominating fact of the universe, chiefly because attention has been fixed upon it by copious and interesting exposition. As it has had many predecessors in this place of importance, so doubtless it will have many successors.

77. Decline and Fall, vol. vii., p. 82; Milman-Smith edition.

78. Emerson, address on New England Reformers.

79. Psychology, vol. ii., p. 409.

80. See Darwin’s Life and Letters, by his son, vol. i., p. 47.

81. Emerson, New England Reformers.

82. Psychology, vol. ii., p. 314.

83. In Harper’s Magazine, vol. 78, p. 870.

84. Reminiscences quoted by Garland in McClure’s Magazine, April, 1897.

85. From a letter published in the newspapers at the time of the dedication of the Grant Monument, in April, 1897.

86. Mr. Howells remarks that “in Europe life is histrionic and dramatized, and that in America, except when it is trying to be European, it is direct and sincere.”—“Their Silver Wedding Journey,” Harper’s Magazine, September, 1899.

87. Related by W. H. Gibson, in Harper’s Magazine for May, 1897.

88. The fact that the Roman system meant organized ennui in thought, the impossibility of entertaining large and hopeful views of life, is strikingly brought out by the aid of contemporary documents in Dill’s Roman Society. Prisoners of a shrinking system, the later Romans had no outlook except toward the past. Anything onward and open in thought was inconceivable by them.

89. See Primitive Culture, by E. B. Tylor, chap. xiv.

90. J. A. Symonds, History of the Renaissance in Italy, The Fine Arts, p. 329. Hamerton has some interesting observations on mystery in art in his life of Turner, p. 352; also Ruskin in Modern Painters, part v., chaps. 4 and 5.

91. Tennyson, The Holy Grail.

92. See p. 248.

93. See his Instinct and Reason, p. 569.

94. M. J. Guyau, Esquisse d’une Morale sans Obligation ni Sanction, English translation, p. 93.

95. Idem, p. 149.

96. Idem, p. 87.

97. Idem, p. 82.

98. Studies of Childhood, p. 284.

99. See his First Three Years of Childhood, p. 287.

100. Psychology, vol. i., p. 315.

101. Emerson, History.

102. Idem, Spiritual Laws.

103. Amer. Jour. of Psychology, vol. 7, p. 86.

104. See pp. 101, 210, 226.

105. The Pathology of Mind, p. 425.

106. C. L. Dana, Nervous Diseases, p. 425.

107. Aus Meinem Leben, Book XI.