Notes

1.      The record of the Negro worker during Reconstruction presents an opportunity to study inductively the Marxian theory of the state. I first called this chapter “The Dictatorship of the Black Proletariat in South Carolina,” but it has been brought to my attention that this would not be correct since universal suffrage does not lead to a real dictatorship until workers use their votes consciously to rid themselves of the dominion of private capital. There were signs of such an object among South Carolina Negroes, but it was always coupled with the idea of that day, that the only real escape for a laborer was himself to own capital.

2.      John W. Burgess, Reconstruction and the Constitution, p. 133.

3.      For the main facts in this chapter, consult Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction; the Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of 1868, and Williams’ History of Public Education, etc., in South Carolina.

4.      Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, pp. 51-52.

5.      Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, p. 326.

6.      Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 1st Session, Part I, p. 93.

7.      Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1866, Part II (Abbeyville District), p. 225.

8.      Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, pp. 85-87.

9.      Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, p. 105.

10.    Ku Klux Conspiracy, South Carolina, Part 2, pp. 1238-1250.

11.    Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of 1868, Charleston, S. C. The following speeches are quoted from this source.

12.    “That a number of colored men met and appointed a committee which was sent to Washington to get the advice of Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens concerning the formation of the political organization for the newly enfranchised Negro citizen, shortly after the adoption of the 14th Amendment. “Pains were taken to keep the plans from both the native whites and the so-called carpetbaggers from the North. That both Mr. Sumner and Mr. Stevens advised the committee to tender the leadership to native whites of the former master class of conservative views; but this plan was frustrated because they were not able to secure the consent of desired representatives of the former master class to assume the proffered leadership.” (Journal of Negro History, V, p. 111.)

13.    Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, p. 100.

14.    Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, p. 424.

15.    Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, p. 101.

16.    Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, pp. 93-94.

17.    Fairfield Herald, April 29, 1868.

18.    C. G. Woodson, Negro Orators and Their Orations, p. 307.

19.    Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, p. 103.

20.    Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, pp. 128-129.

21.    Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, p. 128.

22.    These figures are from Taylor, Simkins and Woody, and Work’s compilation in the Journal of Negro History, V, p. 63. Simkins and Woody’s figures have many inaccuracies, and the figures of Taylor and Work are incomplete. Compare also Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina.

23.    News, March 17, 1870, in Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, p. 130.

24.    News, March 10, 1871, in Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, p. 130.

25.    Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, pp. 121-122.

26.    Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, pp. 154-155.

27.    42nd Congress, 2nd Session, House Reports, II, No. 22, Part I, p. 120.

28.    Lewinson, Race, Class and Party, p. 39. Letter to the Columbia Phoenix, reprinted in the Charleston Courier, May 4, 1867.

29.    Williams, A History of Public Education and Penal Institutions in South Carolina During Reconstruction, p. 66.

30.    S. S. Cox, Three Decades of Federal Legislation, p. 506.

31.    Cited in Allen, Governor Chamberlain’s Administration in South Carolina, pp. 63, 159, 201, 278.

32.    Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, p. 471. S. J. Lee in House Journal, 1873, pp. 551, 552.

33.    Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, p. 472.

34.    C. G. Woodson, Negro Orators and Their Orations, pp. 412-416.

35.    Handbook of South Carolina, 1883, p. 660.

36.    Sir George Campbell, White and Black in the United States, p. 145.

37.    Cf. Taylor, Reconstruction in South Carolina, pp. 153-157.

38.    Fleming, Documentary History of Reconstruction, II, pp. 53-54.

39.    Sir George Campbell, White and Black in the United States, pp. 176-178.

40.    Sir George Campbell, White and Black in the United States, pp. 179-180.

41.    Ku Klux Report, South Carolina, Part II, pp. 833-839.

42.    42nd Congress, 2nd Session, House Reports, II, No. 22, Part I, p. 123.

43.    Ku Klux Report, South Carolina, Part I, p. 484.

44.    Ku Klux Report, South Carolina, Part II, p. 502.

45.    Thomas E. Miller, Speech. This speech may be found in the Occasional Papers of the American Negro Academy, No. 6, pp. 11-13.

46.    F. A. Bancroft, A Sketch of the Negro in Politics, Especially in South Carolina and Mississippi, p. 71.