Notes

1.      Du Bois, Souls of Black Folk, p. 25.

2.      Pierce, Memoirs and Letters of Charles Sumner, IV, pp. 181, 183.

3.      Congressional Globe, Sumner’s Speech, 39th Congress, 1st Session, Part I, pp. 674, 675, 680, 683, 685, 686, 687.

4.      Herberg, The Heritage of the Civil War, pp. 11, 12.

5.      Compare Woodburn, Life of Thaddeus Stevens, Chapter XX.

6.      Pierce, Memoirs and Letters of Charles Sumner, IV, p. 76.

7.      Pierce, Memoirs and Letters of Charles Sumner, IV, p. 229.

8.      Garrison, Life of Garrison, IV, 1861-1879, pp. 123, 124.

9.      New York Tribune, May 8, 1865.

10.    Carl Schurz, Senate Documents, No. 2, 39th Congress, 1st Session, 1865-1866, pp. 42-45.

11.    Results of Emancipation, p. 13.

12.    Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, I, p. 538.

13.    McPherson, History of Reconstruction, p. 23.

14.    McPherson, History of Reconstruction, p. 21.

15.    Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, pp. 41, 42.

16.    Testïmony of Frederick H. Bruce, Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1866, Part 2, p. 154.

17.    Wallace, Carpetbag Rule in Florida, pp. 24, 25.

18.    Testimony of Judge J. C. Underwood, Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1866, Part II, p. 7.

19.    Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1866, Part II, p. 163.

20.    New York Tribune, April 22, 1865.

21.    Schlüter, Lincoln, Labor and Slavery, pp. 188-197.

22.    Du Bois, Souls of Black Folk, p. 27.

23.    Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 1st Session.

24.    Howard Investigation, p. 5.

25.    Atlanta University Studies, No. 12, pp. 39, 40, 41.

26.    Du Bois, Atlanta University Studies, II, p. 42.

27.    Pierce, The Freedmen’s Bureau, pp. 104, 160.

28.    Testimony of Heinstadt, Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1866, January 27, Part III, p. 25.

29.    Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1866, Part II, p. 123.

30.    Pierce, The Freedmen’s Bureau, p. 157.

31.    Wallace, Carpetbag Rule in Florida, p. 40.

32.    Pierce, The Freedmen’s Bureau, pp. 127, 128.

33.    Howard Investigation, p. 20.

34.    Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 1st Session, Part I, p. 107.

35.    Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 1st Session, Part I, p. 128.

36.    Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, p. 55.

37.    Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 1st Session, Part I, pp. 107-108.

38.    Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 1st Session, Part I, p. 127.

39.    Wesley, Negro Labor in the United States, pp. 122, 123.

40.    Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, p. 54.

41.    Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 1st Session, Part I, p. 390.

42.    Proceedings of the National Convention of Colored Men Held in Syracuse, New York, October 4-7, 1864, pp. 48-61.