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REFERENCES.
To find the authority for any statement in the text, the reader is to proceed as follows:—Observing the number of the section in which the statement occurs, he will first look out in the following pages, the corresponding number, which is printed in conspicuous type. Among the references succeeding this number, he will then look for the name of the tribe, people, or nation concerning which the statement is made (the names in the references standing in the same order as that which they have in the text); and that it may more readily catch the eye, each such name is printed in Italics. In the parenthesis following the name, will be found the volume and page of the work referred to, preceded by the first three or four letters of the author’s name; and where more than one of his works have been used, the first three or four letters of the title of the one containing the particular statement. The meanings of these abbreviations, employed to save the space that would be occupied by frequent repetitions of full titles, is shown at the end of the references; where will be found arranged in alphabetical order, these initial syllables of authors’ names, &c., and opposite to them the full titles of the works referred to.
§ 583.
The deaf (Kit. 200; Sm. 4)
—Weddas (Harts. 413)
—Dōr (Heug. 195)
—Bongo (Schw. i, 304-5)
—Zulus (Gard. 72)
—Latooki (Bak. i, 247-50).
§ 584.
Australians (Smy. i, 107)
—Malagasy (Rév. 9-11)
—Japanese (Sat. 87; 79-80)
—India (Ly. 18)
—Greeks (Pla. iv; Gro. iii, 187).
§ 585.
Zulu (Call. 230-1)
—Andamanese (J.A.I. xii, 162)
—Waraus (Brett. 362)
—Chinooks (U. S. Ex. v, 118)
—Andamanese (J.A.I. xii, 142)
—Waraus (Bern. 53)
—Urua (Cam. ii, 110)
—Zulus (F.S.A.J. ii, 29)
—Nicaraguans (Banc. ii, 801)
—Ahts (Banc. iii, 521)
—Gonds (His. 19)
—Ukiahs and Sanéls (Banc. iii, 524)
—Zulus (Call. 372)
—Shillook (Schw. i, 91)
—Indians (School. v, 403)
—Indians (School. v, 403)
—Chibchas (Boll. 12)
—China (Edk. 42)
—E. English (Kem. ii, 208-9)
—Mongols (Prej. i, 76)
—Vera Paz (Banc. ii, 799)
—Mosquitos (Banc. i, 744)
—Wakhutu (Thoms. i, 190)
—Africa (Serpa P. i, 124)
—Borneo (Bock, 78)
—Greeks (Mau. ii, 33-4)
—Egypt (Klunz. 103-5)
—Gambia (Ogil. 369)
—Blantyre (MacDon. i, 59-110)
—Dyaks (St. J., i, 199)
—Nyassa (Liv. i, 353)
—S. Leone (Bast. Mensch, ii, 129)
—Damaras (And. 229)
—Bhils (T.R.A.S. i, 72)
—Wahebe (Thoms. i, 237)
—Bongo (Schw. i, 305)
—Blantyre (MacDon. i, 62-3)
—Poland (Mau. ii, 463; 58)
—Apaches (Banc. iii, 527)
—Nayarit (Banc. iii, 529)
—Babylonians (ref. lost)
—Ainos (Bird, ii, 97; 98)
—Mongols (How. i, 33)
—England (Free. i, 768, 521)
—Borneo (Boy. 229)
—Esquimaux (Hayes, 199)
—Edinburgh (Kitto, 199-200)
—Californians (Banc. iii, 523)
—Mangaia (ref. lost)
—Hawaii (Cum. i, 295)
—Natches (ref. lost)
—Egypt (ref. lost)
—Beirût (Jessup, 243)
—Bushmen (F.S.A.J. ii, 42-3)
—Greece (Gro. i, 14; Sm., W. ii, 319)
—Amandabele (Sel. 331)
—Hindoos (Ly. 19)
—Gauls (Coul. i, 89; 91)
—Teutons (Vel. Pat. c. 105)
—Norse (Das. xviii; Mall. 153)
—Hamóa (Mar. ii, 112).
§ 586.
Egypt (Ren. 153; Rec. ii, 11; Ren. 151-2; 153; Bru. i, 70; Rec. iv, 130-1; Mas., Revue, 819; Herod. ii, 206; Rec. vi, 144; Bru. i, Edition: current; Page: [613] 84; T.B.A.S. vii, pt. i; Mas. “Rév. Sci.” 819; Stu. 94; 150-2; Rec. viii, 95, 98; Bru. i, 425, 124; Rec. iv, 58-9; Bru. i, 88; Rec. viii, 77-8; Ren. 86-7)
—Note (Bru. i, 114; chap. iii).
§ 587.
Hindus (Will. 32-4)
—Assyrians (Rec. v, 3-4; Smith, 13-14)
—Hebrews (Chey. 33; Müll. “S. of R.” 110)
—Abraham (Ew. i, 295)
—Hebrew Pantheon (Sup. Rel. i, 110)
—Bedouins (Burck. i, 259 et seq.)
—Greeks (Pot. i, 172)
—Egypt (Rec. vi, 101-2)
—Peruvians (Mol. 17)
—Greece (Pash. i, 213-4)
—Early Romans (Mom. i, 183)
—Sandwich I. (Vanc. ii, 149)
—Chaldea (Rec. vii, 133)
—America (School. iii, 317; Brett, 401)
—Egypt (Rec. vi, [Editor: illegible word])
—Cent. Amer. (Ovie. bk. xlii, ch. 2)
—Mongols (How. i, 37)
—Peru (Anda. 57)
—Mangaia (Gill, 118)
—Fiji (Wil. 185)
—Padam (Dalt. 25)
—Greece (Gro. iv, 82-5; 95; i, 626).
§ 589.
Patagonians (Fitz. ii, 152)
—N. Americans (Burt. 131)
—Guiana (Dalton, i, 87)
—Mundurucús (Bates 225).
§ 590.
Zulus (Call. 157)
—Bouriats (Mich. 200)
—Kibokwé (Cam. ii, 188-9)
—Kamtschatkans (Kotz. ii, 13)
—New Zealand (Yate, 141)
—Wáralis (J.R.A.S. vii, 20).
§ 591.
Uaupés (Wall. 499)
—Great Cassan (Ogil. 355-6).
§ 592.
Egypt (Ren. 211-12)
—Assyria (Smith, 16).
§ 594.
New Britain (Pow. 197)
—Santáls (Hun. i, 183)
—Karens (J.A.S.B. xxxiv, 205).
§ 595.
Samoans (Tur. “Samoa,” 151)
—Banks Islanders (J.A.I. x, 286)
—Blantyre Negroes (MacDon. i, 61).
§ 596.
New Caledonia (Tur. “Polv.” 427)
—Madagascar (Ell. “Mad.” i, 396)
—India (Per. 303).
§ 597.
Samoans (Tur. “Pol.” 239)
—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 208)
—Madagascar (Dru. 236)
—Ostyaks (Pri. iii, 336)
—Gonds (His. 19)
—Chinese (Gutz. i, 503)
—Sabœans (Pal. ii, 258)
—Hebrews (Kue. i, 338-9)
—Aryans (Maine, 85).
§ 598.
Egypt (Ren. 138)
—Aryans (Dunc. iv, 252, 264-5)
—Jews (Zim. 495-6)
—Corea (Ross, 322).
§ 599.
Japan (Ada. i, 6)
—Rome (Hun. “Ex.” 746)
—Aryans (Maine, 55, 78, 64, 79, 55; Hun. “Intro.” 149)
—Christendom (Maine, 79)
—India (Maine, 56).
§ 600.
Egypt (Ren. 134-5; Brug. ii, 40-1)
—Assyria (Rec. v, 81, 8).
§ 601.
China (Doo. ii, 226)
—Corea (Ross, 335).
§ 602.
Asia (Huc. ii, 55)
—Ethiopians (Rec. vi, 73-8)
—Peruvians (Garci. v, 8)
—New Caledonians (Tur. “Poly.” 526).
§ 603.
Tanna (Tur. “Pol.” 88)
—Mangaia (Gill, 293-4)
—New Zealanders (Thom. i, 114)
—Madagascar (Ell. “Mad.” i, 359)
—Sandwich Islands (Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 235)
—Humphreys Island (Tur. “Samoa,” 278)
—Pueblo (Banc. iii, 173)
—Maya (Banc. ii, 647)
—Peru (Pres. 11-12)
—Siam (Thom. J. 81)
—Javanese (Craw. iii, 15)
—China (Med. 133)
—Japan (ref. lost)
—Greeks (Blac. 45; Gro. ii, 475; Mau. ii, 382-4)
—Romans (See. 55)
—Scandinavians (Das. xlvi & lxii)
—Europe (Fréd. ii, 414, v, 433).
§ 604.
Blantyre Negroes (MacDon. i, 65, 64-5, 64)
—Niger (Bur. 132)
—Samoa (Tur. “Samoa,” 18-19)
—Scandinavians (Das. xiii)
—Greeks (Glad. “Homer,” iii, 55)
—Hebrews (Kue. i, 338-9).
§ 606.
Romans (Coul. “Cité,” 233)
—Blantyre Negroes (MacDon. i, 64)
—New Zealanders (Ang. i, 247)
—Mexican (Cla. i, 271)
—Peru (Garci. bk. ii, ch. 9)
—Khonds (Macph. 30)
—Tahiti (Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 208)
—Ashantee (Dup. 168)
—Maya (Banc. ii, 648)
—Egypt (Bru. i, 46)
—Damaras (And. 223)
—Dahomans (Burt. ii, 173)
—Peru (Mol. 25)
—Chibchas (Sim. 247-8)
—Karens (J.A.S.B. xxxiv, 206).
§ 607.
Ostyaks (Erm. ii, 44)
—Gonds (For. 142)
—Kukis (J.A.S.B. xxiv, 630)
—Latooka (Bak. ii, 4-5)
—Bechuanas (Hol. i, 324)
—Gonds (His. 19).
§ 608.
Damaras (And. 224)
—Gonds (His. 19)
—Santáls (Hun. i, 200-1)
—Peruvians (Garci. bk. ii, ch. 9).
§ 610.
Malagasy (Ell. “Mad.” i, 395)
—Egypt (Bru. i, 15; Wilk. i, 173)
—Rome (See. 93)
—Mexicans (Cla. i, 271)
—Peru (Ciez. 262).
§ 611.
Egyptians (Gro. iii, 438)
—Peruvians (Mol. 54-5)
—Greece (Cur. i, 323).
§ 612.
Fiji (Wil. —)
—Greece (Cur. i, 369).
§ 613.
Aryans (Müll. “Sans. Lit.” 533)
—Peruvians (Garci. bk. iii, ch. 8; Herr. iv, 343).
§ 614.
Mexico (Brin. Edition: current; Page: [614] 56-7)
—Peru (Mol. 11).
§ 615.
Comanches (School. i, 231)
—New Zealand (Cook, “Hawk,” 388)
—Fiji (Wil. 185)
—Christians (Bing. iii, 13; Mos. i, 283).
§ 617.
Nagas (J.A.S.B. xxiv, 608; But. 150)
—Comanches (School. i, 231, 237)
—Eastern Slavs (Tie. 188)
—Bodo and Dhimáls (Hodg. 159, 162; J.A.S.B. xviii, 721)
—Arabs (Tie. 64)
—Greeks (Glad. “Juv. Mun.” 181)
—Tahiti (Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 208)
—Ancient Egypt (Sha. i, 11)
—Japanese (Grif. 99-100)
—China (Gutz. ii, 331; Tie. 29).
§ 618.
Mexico (Cla. i, 269, 270; Herr. iii, 220)
—Peru (Arr. 23)
—Mexico (Herr. iii, 203)
—Abyssinia (Bruce, iv, 466; v, 1).
§ 619.
Egyptians (Tie. 45-6)
—Romans (Sm. Geo. 105)
—Christian Society (Guiz. i, 35-6)
—Bodo and D. (J.A.S.B. xviii, 733)
—Mexico (Cla. i, 271, &c.)
—Peru (Garci. bk. ii, ch. 9; Herr. iv, 344)
—Egypt (Ken. i, 450-2)
—Babylon (Mau. —)
—Rome (See. 93)
—Mexico (Cla. i, 272)
—Europe (Guiz. ii, 45-6)
—Christian Churches (Mos. i, 144-6)
—Anglo-Saxon Clergy (Ling. i, 146).
§ 620.
Guatemala (Xim. 177)
—Monachism (Blun. 487; Hook, 5th ed. 618; Ling. i, 149).
§ 622.
Ostyaks (Lath. i, 456).
§ 623.
Egyptians (Heer. ii, 114; Herod. ii, 76, note)
—Greeks (Gro. ii, 324-5; Cur. ii, 2; i, 112; ii, 19)
—Etruscans (Mom. i, 141)
—Alba (Mom. i, 43)
—Rome (See. 89).
§ 624.
Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. R.” i, 114)
—Chibchas (Pie. bk. ii, ch. 7)
—Latium (Mom. i, 44)
—Greeks (Gro. iv, 91; Curt. i, 116-7; ii, 12)
—Europe (Hal. 365).
§ 625.
Zoroaster (Rob. xxiii-iv).
§ 626.
Ancient Mexicans (Diaz, ch. 208)
—San Salvador (Pala. 75)
—Chibchas (Sim. 248-9)
—Karens (J.A.S.B. xxxiv, 207)
—Rome (Mom. i, 215)
—Nagas (J.A.S.B. xxiv, 612)
—Todas (Mars. 81)
—Damaras (And. 224)
—Germany (Pesch. 144)
—Scotland (Mart. 113)
—Greeks (School. v, 260)
—Dahomey (Burt. ii, 150)
—Japan (Dick. 14)
—Greece (Gro. iii, 68).
§ 628.
Ancient Mexicans (Herr. iii, 213)
—Fijians (Ersk. 428)
—Assyrians (Rec. iii, 104)
—Sandwich Islanders (Cook, “Last Voy.” 303)
—Ancient Mexicans (Saha. bk. viii, ch. 24)
—Yucatanese (Fan. 308)
—Chibchas (Herr. v, 90)
—Ancient Mexicans (Herr. iii, 213)
—Assyria (Smith, 13)
—Fijians (Ersk. 440).
§ 629.
Ancient Mexicans (Ban. ii, 201)
—Romans (Coul. “Cité,” 218)
—Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” i, 293; ii, 489).
§ 630.
Dakotahs (School. ii, 184)
—Abipones (Dob. ii, 76)
—Khonds (Macph. 57)
—Spartans (Hase, 194)
—Gold Coast (Cruick. ii, 172)
—Yucatanese (Herr. iv, 16)
—Primitive Germans (Stub. i, 34)
—Samoans (Tur. “Poly.” 303)
—New Caledonia (Tur. “Poly.” 427)
—Comanches (School. ii, 131)
—Egyptian War (“Daily News,” Aug. 7, 1882)
—Eggarahs (All. & T. i, 327)
—Ancient Mexicans (Cla. i, 271)
—Peruvians (Pres. 164)
—Guatemala (Tor. bk. ix, ch. 6)
—San Salvador (Pal. 73).
§ 631.
France (Roth, 320, 317-8; Leb. vii, 119)
—Church (Guiz. ii, 58)
—Germany (Dunh. ii, 121)
—France (Ord. viii, 24; Guiz. iii, 299)
—Fifteenth century (Mons. iii, ch. 158)
—Montenegrins (ref. lost; Den. 83-4)
—Richelieu (Kitch. iii, 61; Chér. i, 299, 300).
§ 633.
Polynesians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 377)
—Assyria (Lay. ii, 473-4).
§ 634.
France (Bed. i, 8; Guiz. i, 36)
—Germany (Dunh. i, 135)
—England (Hal. 101)
—Thirteenth century (Hal. 367).
§ 635.
Coast Negroes (Lan. i, 281)
—Yucatan (Liç. 8)
—Egyptians (Wilk. i, 186)
—Old English (Kem. ii, 393)
—Ecclesiastical Courts (Jer. i, 71).
§ 636.
Gold Coast (Cruik. ii, 157)
—Fijian Chiefs (U.S. Ex. iii, 89; Will. 191)
—Abyssinia (Harr. iii, 25)
—Marutse (Holl. ii, 241)
—Dyaks (Boy. 201)
—Tartars (Huc, “Christ.” i, 232)
—Mexico (Clav. i, 271)
—Michoacan (Banc. —)
—Egypt (Wilk. i, 168)
—Burmah (Sang. 53).
§ 638.
Mangaia (Gill, 293)
—Egyptians (Herod. “Hist.” ii, 43)
—Bhutan (Bog. 33)
—Egyptians (Wilk. iii, 354).
§ 639.
Zulus (Call. 340)
—Rome (Mom. i, 158-9)
—Chibchas (Sim. 248-9)
—Mediæval Europe (Dun. ii, 63)
—Mandalay (Fyt. ii, 195)
—Ancient Mexicans (Zur. 387)
—Peruvians (Onde. 156)
—Egypt (Ken. ii, 37)
—Rome (Mom. ii, 433).
§ 640.
Zulus (Call. 378)
—Samoans (Bodd. 228-31)
—Greeks (Cur. i, 151)
—Romans (Mom. ii, 423)
—Japanese (Dick. 41)
—Nahuan nations (Banc. ii, 142).
§ 644.
Primitive Methodists (Hook. 7th ed. 497-8).
§ 646.
Tahitians (Ell. “Pol. Res.” ii, 478.)
—Mexicans (Herr. iii, 212)
—Chibchas (Pie. bk. i, ch. 4)
—Belochis (Burt. “Sind.” ii, 169)
—Chibchas (Pie. bk. i, ch. 2)
—Domras (see vol. i of this work, 3rd ed. p. 785)
—Friendly Islanders (ref. lost)
—Caribs (Heri. 335)
—Brazilian tribes (J.R.G.S. ii, 198).
§ 647.
Polynesia (Ell. “Pol. res.” ii, 378).
§ 648.
Tonga Islands (Mar. ii, 220)
—Polynesia (Ell. Hawaii, 394)
—New Zealanders (Thom. i, 103)
—New Hebrides (J.E.S. iii, 62)
—Timor (Wall. “Mal. Arch.” 196)
—Congoese (Bast. “Af. R.” 78; “Mensch.” iii, 225).
§ 649.
Dakotahs (School. ii, 195)
—Mangaia (Gill. 26)
—Peruvians (Acos. bk. v, ch. 25).
§ 650.
Waldenses (Boo. 18).
§ 653.
Egyptians (Ren. 26; Mau., Revue)
—Mexicans (Tern. i, 86)
—Indo-Aryans (Raj. i, 423)
—Romans (Clar. 334)
—Hindus (Sher. lxxi, 33)
—Thracians (Gro. iv, 29).
§ 664.
Carribbees (Humb. iii, 89-90)
—Tupis (Sou. i, 227)
—Carriers (Banc. i, 124)
—Dakotas (School. ii, 198)
—Kurumbas (Shortt, Pt. I, 51)
—Mongols (Gil. 167)
—Equat. Africa (Rea. 253)
—Joloffs (Moll. 52)
—Eggarahs (All. and T. i, 327).
§ 665.
Chippewas (Keat. ii, 158)
—Nootka Sound People (Banc. i, 204)
—Okanagans (Banc. i, 286)
—Karens (Mason in J.A.S.B. xxxiv, 230)
—Araucanians (Smi. 235)
—Tahitians (Ell., P. R. ii, 270-1)
—Mongols (Gil. 168).
§ 666.
Anc. Egyptians (Mas., Life, 119-20; Dunc. i, 196)
—Chaldœans (Len. 13, 14; Sayce, Soc. Life, 98)
—Hebrews (Gau. 110-1; Dra. 297)
—Hindoos (Dutt, iii, 388; Hun., Ind. Emp., 148, 150)
—Greeks (Beck., Charicles, 374; Gro. 4th ed., i, 169; Dra. 294)
—Romans (Guhl and K., 512; Mom., new ed. iii, 193-4).
§ 667.
Early Christians (Fleu. 210; Dra. 286; Spreng. ii, 345-51)
—University of Paris (Menagian, 333, cited in Wart. ii, 205, note)
—English (Pict. Hist. ii, 208; Ste. iii, 312).
§ 668.
Montaigne (ref. lost)
—Vicary (Vic. 234)
—Epilepsy (Mitch. 154)
—Headache (Grose, quoted by Brand, P.A. iii, 153).
§ 669.
Brahmin (Wise, i, 25)
—Greeks (Beck, Charicles, 380, 378)
—Fifth Century (Lac., Sci. and Lit. 137)
—Anc. India (Hun., Ind. Emp. 149; Royle, quoted by Dutt, iii, 393; Web. 269)
—Egypt (Herod., Rawl. ii, 136-7)
—Greeks (Beck., Char., 381).
§ 669a.
Alexandria (Dra. 296).
§ 670.
New Zealanders (Thom. i, 126-7).
§ 671.
Marutse (Hol. ii, 169)
—Monbutto (Schw. ii, 97)
—Dahomey (Burt., Mission, ii, 17, note)
—Ashantee (Beech. 106)
—Gold Coast (Cruick. ii, 269)
—Mandingos (Park, 231)
—Foolas (Wint. i, 108)
—Madagascar (Ell., Hist. i, 274)
—Java (Raf. i, 340, 342).
§ 672.
Puharries (Mark. 172)
—Bhils (Malcolm in T.R.A.S. i, 77)
—Abyssinians (Duf. 87)
—Pueblos (Lum. 253)
—Ancient Egypt (Herod., Rawl. bk. ii, ch. 48; Wilk., Manners, 495, 500, 509; Bru. i, 50; Dunc. i, 196; Tiele, Hist. 94-5; Rawl. Hist. i, 520)
—Greeks (Guhl and K. 273; Moul. 8, 9; Gro. iii, 306; Don. 30, 27-8; Mahaf., Rambles, 289, 288
—Romans (Mom., new ed., i, 285-6; Guhl and K. 546; Pos. 117; Inge, 117-8, 117).
§ 674.
Celts (Strabo, iv, 4, § 4)
—Anglo-Saxons (Strutt, 171, 177)
—Old English (Wri. 4)
—Anglo-Saxons (Ecc. 59-60)
—Normans (Ecc. 110)
—15th Cent. (Pict. Hist. ii, 233)
—St. Ambrose (Grove, i, 59)
—Minnesingers and Meistersingers (Grove, iii, 616)
—Dufay (Grove, iv, 634)
—Luther (Grove, ii, 178)
—Bach (Grove, i, 115).
§ 677.
Fijians (Ersk. 254)
—New Caledonians (Tur., 19 years, 86)
—Tahitians (Ell. P.R. ii, 488)
—Marutse (Hol. ii, 169)
—Dahomans (Burt., Miss. ii, 17 note)
—Kirghiz (Atk. 563).
§ 678.
Egyptians (Bru. ii, 18, 102; i, 369, 48)
—Ancient Greeks (Mure. i, 148, 161-2; Mahaf., Hist. i, 15, 16-17)
—*Omaha Indians (Fletch. 11)
—Greeks (Vico, cited in Mure, i, 196; Mure, 184-5)
—Romans (Grimm, i, 94; Bro. 41; Mom., new ed. iii, 139, 197).
§ 679.
Scandinavians (Mall. 117-8; Strutt, 171)
—Celts (Pell., 4to. ed. i, 249, 486)
—Minstrel (Mills, i, 171)
—Troubadours Edition: current; Page: [616] (Faur, ii, 39)
—Joculator and Poet (Wart. i, 11; ii, 15).
§ 680.
Point Barrow Eskimo (Murd. 365)
—Navajo Indians (Sm. Inst., 8th A.R., Director’s Introduction, xxxv)
—Anc. India (Web. 196, 198)
—Greeks (Hase, 216; Moul. 318; Mahaf., Soc. Life, 351; Gro. 4th ed. ii, 74; Moul. 5, 9, 18, 14, 128; Mahaf., Rambles, 289)
—Romans (Duruy, i, 540, 543; Guhl and K. 567, 564; Inge, 230).
§ 680a.
Med. Europe (Moul. 429; Strutt. 157, 155).
§ 681.
Greeks (Cur. ii, 76, 80; Mahaf., Greek Life, 383, 384)
—Romans (Mom., new ed. iii, 136).
§ 683.
Indian Hill Tribes (Mal. in T.R.A.S. i, 72 note; Mal. C.I. i, 519-20)
—Gonds (His. 5)
—Zulus (Gard. 65)
—Dahomey (Forbes, ii, 13-14)
—Abyssinians (Par. ii, 64)
—Aztecs (Banc. ii, 524)
—Nahua (Banc. v, 251).
§ 684.
Hebrews (Kue. i, 208; Neu. viii)
—Anc. Indians (Web. 213-4)
—Anc. Egyptians (Bru. i, 31; Buns. i, 2-3; Dunc. i, 188)
—Greeks (Cur. ii, 48, 42, 46-7)
—Romans (Duruy, i, 61; Servius, cited in Bro. 43-4; Mom., new ed. i, 220).
§ 685.
Early Europe (Guiz., ii, 99, 100; Ecc. 160).
§ 689.
Ancient Indians (Web. 29; Thibaut in J.A.S.B. 1875, vol. xliv, Pt. I, p. 227; Dutt, ii, 117; i, 264-5; Hun., Ind. Emp. 142; Dutt, ii, 163)
—Chaldeans and Assyrians (Rawl., Five G.M. i, 158; Lay. ii, 445; Rawl., op. cit., i, 400; Mau., La Magie, 23)
—Anc. Egyptians (Mas. 308; Lew. 265; Diod. i, chap. vi; Dunc. i, 196, i, 208; Buns. iv, 665)
—Egyptian Priests (Lew. 268 et seq., 260-1; Wilk., Manners, ii, 316-7)
—Greeks (Cur. ii, 41, 21, 36; Mahaf., Greek Life, 132)
—Ancient Rome (Mom., new ed., i, 219; Inge, 31).
§ 690.
Middle Ages (Lac. 81-2)
—Saxons (Kem., ii, 432)
—Dunstan (Wheatley, 62).
§ 694.
Kalmucks (Pall. i, 188-9)
—Africans (Lan. i, 281; Cam. ii, 82).
§ 695.
Egyptians (Buns. i, 20; Bru. i, 140-1; Ernan, 201, 203)
—Greeks (Thirl. i, 230; Hase, 172; Thirl. i, 230)
—Romans (Duruy, i, 155, 149-150, 225; Hun., Intro. 7; Mom., new ed. i, 220)
—Sumatrans (Marsd. 238)
—Abyssinians (Par. ii, 184).
§ 696.
Norse (Das. xlvi, xlviii, lvi)
—Anglo-Saxons (Gomme, 35, 59)
—English (Ste. i, 10, 11; iii, 437, 438; Hal. 678; Maitland in Soc. Eng. ii, 35-6)
—Germany (Stölz. i, 399)
—France (Four. 38; Ste. Pal. ii, 85; Four. 33)
—English (Ste. 1, 18, note).
§ 698.
France (Four. 37)
—English (Ste. i, 17; Ree. ii, 499).
§ 700.
Arawaks (Bern. 30)
—Australians (Tap. )
—Daramūlŭn (Howitt in Malle. 513)
—New Zealanders (Thom. i, 115)
—Congo (Bast., Af. R., 85-6).
§ 701.
Mexicans (Tor., bk. ix, ch. 11—13; Cla., bk. vii, § 5)
—Yucatan (Landa, § vii)
—Japanese (Ada. ii, 319)
—Ava (Symes, i, 228)
—Burmese (Shway, 18; Sang., 96).
§ 702.
Ancient India (Dutt, ii, 96; i, 248-9)
—Anc. Persia (Gei. i, 57-8)
—Babylonians, &c. (Sayce, Soc. Life, 40, 51)
—Anc. Egypt. (Bru. i, 175; Erman, 444; Dunc. i, 196)
—Greeks (Mahaf., Greek Life, 313, 375-7, 381)
—Japanese (Ada. ii, 319)
—Rome (Mom., new ed., iii, 132).
§ 703.
Celts (Pell., 4to. ed. i, 183)
—British (Cæsar, Gallic War, vi, 14)
—Early Europe (Hal., Intro., i, 6, 7; Mos., Pt. II, ch. i, § 1)
—Council of Vaison (Brace. 219)
—Germany (Stölz. i, 33).
§ 704.
English (Pear. i, 311; Turner S., iii, 16; Pear. 628-9; Turner, vii, 156; Wart. iii, 1).
§ 705.
Univ. of Paris (Conringius, iii, § 17, cited by Mald. 15-16).
§ 707.
Anc. India (Mann. i, 416; Hun., Ind. Emp., 154)
—Ceylon (Ten. i, 481, 488; i, 344, 345; i, 478)
—Ancient Babylonia (Perrot and C. i, 321-2)
—Anc. Egypt (Rawl. Hist. i, 214; Dunc. i, 220; Bru. i, 140-1, 124; ii, 113, 191; Rawl. Hist. i, 272)
—Greeks (Homer, Lang. 2; Cur. ii, 61, 80)
—Romans (Duruy, i, 140).
§ 708.
Early Europe (Lac., Sci. and Lit. 82)
—France (Lac. Arts, 348, 350; Vio. i, 108; Lac. Arts, 387; Vio. 109)
—Raphael (East. i, 7-8)
—English (Kem. ii, 432-3; Ecc. 53, 103).
§ 710.
Egypt (Rawl., Hist. i, 267).
§ 711.
Gold Coast Negroes (Bos. 223)
—Coast Negroes (Bast., Mensch, ii, 377)
—Congo (Tuck, 380-1)
—Sandwich Islanders (Cook, Sec. Voy.; Ell. P. M. ii, 201)
—New Zealanders (Thom. i, 187, 188, 204; Ang. i, 314; Hoch, 437-8)
—Murring Tribe (Howitt, cited Edition: current; Page: [617] in Malle. 513)
—Kalmucks (Pall. S.H.N., ii, 106)
—Malagasy (Ell. Hist. i, 396-7).
§ 712.
Singalese (Ten. i, 472)
—Egypt (Bru. i, 140-1, 445, 444; ib. 1881 ed. i, 474)
—Greeks (Cur. ii, 84, 79, 65, 67; Mahaf., Rambles, 227; ib. Greek Life, 386)
—Romans (Mom., new ed. i, 225; Duruy, i, 140; Inge, 108).
§ 713.
Early Europe (Émér. 8; Chal. ii, 185; Lac., Arts. 156-7; Lev. i, 139, 140; Émér. 34; Lac. and S., 24-6)
—England (Pict. Hist. iii, 575).
§ 716.
Apaches (Bour. 462)
—Zuñians (Cushing, cited in Malle, 210-11)
—Navajo Indians (Matt. 444-5).
§ 717.
Ethiopians (Herod., Cary, 180)
—Egyptians (Bru. i, 179; Erman, 553, 554-5)
—Ceylon Buddhists (Ten. i, 476)
—Cyprus (Times, 29th Dec., 1894)
—Greeks (Wor. 20; Winck. i, 298)
—Zeuxis (Poy. 22).
§ 718.
Early Europe (Poy. 51; Mac. 56; East. i, 5-6, 8, 11; Lev. i, 547)
—Mod. Greece (Did. vii; ib. xxiii in Ten. i, 474, note).
§ 720.
Middle Ages (Lev. i, 548).
§ 721.
Egyptians (Tiele, Hist. 178-9, 109; Bru., 1881 ed., i, 60).
§ 723.
Thibetans (Huc, 67).
§ 725.
Dakotas (Burt., C.S. 120)
—Mandans (Cat. i, 121)
—Iroquois (Morg., League, 314, 198-9)
—Tupis (Sou. i, 233)
—Guiana Indians (Brett)
—Mundrucus (Bates, 3rd ed. 224)
—Uaupés (Wall., Narrative, 483)
—South America (Rodway in P.S.M., Feb. 1895 (vol. xlvi), p. 459)
—Lepchas (Campbell in J.E.S., N.S., vol. i. 151)
—Bodo and Dhimáls (Hodg. in J.A.S.B. xviii, Pt. II, 737-8)
—Kukis (But. 95)
—Nagas (Mast. in J.A.S.B. xiii, Pt. II, 710)
—Karens (Mason in J.A.S.B. xxxvii, Pt. II, 125-6)
—Gonds (For. 96).
§ 726.
Bechuanas (Arb. and D. 26; Licht. ii, 326; Thomp. i, 342-3)
—Kaffirs (Shoo. 32; Licht. i, 271; Shoo. 392)
—Coast Negroes (Cruick. ii, 272; Wint. i, 50, 52)
—Congo People (Tuck. 215, 357)
—Ashantis (Beech. 136-7)
—Inland Negroes (Lan. ii, 12; Park, i, 528)
—Fulahs (Wint. i, 53)
—Dahomans (Burt., Mission, ii, 248)
—Abyssinians (Harr. iii, 269, 274).
§ 727.
Kaffirs (Bar. i, 200)
—Greeks (Gro. ii, 120-2).
§ 730.
Fuegians (Fitz. ii, 185)
—Bodo and Dhimáls (Hodg. in J.A.S.B. xviii, 737)
—Santals (Sherwill in J.A.S.B. xx, 553)
—Todas (Shortt in T.E.S.L., N.S., vii, 241-2)
—Pueblos (Morg., Houses, &c., 185).
§ 731.
Fuegians (Fitz. ii, 186)
—H.B. Indians and Eskimo (Turn. L. M., 306, 206)
—Malagasy (Ell., Hist. i, 291)
—Hindus (Dutt, ii, 75)
—Anc. Peru (Garci. bk. v, ch. 6; Cieza, ch. 97)
—Fiji (Jackson in Ersk. 457)
—Japanese (Ada. i, 77)
—Greeks (Gro. ii, 131)
—Romans (Mom. ii, 403).
§ 732.
Ostiaks (Lath. i, 457)
—Society Is. (Ell., Pol. Res. ii, 284)
—Chibchas (Sim. 256)
—Mexico (Lorenzana’s note to Cortes’ Sec. Letter)
—Peru (Garci. bk. v, ch. 6)
—Phœnicians (Mov. ii, 3, p. 182)
—English (Lapp. ii, 363; Ellis, i, 132; Pict. Hist. ii, 192; Ure, 69; Pict. Hist. vii, 693).
§ 733.
Bhutan (Bog. 34)
—Blantyre Negroes (MacDon. i, 37, 36)
—Tahitians (Ell., Pol. Res. i, 175)
—Mediæval Monasteries (Jessop in Nineteenth Century, Jan., 1884, pp. 112-3)
—France (Yan. 100; Dar. 537)
—12th Century (Cunn. 3-4)
—Egyptians (Lumb. 104-5)
—Greeks (Xen. viii, 2)
—Romans (Mom. i, 214-5).
§ 734.
Negroes (Burt., Abeo. i, 117)
—English (Pict. Hist. ii, 806).
§ 737.
Australians (Smy. i, xviii)
—N.A. Indians (Dodge. 270)
—Guahibos (Humb. ii, 233)
—H.B. Eskimos (Turn. L. M., 232).
§ 738.
Gonds (Row. 8, 13)
—Old Japan (Mit. i, 71)
—Assay Offices (Pict. Hist. ii, 194)
—English (Pict. Hist. i, 288, 602; ii, 194)
—Romans (Mom. i, 210).
§ 739.
5th to 10th Centuries (Lev. i, 156)
—16th Century (Bougars, Epist. 73 ad Camerar, in Sully, bk. ix).
§ 742.
Chippewas (School. iii, 81)
—Hottentots (Kolb. i, 261).
§ 743.
Carolingian Period (Lev. i, 336-7; cf. Lac. and S., 26)
—English (Pict. Hist. ii, 806).
§ 745.
Merv. (O’Don. ii, 334).
§ 746.
Guiana (Im Thurn, 271)
—Mosquitos (Banc. i, 723)
—Papuans (Chalm. ch. v).
§ 747.
Greeks (Beck., Charicles, 280)
—English (Cunn. and McA. 202, 203; Rogers, i, 253).
§ 748.
Early Rome (Mom. i, 216)
—English (Whit. 385)
—Manyuema (Liv., Last Journals, ii, 112)
—Dahome (Burt., Mission, ii, 243)
—Egbas (Burt., Abeokuta, i, 51)
—Cent.
Edition: current; Page: [618]
Africans (Liv., Last Journals, ii, 56)
—Early Rome (Mom. i, 210).
§ 750.
Loango (Ast. iii, 215)
—Timbuctoo (Shab. 22).
§ 751.
Hud. Bay Eskimos (Turn. L.M., 177)
—Lower Egypt (Mov. ii, 3, p. 147)
—Mongolian Lamas (Lans. i, 348).
§ 753.
Niger (L. and O. i, 165)
—Jenni and Timbuctoo (Cail. ii, 9)
—East Africans (Burt., Cent. Afr., i, 335 et seq.)
—Gold Coast (Bos. 117)
—Sandwich Isl. (Ell., Hawaii, 330)
—Java (Raf. i, 109)
—Dyaks (Brooke, ii, 162)
—Dahome (Burt., Mission, i, 143).
§ 754.
New Guinea (Wallace in Cont. Rev., Feb., 1879. xxxiv, 435; D’Alb. ii, 172-3)
—Samoa (Tur., Samoa, 146)
—Nootka Sound People (Banc. i, 192)
—Bihénos (Cap. and I. i, 116).
§ 755.
Chalikatas (Dalt. 20)
—Africa (Barth, ii, 312)
—Bayano Indians (Pim and S. 162).
§ 756.
Marutse (Hol. ii, 162).
§ 757.
Cameron (Cam. i, 246-7)
—Romans (Mom. i, 216)
—Zanzibar (Wils. and F. i, 19)
—Brick-Tea (Erm. G.A. ii, 236; Prej. i, 10)
—Sulu Isl. (Burb. 205)
—Rock-Salt (Mont. ii, 148-9).
§ 758.
Thlinkeets (Banc. i, 108)
—Garos (Dalt. 65)
—Kookies (Row. 185)
—Uganda (Wils. and F. i, 20, 46)
—Blantyre (MacDon. i, 178)
—Samoa (Tur., Samoa, 120)
—Khalkas (Prej. i, 73, note).
§ 759.
Uquak (Burt., Wit, 392)
—Assam (Row. 164, 165)
—Chinese (Lacoup. [Editor: illegible word]).
§ 760.
Kutchins and Eskimos (Banc. i, 128)
—Californians (Banc. i, 347)
—New Britain (Pow. 55-6)
—Soloman Islanders (Coote, 188)
—Africans (Waitz, ii, 104)
—Kawélé (Cam. i, 246)
—New Hebrides (Coote, 131-2).
§ 761.
Egyptians (Wilk., Egyptians, 71)
—Abraham (Genesis, xxiv, 22, xxiii, 16)
—Merovings (Rob. 39).
§ 769.
Barotse (Serpa P. ii, 41-2)
—Khonds (Camp. 15)
—Mundrucus (Bates, 224)
—Sand. Islands (Ell., Hawaii, 390)
—Yucatan (Cortes, Fifth Letter, 43)
—New Zealand (Ang. ii, 50)
—East Africans (Burt., Cent. Afr. ii, 365-6)
—San Salvador (Pala. 83)
—Murams (McCull. xxvii, 70)
—Madagascar (Dru. 430)
—Iddah (L. and O. ii, 126)
—Patagonians (U.S. Ex. Ex. i, 115)
—Whydah (Burt., Mission, i, 53-4)
—Sakarran Dyaks (Low, 185)
—Anc. Egypt (Chab., 3e Série, 2, p. 130)
—Phœnicia (Mov. ii, 3, p. 108).
§ 770.
Hebrews (Deut. xxii)
—Greeks (Hes. 116-9)
—Japanese (Alc. ii, 325)
—Greece (Cur. ii, 39)
—Romans (Mom. 1862 ed. i, 203, 199, 196).
§ 771.
Mexicans (Zur. 223)
—France (Ordonnance of 1776)
—English (Green, ii, 26, 39).
§ 772.
France (Bour. i, 13; Chall. ii, 178-9; Bour. i, 14-15)
—Mediæval England (Green, i, 155-7).
§ 773.
France, 14th Cent. (Lev. i, 510-2)
—England (Green, ii, 40).
§ 774.
Western Bantus (Star. 67; Mag. 282, 286, 284)
—New Britain (Pow. 18)
—Dyaks (St. J. i, 166; Boy. 216)
—Sea Dyaks (St. J. i, 50, 52)
—Malanaus (Brooke, ii, 101)
—Kocch (Hodg. in J.A.S.B. xviii, 707-8).
§ 775.
Bedouins (Burck. i, 201)
—Chinese (Doug., Soc. in Ch. 108; ib. China, 94, 93; Soc. in Ch. 110)
—Hindus (Manu. viii, 416; Nel. 56-7)
—Teutons (Maine, Vill. Comm. 78)
—Slavonian Maxim (Maine, Early Law, 243)
—Romans (Duruy, i, 143-4).
§ 776.
Mr. Jefferies (Fraser’s Magazine, Aug., 1874, pp. 149-150).
§ 777.
Anc. Chinese (Legge, ref. lost; Tcheou-Li, i, 198, note)
—Ancient Egypt (Dunc. i, 198)
—Athens (St. John, iii, 99)
—Anc. Mexico (Cla. bk. vii, § 5).
§ 778.
Chinese (Happel, Revue, p. 272).
§ 779.
Bechuanas (Alb. 116, 117; Liv., Miss. Trav. 15)
—West Africans (Du Ch. 425-7)
—Indian village-communities (Maine, Vill. Comm. 127-8).
§ 780.
Balkans (Lav. 181).
§ 782.
Herrera (Morg., Houses, &c. 77)
—Columbian Indians (Lew. and C. 443)
—Aleuts (Harper’s Magazine, vol. lv, p. 806)
—Mandans (Morg., Houses, &c., ch. 4).
—Maya Indians (Steph. ii, 14)
—Columbian Tribes (see Morg., op. cit., ch. 4).
§ 783.
Sierra Leone (Wint. i, 52)
—N. Celebes (Wall., ref. lost, but cf. Malay Arch. i, 387)
—Padam (Dalt. 23-4).
§ 784.
Eastern Europe (Hog. 78; Evans, 45-6, 46: Bogi. 280; Evans, 47)
—Servians and Russians (Kov. 90; Lerov B. i, 488; Bogi. 284-294)
—Montenegro (Maine, Early Law, 252).
§ 785.
India (Strabo, xv, i, § 66; Ghosh, 15; Elliot, Rep. i, § 42 cited in Ghosh, Edition: current; Page: [619] 10; Elph. 71-2; Mayne, § 199; Ghosh, 31; Maine, Vill. Comm. 176-7; Ghosh, 20, 41)
—Indian Cultivating Groups (Maine, Vill. Comm. 125-6).
§ 786.
Wales (Seeb., Vill. Comm. 241; ib. Tribal System, 34, 35, 45, 72, 99, 95-99, 102-3, 107)
—Early England (Cunn. 59, 67, 74; Maine, Vill, Comm. 126).
§ 788.
Cheesemakers of Jerusalem (Leyrer in Herz. v, 516)
—Alexandrine Jews (Lumb. 106)
—Ancient Egypt (Rawl., Hist. i, 430)
—Rome (Mom. i, 214-5)
—Chinese (Will. ii, 87)
—Burmese (Shway, ii, 280)
—England (Kem. ii, 340; Rush. ii, 111).
§ 789.
Mexico (Pres., Mexico, 70)
—Phœnicians (Mov. ii, 3, p. 115; ib. 123)
—Early England (Brent. cxxxiii)
—Abbotsbury (Brent. lxv)
—Exeter (ib.)
—Fifteenth Cent. (Green, i, 157-8).
§ 790.
Hostile Villages (Cunn. 76)
—Norwich Merchant, &c. (Cunn. 175, 208)
—Town and Guild (Cunn. 207)
—City Franchise (Noor. 795)
—Cambridge (Cunn. 124; Coop. i, 15)
—Lappenberg (Lapp. ii, 353)
—Town-Organization (Brent. xciii).
§ 791.
Scotch (Burton, ii, 93)
—Mrs. Green (Green, ii, 252, 255)
—Weavers (Cunn. 179)
—French maxim (A.L.F. v, 221, note).
§ 792.
London (Cunn. 309, 310)
—Beverley (Poul. i, 112)
—Exeter (Smith, T. 334)
—Goldsmiths (Pict. Hist. i, 602)
—Craft-Gilds (Brent. cxxiv)
—Merchant Companies (Cunn. 340-1, 315-6; Gross, i, 117).
§ 795.
Blantyre Negroes (MacDon. i, 166)
—Nicaragua (Herr. iii, 298)
—Angola (Mont. i, 59).
§ 796.
Ancient Mexicans (Zur. 251; Cla. bk. vii, § 18)
—Damaras (And. 231)
—Dahomans (Burt. Miss. i, 179; ii, 248)
—Ashantees (Beech. 115)
—Biluchi (Postans in J.E.S.L. 1848, vol. i, 112)
—Anc. Ceylon (Ten. i, 426, 369)
—Anc. Egyptians (Rawl. Hist. i, 154-5)
—Nicanor (Bevan, in Sm., W., Bible Dict. iii, 1332)
—Anc. Germans (Lev. i, 109).
§ 797.
Hebrews (Mielz. 61; Grün. 26-8)
—Bedouins (Burck. i, 202)
—Abyssinians (Harr. iii, 309)
—Ashantees (Beech. 117)
—African Slave (Liv., Narr. 263, 262)
—Madagascar (Ell., Hist. i, 194; ii. 144)
—Marutse (Hol. ii, 162)
—Ashanti (Beech. 115)
—Phœnicians (Mov. ii, 3, 70)
—Greeks (Beck., Char. 362-3)
—Saxons (Seeb., Vill. Comm. 165; Kem. i, 196, et seq.)
—Welsh (Seeb., Vill. Comm. 199).
§ 798.
Greece (Heer. 161-2).
§ 799.
Hebrews (Mielz. 55)
—Anc. India (Manu, viii, 416)
—Mexicans (Lopez de G. 442)
—Madagascar (Ell., Hist. i, 194)
—Athens (Schöm. i, 349; Beck., Charicles, 362).
§ 800.
Romans (Ing. 72, 64, 65-6).
§ 801.
Ancient Mexico (Cla., App. Diss. vii, § 2)
—Society Islands (Forst. 355)
—Ashanti (Cruick. ii, 242).
§ 802.
Marutse (Hol. ii, 145)
—Anyasa (MacDon. i, 199)
—Damaras (Galt. 145)
—Kukis (Stewart in J.A.S.B. xxiv, 625-6)
—Yucatan (Landa, § xx)
—Mexico (Helps, iii, 120).
§ 803.
Dahome (Burt., Mission, i, 330, 226; i, 209, note)
—Madagascar (Ell., Hist. i, 316, 196)
—Corea (Opp. 109-111)
—Assyrians (Rawl., Five G.M. iii, 55-6)
—Sparta (Gro. ii, 494-6).
§ 804.
Romans (Ing. 74-6)
—Liti (Seeb., Vill. Comm. 280-1)
—Coloni (Ing. 77, 78, 79).
§ 805.
Anc. Germans (Tac. xiv, xv, xxv)
—Mediæval Serfs (Seeb., Vill. Comm. 409)
—Anglo-Saxon Slaves (Ing. 100; Lapp. ii, 357-8; Lapp. ii. 332)
—Welsh (Seeb., Tribal Syst. 25-6)
—England (Hal., M.A. 565).
§ 806.
Prussia (Reh. and R. iii, 373 et seq.)
—Russia (Engel. ch. I).
§ 807.
Germany (Ing. 118-9)
—Serf-labour (Brassey, 103-4).
§ 809.
Tahiti (Ell., Pol. Res. i, 175)
—Samoans (Tur., 19 years, 261)
—Egyptians (Ebers, i, 294; Bru., 1881 ed. i, 27)
—Babylonia (Smith, Hist. of Bab. 30).
§ 810.
Thirty Years’ War (Inama-St., H.T. 1864, p. 27)
—England (Cunn. 475; Cunn. and McA. 43)
—France (Ing. 93-4)
—Abipones (Dobriz. ii, 105)
—Patagonians (Falk. 123)
—Bechuanas (Liv., Narr. 291-2)
—Russia (Engel. ch. I).
§ 811.
Athelstan, Edgar and Edw. Conf. (Thorpe, 85, 116, 194)
—Mr. Jefferies (see § 776).
§ 812.
Bond-handicraftsmen (Brent. cxiv; Hal., M.A. 566)
—Mediæval municipal organization (Green, ii, 115).
§ 813.
Southampton (Green, ii, 300)
—Journeymen (Cunn. 456; Brent. clxiv).
§ 814.
South Slavonians (Maine, Early Law, 264; Evans, 47; Kov.—)
—Russia (Lav. Edition: current; Page: [620] 18, 19)
—Bulgaria (Jir. —)
—India (Ghosh, 28; Maine, Early Law, 252).
§ 815.
Assyria (Len. and Chev. i, 424)
—Rome (Esch., Part iv, § 268)
—Early Europe (Cunn. 95, 93)
—Measures of Weight, &c. (Cunn. 113)
—Anglo-Saxons (Cunn. 123).
§ 816.
Marcian Aqueduct (Mom. iii, 429).
§ 817.
Mr. Brassey on Railway Contracts (Helps, Life, 50-1)
—Buttygang system (ib.).
§ 818.
Thomas Blanket (Bourne, 104)
—Jack of Newbury (Full. i, 137)
—Lack of Capital (Cunn. 4)
—France (Lev. ii, 373)
—Lancashire (Pict. Hist. v, 593)
—Master Clothiers (Brent. clxxii).
§ 822.
Marine Ventures (Cunn. and McA. 119)
—East India Co. (ib. 115)
—Joint Stock Companies (M‘Cull., s.v. Companies).
§ 825.
Samoa (Tur., Polynesia, 263)
—Gaboon (Rea. 78-80)
—Early Trade Unions (Brent. cxcv).
§ 826.
Piecers (Webb, 6-7)
—West of England (Webb, 29-30)
—Yorkshire (ib.).
§ 827.
Trade Societies (ib. 93)
—Productive classes (ib. 108)
—Grand National (ib. 120, 122)
—Amalgamated Societies (ib. 161, 163)
—Statistics of Trade-Unionism (ib. 416-20, 430).
§ 828.
Flint Glass Makers (Webb, 184)
—Printers and Engineers (ib. 184-5)
—Edward VI (Cunn. and McA. 68)
—Bristol, 15th Cent. (Cunn. 372-3)
—Wisbeach Shoemakers (Webb, 3).
§ 831.
Allan on Strikes (Webb, 306)
—Spitalfields Weavers (Pict. Hist. vii, 709).
§ 834.
Bushmen (Bar. i, 284; Galt. 174)
—Bodo and Dhimáls (Hodg. in J.A.S.B. xviii, 741)
—Nagas (Grange in J.A.S.B. ix, Part II, 964)
—Araucanians (Thomps. i, 418)
—Yucatan (Landa, § xxxii)
—Padam (Dalt, 23)
—Singhalese (Ten. i, 423).
§ 835.
Artels (F.O., Report; Stähr, i, 28, 93)
—Bulgaria (Jir. 210-12).
§ 836.
Profit-sharing Schemes (Tay.)
—Halsey (Schloss, Report).
§ 837.
Rochdale (Holy. ii, 48)
—Statistics of Cooperation (Pott. 59).
§ 838.
Theory of Cooperation (Schloss, 227)
—London Cooperators (Pott. 122, 123, 124, 125)
—Padiham and Pendleton Cooperative Companies (Pott. 127)
—Oldham Mill (Pott. 129, 130)
—Mr. Holyoake (Labour Copartnership, August, 1896).
§ 839.
Cornish Mining (Schloss, 89, cf. Price, 27-9).
§ 840.
North Amer. Indians (Powell, 34-5)
—Croatian House-Communities (Evans, 51, 53, 54, 55).
§ 841.
South Australian Village Settlements (South Aust., Report, Q. 1880, 1897, 1947, 1994, 2601-2, 2611-2, 2616-7, 2753-4, 2814, 3036, 3048, 3164, 3183-8, 4540-1, 4613-9).
§ 844.
English in India (Paske)
—Major Raverty (Times, April 13, 1895).
§ 848.
Mr. Eubule Evans (“Germany under the Empire,” Contemporary Review, Feb., 1896, pp. 173-4)
—Prince Bismarck (Standard, July 10, 1893)
—French Minister for Foreign Affairs (Times, July 27, 1896)
—Leroy-Beaulieu (Leroy B., L’Etat, 70)
—M. Vacher (Guy, 276).
§ 851.
Dr. Lavollée (Lavo. 530-1)
—Socialist Lecturer (Black and White, Aug. 1, 1896).
§ 853.
Lethtas (Fytche, i, 343)
—“The ultimate man” (Social Statics, 1851, p. 442; 1892, p. 256).
TITLES OF WORKS REFERRED TO.
| Acos. | —Acosta (Jos. de) Historia natural y moral de las Indias. Sevilla, 1590. |
| Ada. | —Adams (Sir F. O.) The History of Japan from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. 2 vol. 1874-5. |
| Alb. | —Alberti (L.) Description physique et historique des Cafres. Amsterdam, 1811. |
| Alc. | —Alcock (Sir R.) The Capital of the Tycoon. 2 vol. 1863. |
| All. and T. | —Allen (W.) and Thomson (T. R. H.) A Narrative of the Expedition . . . . to the River Niger in 1841. 2 vol. 1848. |
| A.L.F. | —Receuil général des anciennes lois françaises. Ed. par Jourdain. 28 tom. Paris, 1822, &c. |
| Anda. | —Andagoya (P. de) Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarius Davila in the Provinces of Tierra Firme or Castilla del Oro. Trans. and ed. C. R. Markham. 1865. |
| And. | —Anderson (C. J.) Lake Ngami. 1856. |
| Ang. | —Angas (G. F.) Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand. 1847. |
| Arb. and D. | —Arbousset (T.) and Daumas (F.) Narrative of an Exploratory Tour to the North-east of the . . . Cape of Good Hope. Trans. 1846. |
| Arr. | —Arriga (P. J. de) Extirpácion de la idolatria del Piru. Lima. 1621. |
| Ast. | —Astley (T.) New General Collection of Voyages and Travels [by J. Green]. 4 vol. 4to. 1745-7. |
| Atk. | —Atkinson (T. W.) Oriental and Western Siberia. 1858. |
| Bak. | —Baker (Sir Sam. W.) The Albert N’yanza, &c. 2 vol. 1866. |
| Banc. | —Bancroft (H. H.) The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America. 5 vol. 1875-6. |
| Bar. | —Barrow (Sir John) An Account of Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa. 1801-4. |
| Barth | —Barth (H.) Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa. Trans. 5 vol. 1857-8. |
| Bast. | —Bastian (A.) Afrikanische Reisen. Bremen. 1859. |
| Bast. | —Bastian (A.) Der Mensch in der Geschichte. 3 Bde. Leipzig, 1860. |
| Bates | —Bates (H. W.) The Naturalist on the River Amazon. 3rd Ed. 2 vol. 1873. |
| Beck. | —Becker (W. A.) Charicles; Illustrations of the Private Life of the Ancient Greeks. Trans. 1854. |
| Bed. | —Bédollière (E. Gigault de la) Histoire des Mœurs et de la Vie privée des Français. Tom. 1—3. Paris, 1847-9. |
| Beech. | —Beecham (J.) Ashantee and the Gold Coast. 1841. |
| Bern. | —Bernau (J. H.) Missionary Labours in British Guiana. 1847. |
| Bing. | —Bingham (Rev. J.) The Works of, ed. by J. Bingham, Junr. 10 vol. Oxford, 1855. |
| Bird | —Bird (Isabella) Unbeaten Tracks in Japan. 2 vol. 1880. |
| Blac. | —Blackie (J. S.) Horœ Hellenicœ. 1874. |
| Blun. | —Blunt (Rev. J. H.) Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical Theology. 2nd ed. 1872. |
| Bock | —Bock (Carl) The Head-Hunters of Borneo. 1881. |
| Bodd. | —Boddam Whetham (J. W.) Pearls of the Pacific. 1876. |
| Bogi | —Bogišić (V.) Le Droit Coutumier des Slaves Méridionaux d’après les recherches de M. V. Bogišić. In Revue de Législation ancienne et moderne, &c. 1876. Paris. |
| Bog. | —Bogle (G.) Narrative of the Mission of G. Bogle to Thibet and Lhasa, ed. by C. R. Markham. 1876. |
| Boll. | —Bollaert (W.) Antiquarian, Ethnological, and other Researches in New Granada, Equador, Peru, and Chile. 1860. |
| Boo. | —Boone (T. C.) The Book of Churches and Sects. 1826. |
| Bos. | —Bosman (W.) A New Description of the Coast of Guinea. Trans. 2nd Ed. 1721. |
| Bour. | —Bourke (John G.) The Medicine Men of the Apaches. In the Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. |
| Bourne | (H. R. F.) The Romance of Trade. 1871. |
| Bourq. | —Bourquelot (F.) Études sur les foires de Champagne. In Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions. 2e Série, Tome V, 1865. |
| Boy | —Boyle (F.) Adventures among the Dyaks of Borneo. 1865. |
| Brace | —Brace (C. L.) Gesta Christi. 2nd Ed. 1886. |
| Brand | —Brand (Rev. J.) Observations on Popular Antiquities. 3 vol. 1841-2. |
| Brassey | (Thos.) Work and Wages. |
| Brent. | —Brentano (see Smith, T.). |
| Brett | —Brett (W. H.) The Indian Tribes of Guiana. 1868. |
| Brin. | —Brinton (D. G.) The Myths of the New World. New York, 1868. |
| Brooke | —Brooke (Chas.) Ten Years in Saráwak. 2 vol. 1866. |
| Bro. | —Browne (R. W.) A History of Roman Classical Literature. 1853. |
| Bruce | —Bruce (James) Travels to discover the Source of the Nile, in the years 1768-1773. 2nd Ed. 8 vol. Edinburgh, 1805. |
| Bru. | —Brugsch (H.) A History of Egypt under the Pharaohs. Trans. H. D. Seymour. 2 vol. 1879 and 1881. |
| Buns. | —Bunsen (Baron C. C. J.) Egypt’s Place in Universal History. Trans. 5 vol. 1848-67. |
| Burb. | —Burbidge (F. W.) The Gardens of the Sun, Borneo, and the Sulu Archipelago. 1880. |
| Burck. | —Burckhardt (J. L.) Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys. 1829. |
| Bur. | —Burdo (Ad.) The Niger and the Benueh. Trans. 1880. |
| Burton | —Burton (J. H.) History of Scotland from Agricola’s Invasion to the Extinction of the last Jacobite Insurrection. 8 vol. 1873. |
| Burt. | —Burton (Sir R. F.) Abeokuta and the Camaroons Mountains. 2 vol. 1863. |
| Burt. | —Burton (Sir R. F.) The City of the Saints and across the Rocky Mountains to California. 1861. |
| Burt. | —Burton (Sir R. F.) The Lake Region of Central Africa. 2 vol. 1860. |
| Burt. | —Burton (Sir R. F.) A Mission to Gelele, King of Dahome. 2 vol. 1864. |
| Burt. | —Burton (Sir R. F.) Sind Re-visited, &c. 2 vol. 1877. |
| Burt. | —Burton (Sir R. F.) Wit and Wisdom from West Africa. 1865. |
| But. | —Butler (Maj. J.) Travels and Adventures in the Province of Assam during a Residence of Fourteen Years. 1855. |
| Cæsar | —Cæsar (C. Julius) Gallic War. Trans. by Stock. Oxford, 1894. |
| Cail. | —Caillié (R.) Travels to Timbuctoo. Trans. 1830. |
| Call. | —Callaway (H.) The Religious System of the Amazulu. Natal, 1869. |
| Cam. | —Cameron (Comm. V. L.) Across Africa. 2 vol. 1877. |
| Campbell | (Dr. A.) On the Lepchas. In Journal of the Ethnological Society, New series, vol. I. |
| Camp. | —Campbell (Gen. John) Personal Narrative of Thirteen Years’ Service amongst the Wild Tribes of Khondistan. 1864. |
| Cap. and I. | —Capello (H.) and Ivens (R.) From Benguella to the territory of Yacca. Trans. 2 vol. 1882. |
| Cat. | —Catlin (G.) Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians. 2 vol. 1841. |
| Chab. | —Chabas (F. J.) Mélanges Égyptologiques. 1862, &c. |
| Chall. | —Challamel (J. B. M. A.) Mémoires du peuple français. 8 tom. Paris. 1866-73. |
| Chalm. | —Chalmers (J.) Pioneer Life and Work in New Guinea. 1895. |
| Chér. | —Chéruel (A.) Histoire de l’Administration monarchique en France. Paris, 1855. |
| Chey. | —Cheyne (Rev. T. K) The Book of Isaiah chronologically arranged, 1870. |
| Cieza. | —Cieza de Leon (P. de) The Travels of, Trans. by Markham, 1864. |
| Clar. | —Clarke (Rev. J. F.) Ten Great Religions. 1871. |
| Cla. | —Clavigero (Fr. S.) The History of Mexico. Trans. 2 vol. 4to. 1787. |
| Cook | (Capt. J.) First Voyage round the World. In Hawkesworth, vol. II). |
| Cook | (Capt. J.) Second Voyage. |
| Cook | (Capt. J.) Last Voyage. 1781. |
| Coop. | —Cooper (C. H.) Annals of Cambridge. 4 vols. Cambridge, 1842-52. |
| Coote | —Coote (W.) Wanderings South and East. 1882. |
| Cortes | —Cortes (H.) Cartas de Relacion, &c. In Biblioteca de Autores Españolas. tomo XXII. Madrid, 1852. |
| Cortes | —Cortes (H.) Fifth Letter to Charles V. (Hakluyt Society). 1868. |
| Coul. | —Coulanges (Fustel de) Histoire des Institutions politiques de l’ancienne France. Paris, 1874. |
| Coul. | —Coulanges (Fustel de) La Cité Antique. Trans. Boston, 1874. |
| Craw. | —Crawfurd (John) History of the Indian Archipelago. 1820. |
| Cruick. | —Cruickshank (B.) Eighteen Years on the Gold Coast of Africa. 2 vol. 1853. |
| Cum. | —Cumming (C. F. Gordon) Fire Fountains: the Kingdom of Hawaii. 1883. |
| Cunn. | —Cunningham (Prof. W.) The Growth of English Industry and Commerce during the Early and Middle Ages. Cambridge, 1890. |
| Cunn. and McA. | —Cunningham (W.) and McArthur (E.) Outlines of English Industrial History. Cambridge, 1895. |
| Cur. | —Curtius (Ernst) History of Greece. Trans. 5 vol. 1868-73. |
| D’Alb. | —D’Albertis (L. M.) New Guinea. Trans. 2 vol. 1880. |
| Dalt. | —Dalton (E. T.) Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal. Calcutta, 1872. |
| Dalton | —Dalton (H. G.) History of British Guiana. 1855. |
| Dar. | —Dareste de la Chavanne (A. E. C.) Histoire des Classes Agricoles. Paris, 1858. |
| Das. | —Dasent (Sir G. W.) The Story of Burnt Njal. 1861. |
| Den. | —Denton (Rev. W.) Montenegro: its people and their history. 1877. |
| Diaz. | —Diaz. del Castillo (B.) Memoirs. [1598]. Trans. 1844. |
| Dick. | —Dickson (Walter) Japan, being a Sketch of the History, Government, and Officers of the Empire. 1869. |
| Did. | —Didron (M.) Manuel d’Iconographie Chrétienne, Grecque et Latine, avec une Introduction par M.D. |
| Diod. | —Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library. Trans. Booth. 2 vol. 1814. |
| Dob. | —Dobrizhoffer (M.) Account of the Abipones. Trans. 3 vol. 1822. |
| Dodge | —Dodge (R. I.) Our Wild Indians. Hartford, Conn. 1882. |
| Don. | —Donaldson (J. W.) The Theatre of the Greeks. 1860. |
| Doo. | —Doolittle (Rev. J.) Social Life of the Chinese. 1866. |
| Doug. | —Douglas (R. K.) Society in China. 1894. |
| Doug. | —Douglas (R. K.) China. |
| Dra. | —Draper (J. W.) History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. 1863. |
| Dru. | —Drury (R.) Madagascar, or Journal during Fifteen Years’ Captivity on that Island. 1731. |
| Du Ch. | —Du Chaillu (P. B.) Journey to Ashango Land. Trans. 1867. |
| Duf. | —Dufton (H.) Narrative of a journey through Abyssinia. 2nd Ed. 1867. |
| Dunc. | —Duncker (Max). History of Antiquity. |
| Dunh. | —Dunham (S. A.) History of the Germanic Empire (in Lardner’s Cyclopœdia). 1834. |
| Dup. | —Dupuis (Jos.) Journal of a Residence in Ashantee. 1824. |
| Duruy. | —Duruy (Victor). History of Rome. Trans. by J. P. Mahaffy. 5 vol. 1883-6. |
| Dutt. | —Dutt (R. C.) [Ramesachandra Datta]. History of Civilization in Ancient India. 3 vol. 1889. |
| East. | —Eastlake (C. L.) Materials for the History of Oil Painting. 2 vol. 1847. |
| Ebers | —Ebers (G.) Ægypten und die Bücher Moses. Leipzig, 1868. |
| Ecc. | —Eccleston (J.) An Introduction to English Antiquities. 1847. |
| Edk. | —Edkins (Rev. J.) The Religious Condition of the Chinese. |
| Ellis. | —Ellis (Sir H.) General Introduction to Domesday Book. 2 vol. 1833. |
| Ell. | —Ellis (Rev. W.) History of Madagascar. 2 vol. 1838. |
| Ell. | —Ellis (Rev. W.) Narrative of a Tour through Hawaii. 1827. |
| Ell. | —Ellis (Rev. W.) Polynesian Researches. 2 vol. 1829. |
| Elph. | —Elphinstone (Hon. M.) History of India. 5th Ed., with additions by Cowell. 1874. |
| Émér. | —Éméric-David (T. B.) Histoire de la Sculpture française. Paris, 1853. |
| Engel. | —Engelmann (Dr. J.) Die Leibeigenschaft in Russland. Leipzig, 1884. |
| Erman | (A.) Ægypten und Ægyptisches Leben im Alterthum, Tübingen, 1885. |
| Erm. | —Erman (G. A.) Travels in Siberia. Trans. 1848. |
| Ersk. | —Erskine (Capt. J. E.) Journal of a Cruize among the Islands of the Western Pacific. 1853. |
| Esch. | —Eschenburg (J. J.) Manual of Classical Literature. |
| Evans. | —Evans (A. J.) Through Bosnia and the Herzegóvina. 1876. |
| Ew. | —Ewald (H.) The History of Israel. Trans. 1867-78. |
| Falk. | —Falkner (T.) A Description of Patagonia. 4to. Hereford, 1774. |
| Fan. | —Fancourt (Ch. St. J.) History of Yucatan. 1854. |
| Faur. | —Fauriel (C.) Histoire de la poésie provençale. 3 vol. Paris, 1847. |
| Fitz. | —Fitzroy (Adm. R.) Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of the . . . Adventure and the Beagle, 1839-40. |
| Fletch. | —Fletcher (Miss A.) A Study of Omaha Indian Music. (Archæological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University. Vol. I. No. 5). Camb., Mass. |
| Fleu. | —Fleury (Abbé C.) The Manners of the Christians. Oxford. 1872. |
| F. S. A. J. | —Folk-lore (South African) Journal. Vol. ii. |
| Forbes. | —Forbes (F. E.) Dahomey and the Dahomans. 1851. |
| F.O. | —Foreign Office. Report on the Associations of Working men known as Artels. (Misc. Series; 372). |
| Forst. | —Forster (J. R.) Observations made during a voyage round the world. 1778. |
| For. | —Forsyth (Capt. J.) Highlands of Central India. 1871. |
| Four. | —Fournier (P.) Les Officialités au Moyen-Age. Paris, 1880. |
| Fred. | —Fredegarius. Chronique: in Guizot’s Collection des Mémoires relatifs à l’histoire de France. |
| Free. | —Freeman (E. A.) History of the Norman Conquest of England. 2nd Ed. 1870-6. |
| Full. | —Fuller (Thos.) The Worthies of England. Ed. by Nuttall. 3 vol. 1840. |
| Fyt. | —Fytche (Lt. Gen. A.) Burma, Past and Present. 1878. |
| Galt. | —Galton (F.) Narrative of an Explorer in Tropical South Africa. 1853. |
| Garci. | —Garcilasso de la Vega. First Part of the Royal Commentaries of the Yncas. Trans. (Hakluyt Soc.) 1869-71. |
| Gard. | —Gardiner (Capt. A. F.) Narrative of a Journey to the Zoolu Country in South Africa. 1836. |
| Gau. | —Gauthier (L. P. A.) Recherches historiques sur l’exercice de la Médicine dans les temples, &c. Paris, 1844. |
| Gei. | —Geiger (W.) Civilization of the Eastern Iranians in Ancient Times. Oxford, 1885. |
| Ghosh. | —Ghosh (Jog. Ch.) The Village Community of Bengal and Upper India. In Calcutta Review. Vol. LXXIV. (1882). |
| Gill | —Gill (Rev. W. W.) Myths and Songs from the South Pacific. 1876. |
| Gil. | —Gilmour (J.) Among the Mongols. |
| Glad. | —Gladstone (W. E.) Juventus Mundi. 1869. |
| Glad. | —Gladstone (W. E.) Studies on Homer. 1858. |
| Gomme | —Gomme (G. L.) Primitive Folk-Moots. |
| Grange | —Grange (Lieut.) Extracts from a Journal of an Expedition into the Naga Hills on the Assam Frontier. In Journal of the Asiatic Society, Bengal, vol ix. |
| Green | —Green (Mrs. J. R.) Town Life in the 15th Century. 2 vol. 1894. |
| Grif. | —Griffis (W. E.) The Mikado’s Empire. N.Y. 1876. |
| Grimm | —Grimm (Jacob) Teutonic Mythology. Trans. by Stallybrass. 1880-3. |
| Gross | —Gross (Dr. C.) Gild Merchant. 2 vol. Oxf. 1890. |
| Gro. | —Grote (G.) History of Greece. 1846-56. |
| Gro. | —Grote (G.) History of Greece. 4th Ed. 1872. |
| Grove | Grove (Sir G.) Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 4 vol. |
| Grün. | —Grünebaum (Dr.) in Geiger’s Jüdische Zeitschrift (Breslau). 1872. |
| Gütz. | —Gützlaff (Rev. C.) China Opened. 1838. |
| Guhl and K. | —Guhl (E.) and Koner (W.) Life of the Greeks and Romans. Trans. 1877. |
| Guiz. | —Guizot (F.) History of Civilization. Trans. 1846 and 1856. |
| Guy. | —Guyot (Yves) Principles of Social Economy. Trans. 1884. |
| Hal. | —Hallam (Hy.) Europe in the Middle Ages. Reprint of 4th Ed. 1869. |
| Hal. | —Hallam (Hy.) Introduction to the Literature of Europe. 4th Ed. 3 vol. 1854. |
| Happel | (Dr. J.) La Religion de l’ancien Empire chinois. In Revue de l’Histoire des Religions. 1881. No. 6. Paris. |
| Harr. | —Harris (Sir W. C.) The Highlands of Ethiopia. 3 vol. 1844. |
| Harts. | —Hartshorne (B. T.) “The Weddas,” in Fortnightly Review. Vol. xix. N.S. |
| Hase | —Hase (H.) The Public and Private Life of the Ancient Greeks. Trans. 1836. |
| Hayes | —Hayes (I. I.) Arctic Boat Journey. 1860. |
| Heer. | —Heeren (A. H. L.) Historical Researches into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Carthaginians, Ethiopians, and Egyptians. Trans. Oxford. 1832. |
| Heer. | —Heeren (A. H. L.) A Sketch of the Political History of Ancient Greece. Oxford. 1834. |
| Helps | —Helps (Sir A.) The Spanish Conquest in America. 4 vol. 1855-61. |
| Helps | —Helps (Sir A.) Life and Labours of Mr. Brassey. 1872. |
| Heri. | —Heriot (G.) Travels through the Canadas. 1807. |
| Herod. | —Herodotus, History. Trans. by Cary. 1848. |
| Herod. | —Herodotus, History. Trans. and Ed. by Rev. G. Rawlinson. 4 vol. 1858. |
| Herr. | —Herrera (Ant. de) The General History of the vast Continent and Islands of America [1601]. Trans. 6 vol. 1725-6. |
| Herz. | —Herzog (J. J.) Real-Encyclopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche. Gotha. |
| Hes. | —Hesiod. Works and Days. Trans. Banks. (Bohn.) 1873. |
| Heug. | —Heuglin (Th. von) Reise in das Gebiet des Weissen Nil. 1869. |
| His. | —Hislop (Rev. S.) The Aboriginal Tribes of the Central Provinces. Nagpore, 1866. |
| Hoch. | —Hochstetter (Dr. F. von) New Zealand, &c. Stuttgart, 1867. |
| Hodg. | —Hodgson (B. H.) Kocch, Bōdo, and Dhimál tribes. 1847. |
| Hodg. | —Hodgson (B. H.) On the Origin, Location, &c., of the Kocch, Bodo and |
| Dhimál People, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Vol. xviii. Part II. | |
| Hog. | —Hogarth (D. G.) A Wandering Scholar in the Levant. 1896. |
| Hol. | —Holub (Dr. Emil) Seven Years in South Africa. Trans. 1881. |
| Holy. | —Holyoake (G. J.) The History of Cooperation in England. 2 vol. 1875. |
| Homer | —Homer, The Iliad. Trans. Lang and others. 1883. |
| Hook | —Hook (Dean W. F.) A Church Dictionary. 5th Ed. 1846, and 7th Ed. 1854. |
| How. | —Howarth (H. H.) History of the Mongols. 1876, &c. |
| Huc | —Huc (E. R.) The Chinese Empire. Trans. 1855. |
| Huc | —Huc (E. R.) Christianity in China. Trans. 1857. |
| Huc | —Huc (E. R.) Travels in Tartary, Tibet, and China. |
| Humb. | —Humboldt (A.) Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America. Trans. (Bohn’s Series.) Lond. 1853. |
| Hun. | —Hunter (W. A.) Introduction to Roman Law. 1880. |
| Hun. | —Hunter (W. A.) Systematic and Historical Exposition of Roman Law. 1885. |
| Hun. | —Hunter (W. W.) Annals of Rural Bengal. 1868. |
| Hun. | —Hunter (W. W.) The Indian Empire. 1893. |
| Im Thurn | —Im Thurn (E. F.) Among the Indians of Guiana. 1883. |
| Inama-St. | —Inama-Sternegg (K. T. von) Die Volkswirthschaftlichen Folgen des dreissigjährigen Kriegs für Deutschland. In F. von Raumer’s Historisches Taschenbuch. Leipzig, 1864. |
| Inge | —Inge (W. R.) Society in Rome under the Cæsars. 1888. |
| Ing. | —Ingram (J. K.) A History of Slavery. 1894. |
| Jer. | —Jervis (Rev. W. H.) History of the Church of France. |
| Jessopp | —Jessopp (Rev. Dr.) Daily Life in a Mediæval Monastery. In Nineteenth Century, Jan., 1884. |
| Jessup | —Jessup (Rev. H. H.) The Women of the Arabs. 1874. |
| Jir. | —Jireček (C. J.) Fürsthenthum Bulgarien. Wien, 1891. |
| J.A.I. | —The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. |
| J.A.S.B. | —The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta. |
| J.R.A.S. | —The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. |
| J.E.S. | —The Journal of the Ethnological Society of London. |
| J.R.G.S. | —The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. |
| Keat. | —Keating (W. H.) Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter’s River, Lake Winnepeek, &c., in 1823. 2 vol. 1825. |
| Kem. | —Kemble (J. M.) The Saxons in England. 1849. |
| Ken. | —Kenrick (Rev. J.) Ancient Egypt under the Pharaohs. 1860. |
| Kit. | —Kitto (Dr. J.) The Lost Senses. 1853. |
| Kitch. | —Kitchin (G. W.) A History of France. 1873. |
| Klunz. | —Klunzinger (C. B.) Upper Egypt. Trans. 1878. |
| Kolb. | —Kolben (P.) The Present State of the Cape of Good Hope. Trans. 2 vol. 1731. |
| Kotz. | —Kotzebue (O. von) New Voyage Round the World. Trans. 1830. |
| Kov. | —Kovalevsky (M.) Tableau des Origines et de l’Évolution de la Famille et de la Propriété. Inst. Lorén, Stockholm. 1890. |
| Kue. | —Kuenen (A.) The Religion of Israel. Trans. 1874-5. |
| Lacoup. | —Lacouperie (A. E. J. B. Terrien de) Catalogue of Chinese Coins from the VIIth Century bc to ad. 621. 1892. |
| Lac. | —Lacroix (P.) The Arts in the Middle Ages, &c. 1870. |
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Other Notes
*
It is strange how impervious to evidence the mind becomes when once pre-possessed. One would have thought that such an accumulation of proofs, congruous with the proofs yielded by multitudinous other societies, would have convinced everyone that the Egyptian religion was a developed ancestor-worship. But such proofs appear to have no effects in the minds of the theologians and the mythologists. Though the ancient Egyptian tradition is that “the land of Punt was the original seat of the gods,” whence “the holy ones had traveled to the Nile valley, at their head Amon, Horus, Hathor;” though there is also the tradition that “during the first age a Dynasty of the Gods reigned in the land; this was followed by the age of the Demigods; and the dynasty of the mysterious Manes closed the prehistoric time;” though these traditions are congruous with that deification of kings, priests, minor potentates, and, in a sense, even ordinary persons, which Egyptian history at large shows us; yet all this evidence is disregarded from the desire to ascribe a primitive monotheism or a primitive nature-worship. For these the sole authorities are statements made by the later Egyptian priests or contained in certain of the inscriptions—statements, written or spoken, which were necessarily preceded by a long period during which the art of recording did not exist, and a further long period of culture—statements which naturally embodied relatively advanced conceptions. It would be about as wise to deny that the primitive Hebrew worship was that prescribed in Leviticus because such worship is denounced by Amos and by Hosea. It would be about as wise to take the conception of Zeus entertained by Socrates as disproving the gross anthropomorphism of the primitive Greeks. It would be about as wise to instance some refined modern version of Christianity, like that of Maurice, as showing what mediæval Christians believed.
*
It matters not to the argument whether this was or was not the Olympian Zeus. It suffices that he was a king, whose mountain-dwelling ghost became a god giving commands. But that the two personages were originally one is a tenable conclusion. Having a belief in a god inhabiting a neighbouring mountain where the clouds gathered, a migrating people, settling elsewhere, near a mountain similarly distinguished as an originator of storms, would naturally infer that their god had come with them. A recently published work, Africana, has yielded me some evidence supporting this conclusion; in so far that the Wayaos regard as superior, certain gods originally localized in the country they left, and who yet must, in a sense, be present with them if they are regarded as their superior gods. The different genealogy of the Olympian Zeus goes for little, considering what differences there were among the genealogies of historical persons among the Greeks.
*
The fact that most people on reading that Melchizedek was priest and king, are struck by the connexion as anomalous, well exemplifies the quality of current education. When, as I have just learned, a clergyman examining young ladies at their confirmation, names as remarkable this combination of characters, which is the normal combination, we may judge how widely prevalent is the ignorance of cardinal truths in the histories of societies: an ignorance which goes along with knowledge of those multitudinous trivialities that make up primers of history and figure on examination papers. But our many-headed political pope, which is as fit to prescribe a system of education as was the ecclesiastical pope to tell Galileo the structure of the Solar System, thinks well that children should learn (even though the lessons add to that strain which injures health) what woman this or that king married, who commanded at this or that battle, what was the punishment of this rebel or that conspirator, &c.; while they are left in utter darkness respecting the early stages of leading institutions under which they live.
*
It is curious to observe how this primitive idea still holds its ground. In Blunt’s Ecclesiastic Dictionary there is a laudatory description of the prophet Daniel, as “using his ascetic practices as a special means of attaining Divine light:” the writer being apparently ignorant that medicine men all over the world, have ever been doing the same thing with the same intent.
*
With the exception of its introductory paragraph and an added sentence in its last paragraph, this Chapter stands as it did when first published in The Nineteenth Century for January, 1884; a few verbal improvements being the only other changes.
*
To meet a possible criticism, it may be well to remark that, whatever force they have against deists (and they have very little), Butler’s arguments concerning these and allied beliefs do not tell at all against agnostics.
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When, more than twenty years ago, the first part of the Descriptive Sociology was issued, there appeared in a leading weekly journal, specially distinguished as the organ of university culture, a review of it, which, sympathetically written though it was, contained the following remark:—“We are at a loss to understand why the column headed ‘Professional,’ and representing the progress of the secular learned professions . . . appears in the tables as a subdivision of ‘Ecclesiastical.’ ”
The raising of this question shows how superficial is the historical culture ordinarily provided. In all probability the writer of the review knew all about the births, deaths, and marriages of our kings; had read the accounts of various peoples given by Herodotus; could have passed an examination in Thucydides; and besides acquaintance with Gibbon, probably had considerable knowledge of the wars carried on, and dynastic mutations, suffered, by most European nations. Yet of a general law in the evolution of societies he was evidently ignorant—conspicuous though it is. For when attention is given, not to the gossip of history, but to the facts which are from time to time incidentally disclosed respecting the changes of social organisations; and when such changes exhibited in one society are compared with those exhibited in other societies; the truth that the various professional agencies are derived from the ecclesiatical agency, is one which “leaps to the eyes,” as the French say.
*
Some inquiries respecting the meaning of “capellmeister” which the criticism of a friend led me to make, have resulted not simply in verifying the meaning above given but in incidentally showing how the process of secularization was furthered. Prof. George Hoffman, of Kiel, writes as follows:—
“All these chapelmasters performed the ecclesiastical music at the service of the Church. The internal development of music through introducing many instruments into vocal performances and the solo-singing, and dramatizing music, when influenced by the Greek ideas of the Renaissance, especially since Leo X., contributed much towards the secularization of music. Chapelmasters and singers at the courts composed either kind of music, ecclesiastical as well as secular, and, during the 17th century, the chapelmasters directed as well mass—as stage-music (operas), the singing-bodies of princes often serving both purposes. Thus the name ‘chapel’ and ‘chapelmaster’ by and by accompanied also this secular course.”
*
In his learned work, The Modes of Ancient Greek Music, he writes:—“Several indications combine to make it probable that singing and speaking were not so widely separated from each other in Greek as in the modern languages with which we are most familiar.” (p. 113) . . . singing and speaking were more closely akin than they ever are in our experience (p. 119). Curious verification has just come to hand in an account of Omaha Indian music by Miss Alice Fletcher, who long resided with the Omahas. She says:—“This absence of a standard pitch, and the Indian’s management of the voice which is similar in singing and in speaking, make Indian music seem to be out of tune to our ears.”
Thus it is clear that the primitive priest-poet of the Greeks was simply an emotionally-excited orator, whose speech diverged from the common speech by becoming more measured and more intoned.
*
Both great surprise and great satisfaction were given to me by these last sentences. When setting forth evidence furnished by the Egyptians, I was about to include a remembered statement (though unable to give the authority), that there are wall-paintings—I think in the tombs of the kings—where a superior is represented as correcting the drawings of subordinates, and was about to suggest that, judging from the intimate relation between the priesthood and the plastic arts, already illustrated, this superior was probably a priest. And here I suddenly came upon a verifying fact supplied by a still earlier stage of culture: the priest is the director of pictorial representations when he is not the executant. Another important verification is yielded by these sentences. The essential parts of the representation are sacred in matter, and rigidly fixed in manner; but in certain non-essential, decorative parts the working artist is allowed play for his imagination. This tends to confirm the conclusion already drawn respecting Greek art. For while in a Greek temple the mode of representing the god was so fixed that change was sacrilege, the artist was allowed some scope in designing and executing the peripheral parts of the structure. He could exercise his imagination and skill on the sculptured figures of the pediment and metopes; and here his artistic genius developed.
*
Napoleon called the English “a nation of shopkeepers,” and, as before, so since, they have done much to show that the counter-jumping order of intelligence characterizes not the bourgeoisie only but the ruling classes. Hence they have thought it enough that Sir Henry Bessemer should receive an honour like that accorded to a third-rate public official on his retirement, or to a provincial mayor on the occasion of the Queen’s Jubilee. In the United States they understand better how to honour achievements. In different parts of the Union, one county and six cities have received the name “Bessemer.”
*
Materials which I have collected in the course of years, though considerable in amount, would not have sufficed for proper treatment of this large topic. For the needful further information, I am indebted to the comprehensive and elaborate work by Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Webb on The History of Trade Unionism—a work which must henceforth be the standard authority on the subject, considered under its historical aspect.
*
Verification has since come to hand in a dissertation on the Russian artels by Dr. Stähr. Each body consists of a small number, in close fraternal relation. There is associated living, in respect of food, dwelling, work, and pleasure. There is subordination to a head, who represents the group to the outer world. He is the sole legislator and directs the entire life of the association. Implicit obedience is given to him, and like a family-head he is subject to no control from the members. At first it seemed that the artel was incongruous as occurring in Russia. It is now manifest that, as a despotic industrial organization, it harmonizes with the despotic political organization.
*
For the facts contained in this and the following section, I am indebted in part to the elaborate and picturesque History of Co-operation in England, by Mr. G. J. Holyoake, and in part to The Cooperative Movement in Great Britain, by Miss Beatrice Potter (now Mrs. Sidney Webb), which, being a compendious statement of essentials, has better served my purpose in making brief outlines.
*
It is impossible to make more than a rude enumeration since many minor annexations, changes of divisions and administrations confuse the data.
*
Westminster Review, April, 1860; see also Essays, vol. iii. p. 358, et seq.