“CONTENTS” in “Newer ideals of peace”

CHAPTER I
Introduction
Newer ideals of peace are dynamic; if made operative will do away with war as a natural process	3
Of the older ideals the appeal to pity is dogmatic	4
The appeal to the sense of prudence also dogmatic and at this moment seems impotent	5
Outlook for universal peace by international arbitration	6
Primitive and profound impulses operate against impulse to war	8
Appeal to pity and prudence unnecessary if the cosmopolitan interest in human affairs is utilized	9
Social morality originates in social affections	11
Emotion determines social relations in the poorer quarters of a cosmopolitan city	13
New immigrants develop phenomenal powers of association	14
Their ideal of government includes kindliness as well as protection	15
Crowded city quarters the focal point of governmental progress	16
Life at these points must shape itself with reference to the demands of social justice	17
Simple foundations laid there for an international order	18
Ideals formed “in the depth of anonymous life” make for realization	20
Impulses toward compassionate conduct imperative	21
The internationalism of good will foreseen by the philosopher	23
A quickening concern for human welfare; international aspects illustrated by world-wide efforts to eradicate tuberculosis, first signs of the substitution of nurture for warfare	25
This substitution will be a natural process	26
Our very hope for it, a surrender to the ideals of the humble	27
Accounting must be taken between survivals of militarism and manifestations of newer humanitarianism	28
Tendency to idealization marked eighteenth-century humanitarian	29
Newer ideals of this century sustained only by knowledge and companionship	30
CHAPTER II
Survivals of Militarism in City Government
American Republic founded under the influence of doctrinaire eighteenth-century ideals. Failure in municipal administration largely due to their inadequacy	31
Modern substitutes of the evolutionary conception of progress for eighteenth-century idealism	32
Failure of adjustment between the old form of government and present condition results in reversion to military and legal type	34
National governmental machinery provides no vehicle for organized expression of popular will	35
Historic governments dependent upon force of arms	36
Founders placed too exclusive a value upon the principles defended by the War of the Revolution. Example of the overestimation of the spoils of war	37
Immigration problem an illustration of the failure to treat our growing Republic in a spirit of progressive and developing democracy	39
Present immigration due partly to the philosophic dogmas of the eighteenth-century. Theory of naturalization still rests upon those dogmas	40
No adequate formulization of newer philosophy although immigration situation has become much more industrial than political	42
Exploitation of immigrants carried on under guise of preparation for citizenship	46
Failure to develop a government fitted to varied peoples	48
Attitude of contempt for immigrant survival of a spirit of conqueror toward inferior people	49
Contempt reflected by children toward immigrant parents	50
Universal franchise implies a recognition of social needs and ideals	52
Difficulties of administering repressive government in a democracy	54
The attempt inevitably develops the corrupt politician as a friend of the vicious	56
He must be followed by successive reformers who represent the righteous and protect tax interests	57
Illustration from the point of view of humble people	58
Dramatic see-saw must continue until we attain the ideals of an evolutionary democracy	59
Community divided into repressive and repressed, representing conqueror and conquered	60
CHAPTER III
Failure to Utilize Immigrants in City Government
Democratic governments must reckon with the unsuccessful if only because they represent majority of citizens	62
To demand protection from unsuccessful is to fail in self-government	63
Study of immigrants might develop result in revived enthusiasm for human possibilities reacting upon ideals of government	64
Social resources of immigrants wasted through want of recognition of old habits	65
Illustrated by South Italians’ ability to combine community life with agricultural occupations, which is disregarded	66
Anglo-Saxon distrust of experiments with land tenure and taxation illustrated by Doukhobors	67
Immigrant’s contribution to city life	69
Military ideals blind statesmen to connection between social life and government	70
Corrupt politician who sees the connection often first friend of immigrant	71
Real statesmen would work out scheme of naturalization founded upon social needs	72
Intelligent co-operation of immigrants necessary for advancing social legislation	74
Daily experience of immigrants not to be ignored as basis of patriotism	75
Lack of cosmopolitan standard widens gulf between immigrant parents and children	78
Government is developing most rapidly in its relation to the young criminal and to the poor and dependent	79
Denver Juvenile Court is significant in its attitude toward repressive government	81
Good education in reform schools indicates compunction on the part of the State	83
Government functions extended to care of defectives and dependents	84
Ignores normal needs of every citizen	85
Socialists would meet the needs of workingmen by socialized legislation, but refuse to deal with the present state	86
At present radical changes must come from forces outside life of the people	87
Imperial governments are now concerning themselves with primitive essential needs of workingmen	88
Republics restrict functions of the government	90
Is America, in clinging to eighteenth-century traditions, losing its belief in the average man?	91
CHAPTER IV
Militarism and Industrial Legislation
American cities slow to consider immigration in relation to industry	93
Workingmen alone must regard them in relation to industrial situations	94
Assimilation of immigrants by workingman due both to economic pressure and to idealism	95
Illustrated by Stock Yards Strike	96
And by the strike in Anthracite Coal Fields	97
In the latter aroused public opinion forced Federal Government to deal with industrial conditions	98
In complicated modern society not always easy to see where social order lies	101
Chicago Stock Yards Strike illustrates such a situation	104
Government should have gained the enthusiasm immigrants gave to union	107
War element an essential part of strike	109
Appeal to loyalty the nearest approach to a moral appeal	110
Reluctance of United States Government to recognize matters of industry as germane to government	112
Resulting neglect of civic duty	113
The workingman’s attitude toward war as expressed by his international organization	114
Commerce the modern representative of conquest	116
Standard of life should be the test of a nation’s prosperity, so recognized by workingmen	117
Social amelioration undertaken by those in closest contact with social maladjustments	118
Present difficulties in social reform will continue until class interests are subordinated to a broader conception of social progress	119
If self-government were inaugurated by advanced thinkers now, they would make research into early forms of industrial governments	121
Autocratic European governments have recognized workingman’s need of protection	122
Has Democracy a right to refuse this protection?	123
CHAPTER V
Group Morality in the Labor Movement
Industrial changes which belong to the community as a whole have unfortunately divided it into two camps	124
These are typified by Employers’ Associations and Trades Unions each developing a group morality	125
Trade Unions at present illustrate the eternal compromise between the inner concept and the outer act	127
Present moment one of crisis in Trades Union development	128
Newly organized unions in war state of development responsible for serious mistakes	130
Tacit admission that a strike is war made during the Teamsters’ Strike in Chicago in 1905	132
Temporary loss of belief in industrial arbitration	134
Teamsters’ Strike not adjudicated in court threw the entire city into state of warfare	136
New organizations of employers exhibit traits of militant youth	138
Public although powerless to intervene, sees grave social consequences	140
Division of community into classes; increase of race animosity; spirit of materialism	141
Class prejudice created among children still another social consequence	142
Disastrous effect of prolonged warfare upon the labor movement itself	144
Real effort of trades unions at present is for recognition of the principle of collective bargaining	145
Trades unions are forced to correct industrial ills inherent in the factory system itself	146
Illustration from limitation of output	147
Illustration from attitude towards improved machinery	148
Disregard of the machine as a social product makes for group morality on the part of the owner and employees	149
Contempt resulting from group morality justifies method of warfare	150
CHAPTER VI
Protection of Children for Industrial Efficiency
Deficiency in protective legislation	151
Contempt for immigrant because of his economic standing	152
National indifference to condition of working children	154
Temptation to use child labor peculiar to this industrial epoch	155
Our sensibilities deadened by familiarity	155
Protection of the young the concern of government	156
Effect of premature labor on the child	158
Effect of child labor on the family	161
Effect on the industrial product	162
Effect on civilization	163
Intelligent labor the most valuable asset of our industrial prosperity	164
Results of England’s foreign commercial policy	165
Lack of consistency in the relation of the state to the child in the United States	166
Failure of public school system to connect with present industrial development	167
Correlation of new education with industrial situation	168
Child labor legislation will secure to child its proper play period	169
Power of association developed through play	171
Co-operation, not coercion, the ideal factory discipline	173
Actual factory system divorced from the instinct of workmanship	174
The activity of youth should be valuable assets for citizenship as well as industry	175
Military survivals in city government destroys this asset	176
The gang a training school for group morality	177
Concern of modern government in the development of its citizens	179
CHAPTER VII
Utilization of Women in City Government
The modern city founded upon military ideals	180
Early franchise justly given to grown men on basis of military duty	181
This early test no longer fitted to the modern city whose problems are internal	182
Women’s experience in household details valuable to civic housekeeping. No method of making it available	184
Municipal suffrage to be regarded not as a right or a privilege, but as a piece of governmental machinery	187
Franchise not only valuable as exercised by educated women, matters to be decided upon too basic to be influenced by modern education	188
Census of 1900 shows greater increase of workingwomen than of men and increasing youth of working women	189
Concerted action of women necessary to bring about industrial protection	191
Women can control surroundings of their work only by means of franchise	192
Unfair to put task of industrial protection upon women’s trades unions as it often confuses issues	194
Closer connection between industry and government would result if working women were enfranchised	196
Failure to educate women to industrial life disastrous to industry itself and to women as employers	197
Situation must be viewed in relation to recent immigration and in connection with present stage of factory system in America	199

Chapter 1: Introduction