Notes

1.      J. J. Alvord in Report of Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part II, p. 247.

2.      Boyd, Educational History in the South Since 1865, Studies in Southern History and Politics, pp. 260-261. Boyd claims 595,306 pupils enrolled in Southern public schools in 1860. This is clearly an exaggeration and no detailed figures are adduced to prove the claim.

3.      Results of Emancipation in the United States, p. 28.

4.      Thomason, The Foundation of the Public Schools of South Carolina, p. 147. Cited in Williams, A History of Education and Charitable Institutions in South Carolina During the Reconstruction Period, p. 50.

5.      Sadler, The Education of the Coloured Race, p. 13.

6.      Wright, Brief Sketches of Negro Education in Georgia, p. 30.

7.      House Reports, No. 22, 42nd Congress, 2nd Session, p. 170.

8.      Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1866, Part II, pp. 162-163.

9.      Sadler, Education of the Coloured Race, p. 21.

10.    Journal of Negro History, X, p. 137.

11.    Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, p. 427.

12.    New York Tribune, March 10, 1865.

13.    New York Tribune, April 15, 1865.

14.    Compare Wright, Brief Sketches of Negro Education in Georgia, pp. 16, 17.

15.    Lewinson, Race, Class and Party, p. 36.

16.    Results of Emancipation in the United States, p. 29.

17.    Results of Emancipation in the United States, p. 29.

18.    Beard, Reports of American Missionary Association.

19.    Testimony of Wood, Report of Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1866, Part II, p. 86.

20.    Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 1st Session, Part I, p. 93.

21.    Garner, Reconstruction in Mississippi, p. 236.

22.    Testimony of Conway, Report of Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1866, Part IV, p. 82.

23.    Pierce, Freedmen’s Bureau, p. 80.

24.    Fleming, Documentary History of Reconstruction, II, p. 177.

25.    Charleston Daily Courier, July 4, 1865.

26.    Lewinson, Race, Class and Party, pp. 35-36.

27.    Boyd, Educational History in the South Since 1865, Studies in Southern History and Politics, p. 282.

28.    Du Bois, Atlanta University Studies, No. 6, p. 32.

29.    Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, p. 434.

30.    Williams, A History of Education and Charitable Institutions in South Carolina During the Reconstruction Period. Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of 1868, Charleston, SC.

31.    Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of 1868, Charleston, S. C.

32.    Williams, A History of Education and Charitable Institutions in South Carolina During the Reconstruction Period, pp. 30, 32.

33.    Williams, A History of Education and Charitable Institutions in South Carolina During the Reconstruction Period, pp. 48-49.

34.    Williams, A History of Education and Charitable Institutions in South Carolina During the Reconstruction Period, p. 50.

35.    Simkins and Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction, p. 442.

36.    Williams, A History of Education and Charitable Institutions in South Carolina During the Reconstruction Period, p. 51.

37.    Garner, Reconstruction in Mississippi, pp. 354, 355.

38.    Du Bois, Atlanta University Studies, No. 16, p. 72.

39.    Fleming, Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama, p. 634.

40.    Fleming, Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama, p. 468.

41.    Davis, Reconstruction in Florida, p. 236.

42.    McPherson, History of the United States During Reconstruction, p. 41.

43.    Wallace, Carpetbag Rule in Florida, p. 35.

44.    Lanier, History of Negro Education in Florida, p. 21.

45.    Du Bois, Atlanta University Studies, No. 6, p. 39.

46.    Clement, A History of Negro Education in North Carolina, p. 47.

47.    Clement, A History of Negro Education in North Carolina, p. 45.

48.    Clement, A History of Negro Education in North Carolina, p. 50.

49.    Clement, A History of Negro Education in North Carolina, pp. 58, 59.

50.    Powell, The Aftermath of the Civil War in Arkansas, pp. 221, 230.

51.    Daily Republican, June 15, 1869.

52.    Du Bois, Atlanta University Studies, No. 6, p. 37.

53.    Norwood, Speeches delivered in the United States Senate on April 30 and May 4, 1874.

54.    Boyd, Educational History of the South Since 1865, Studies in Southern History and Politics, p. 270.

55.    Dunning, Reconstruction, Political and Economic.

56.    Hallowell, Why the Negro Was Enfranchised. p. 33.

57.    Beard, A Crusade of Brotherhood, p. 149.

58.    From Servitude to Service, p. 166.